Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in a family of lawyers in Trier, Rhineland Province, Kingdom of Prussia, Germany (part of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate).
His grandfather Rabin Mark Levi was a Jewish jurist, and his father Herschel Karl Marx (later renamed Heinrich Marx) was born in 1782 and married Dutch-Jewish woman Henriette Pre***orck is his wife. They had several children, but only Karl-Marx and his three daughters Sofia, Emile and Louisa survived, as can be found in a document confirming the heirs.
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Marx in his early years
In October 1830, Marx entered the Trier secondary school.
After graduating from high school, he was admitted to the University of Bonn. When he was 18, he transferred to the University of Berlin to study law, but the focus of most of his studies turned to philosophy and history.
In 1840, the new King of Prussia, Frederick William IV, came to the throne and persecuted the liberal democrats, requiring all publications to pass strict censorship, and universities lost academic freedom. F.W. von Schelling is a professor at the University of Berlin appointed by the new king. He will examine Marx's doctoral thesis. However, the position of philosophy above theology in Marx's doctoral thesis cannot be accepted by this anti-Hegelian professor. So Marx instead sent his doctoral thesis to the University of Jena in the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach for doctoral qualification review.
In 1841, Marx applied for a degree with his thesis "The Difference between the Natural Philosophy of Democritus and the Natural Philosophy of Epicurus" and obtained the unanimous approval of the committee at the University of Jena without the need for After further defense, he was awarded a doctorate in philosophy.
After graduation, he served as editor-in-chief of the "Rheinische Zeitung", where he encountered the famous "forest theft problem" in the history of Marx's thought.
Karl Marx’s revolutionary career
In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution swept through Germany, promoting the economic development of the Junker landowners and exacerbating the abject poverty of the lower class people.
Hunger drives the poor into the forest to collect dead branches and wild fruits, and some people also destroy hunting grounds and pastures.
Although the Prussian Penal Code of 1826 provided for severe penalties for unauthorized felling and theft of trees, these incidents continued unabated.
Many do so in order to be sent to detention centers to receive prison rations, with hunger and homelessness prompting violations of forest management regulations.
Marx in his youth
Revolutionary career
In 1836, 150,000 people were convicted in Prussia, accounting for 77% of all criminal cases.
Faced with such a severe social situation, the Prussian rulers did not solve the root cause of the problem from the social system level, but introduced more stringent laws, including picking dead branches in the forest, picking wild fruits, and Other violations of forest management regulations are classified as theft.
According to the minutes of the Sixth Rhine Provincial Assembly in 1841, Marx wrote "Debate on the Forest Theft Law" in October of the following year, condemning the legislative body for favoring the interests of forest owners and depriving the poor of the customary rights to pick up dead branches, and systematically put forward their views on forest legislation.
The Prussian government was very angry about the views of the "Rheinische Zeitung" and immediately sent people to seal the "Rheinische Zeitung" and forced it to stop printing.
Marx was furious and resigned as editor-in-chief of the newspaper.
Marx did not regret what he had done; on the contrary, he recognized the ugliness of government and looked for opportunities to continue fighting against it.
Revolutionary career
Marx's full body photo
In 1843, Marx's license to publish "Rheinische Zeitung" was revoked by the King of Prussia. The King of Prussia seized the paper after a protest from the Russian Tsar Nicholas I, who was unhappy with Marx's criticism of the paper.
During this period, Marx met Friedrich Engels.
Engels was the son of a factory owner, but he admired Marx's thoughts and often funded Marx's activities and life. Marx was a serious and rigorous thinker, but he lived a casual life and often delayed submitting articles to newspapers. Therefore, Engels often assisted Marx in his work and wrote some articles for him.
Marriage and Family of Karl Marx
On February 14, 1814, Jenny Marx was born in Trier into a prominent family.
Jenny Marx (February 12, 1814 – December 2, 1881) was born Johanna "Jenny" Bertha Julie von Westphalen. Bertha Julie von Westphalen) was a German sociologist.
Jenny von Westphalen's home was only a few minutes away from Marx's home.
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Marx’s wife Jenny (5 photos)
In the late summer of 1836, Marx, a first-year law student studying at the University of Bonn, returned to He went to Trier to propose to the girl he was passionately in love with.
Later, Jenny entered into a lifelong contract with 18-year-old Marx.
According to the customs of the time, this was unprecedented.
As a noble, Jenny was recognized as the most beautiful girl and "Ball Queen" in Trier. Many young and handsome nobles fell in love with her. There is no doubt that she could have formed a family. Wealth and marriage.
But she despised all social traditions and betrothed herself to a citizen's son without her parents' knowledge. She could not foresee her future life with Marx.
In front of his father, who is a privy counselor, Marx felt that he could not formally propose to Yanni yet.
Therefore, at first he could only confide in his father.
He believed that his father would make all preparations and successfully propose to Yanni in front of her parents.
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In October 1836, Marx transferred from the University of Bonn, not far from home, to the University of Berlin, which was far away from home. The wait for loyalty is quite long.
In Berlin, Marx's concentration on his studies was once hindered by his titillating emotions and the suspense and anxiety of "crazy love".
He confided to his father that he "fell into real uneasiness" at being away from the Mosel Valley and "infinitely beautiful Jenny".
What troubled him was not suspicion, because he had never had the slightest doubt about his love for Yanni. It was just that the thought of being separated from Yanni for a long time, for many years, made his heart so heavy.
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So, at the age of 18, Marx took up writing poetry and expressed his feelings and voices in his poems.
Most of Marx’s poems praise Yanni and express his admiration for her; but there are also many poems that express his own ideological ambitions and desire to make a difference.
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On April 15, 1841, Marx received his doctorate in philosophy ahead of schedule.
Marx’s wife Yanni (10 photos)
As soon as the young doctor of philosophy arrived in Trier, he rushed to the house of his beloved and personally handed his doctoral thesis to Yan Ni's father.
Jenny and Max originally planned to get married immediately after years of separation.
Max
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But a doctoral thesis alone cannot make a living, so he and Jenny had to give up the idea of ??getting married. , continue to wait.
Starting from April 1842, Marx began to write for the "Rheinische Zeitung". In October 1842, the shareholders of the "Rheinische Zeitung" appointed Marx as editor. In March 1843, Marx was forced to withdraw from the "Rheinische Zeitung" Newspaper editorial department.
Subsequently, Marx negotiated with Arnold Ruge on plans to publish his work and participate in it.
After that, on June 19, 1843, he went to Kreuznach (Yanni moved here with her mother after her father died in March 1842), and met Jenny, who was born in 1814. Yanni von Westphalen married, the German nobleman (baron) who had been waiting for him for seven years.
From the private decision to the marriage, Yanni waited for seven long years.
In these seven years, except for a few reunions with her fiancé Max, she could only accompany him with thoughts and distant letters.
In a letter to Marx, she wrote: "How dazzling and majestic your image is in front of me! How much I long for you to be by my side forever from the bottom of my heart.
Oh, how my heart beats for you with joy, how anxiously my heart follows your path
...I am with you wherever you go. You are with me, walking in front of you, and following you.
I hope I can fill the path you have taken and remove all obstacles on your way.
" At the same time, she had to fight a very painful struggle with several noble relatives.
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Immediately after their marriage, Max and Yanni embarked on a short wedding trip.
In the autumn of 1843, the young Marx and his wife embarked on a journey to exile in Paris.
During this period, he conducted research on political economy, French social movements, and French history, eventually becoming an ****animalist.
Marriage and Family
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At the end of October 1843, Marx and Jenny arrived in Paris together. Louise arrived two months earlier than them. The organization publishes the magazine "Annals of Law and France".
In this way, the two began a life of hardship and self-sacrifice.
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Due to Marx's contribution to the cause of analism and his ruthless exposure and criticism of the landlords and bourgeoisie, he was ostracized by all conservative forces and expulsion.
He had to travel around with his family, and the difficulties in life sometimes reached unimaginable levels.
At the end of March 1850, Jenny, who was exiled in London with Marx, wrote about her life in a letter to her friend Joseph Wedemeyer: "Because the wages of milkmaids here are too high. So despite the constant pain in my chest and back, I breastfed my child.
This poor child sucked so much sorrow and trouble out of me. He was always sickly and suffered from severe pain day and night.
He has not slept more than two or three hours a night since he was born.
Max
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Recently, he suffered from severe cerebral hemorrhage and struggled on the verge of death all day long.
Due to these diseases, he sucked his breasts so hard that my **** was broken. It opened; blood often flowed into his trembling little mouth.
One day, as I was sitting with him in my arms, the landlady suddenly came and asked me to pay her five pounds in debt, but we had no money. I had no money.
So two bailiffs came and seized my meager belongings - bedding and so on.
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So two bailiffs came and seized my only possessions - bedding, etc., and even my poor child's cradle and better toys.
They threatened me that they would take everything away within two hours.
I had to sleep on a bare board with my freezing children.
"Marx and Jenny*** have four daughters and two sons. Due to the above reasons, there are only three daughters (the eldest daughter Jenny Marx, the second daughter Laura Marx and the third daughter Ai Lena Marx) grew up [at that time, thanks to Helene Dermut Linheimer and Jenny, it is difficult to imagine how she and her children would have lived in the future without such a loyal assistant] . Without such a loyal assistant, it is difficult to imagine how she and her children would live in the future.
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Laura Marx, front row. Far left
Despite this, Yanni still fell deeply in love with Marx
In addition to her responsibilities as a mother and housewife, she also took on many other tasks and worried about her daily life. Life.
Jenny was Marx's indispensable secretary. All of Marx's manuscripts had to be transcribed by her before they could be sent to printers or publishing houses, most of which were illegible.
She dealt with many complicated procedures, difficult matters, and situations that had to be written when dealing with publishers and editorial offices.
Marx was not the kind of person who easily expresses his feelings in words. But when Jenny left him for several months because her mother was critically ill, he wrote to her: "A deep passion manifested itself as: ...": He wrote in the letter: " Deep passion manifests itself as a daily habit by the proximity of its object, and gradually intensifies and regains its inherent power under the magical influence of parting.
My love is like this.
When we were forced by space, I immediately understood that time is to my love just like sunshine and rain to plants - let it grow.
As long as you stay away from me, my love for you will appear like the face of a giant.
This love condenses all my energy and emotions.
...If I could hold your gentle and pure heart tightly, I would be silent and not make any sound.
I cannot kiss you with my lips, I can only use words to convey a powerful kiss.
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The twilight love between Marx and Jenny became even more intense.
In 1880, Jenny suffered from liver cancer, and she endured it with amazing restraint.
During these painful years, Marx took good care of his wife and never left her side.
In order to cheer her up, in 1881, In March and August, Marx accompanied her to France to visit her eldest daughter and several grandchildren. In the autumn of 1881, Marx also fell ill due to anxiety, insomnia and lack of physical strength. He suffered from pneumonia and was dying, but he still couldn't forget Jenny.
Their youngest daughter said of her parents' later years: "I will never forget that morning.
He feels better, can walk, and can go into his mother's room.
When they are together, they look like young people, like a young man and woman in love who are about to start a life together, rather than like a sick old man and a dying old man. The woman is about to say goodbye forever.
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Marx’s eldest daughter and Jenny
Jenny was laid to rest here on December 2, 1881.
This was such a huge blow that Marx had never experienced.
On the day Jenny died, Engels said: "The Moors (people of Indian descent, describing dark-skinned people) also died.
"In the following months, he followed the doctor's advice and went to a place with a mild climate to recuperate.
But no matter where he went, he could not forget Yanni. Unable to stop grieving.
He wrote to his closest friends: "By the way, you know that few people are more averse to sentimentality than I am.
But I’d be lying if I didn’t admit that I’ve been missing my wife.
"How touching are his words!
On January 11, 1883, the sad news came that Marx's eldest daughter died suddenly, and Marx's condition worsened further.
Marx passed away peacefully at noon on March 14, 1883.
On March 17, 1883, Marx was buried next to Jenny's grave in Highgate Cemetery.
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The friendship between Marx and Engels
In September 1844, Engels visited Paris, and the two began to study scientific socialism side by side and forged a deep friendship. .
The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts written by Marx were not discovered and published until 1933, and were called the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844"
In 1845, Marx participated. Wrote the Forward Weekly, in which he sharply criticized German absolutism.
The Prussian government was very dissatisfied with this and asked the French government to expel Marx.
In the fall of the same year, Marx was dismissed. The gangsters sent by the French government beat him, deported him, and was forced to come to Brussels, Belgium.
In December 1845, Marx announced his separation from Prussian citizenship.
Marx and Engels
Later, he and Engels completed the book "German Ideology"
This book criticized Hegel's dialectics and analyzed the incompleteness of Feuerbach's materialism, thus becoming the first. Systematically expounded the historical materialism they founded, clearly proposed the historical task of the proletariat to seize power, and laid a preliminary theoretical foundation for socialism from utopia to science.
In early 1846, Marx and Engels founded the
Marx
In 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the League of the Just.
In June 1847, the League. Reorganized and renamed the ****anist League, Marx and Engels drafted the alliance's program - the "****anist Manifesto"
The revolution of 1848 swept across Europe and also spread to Belgium. .
In March 1848, Marx was deported by the Belgian authorities.
At the invitation of the new French provisional government, Marx and his wife returned to Paris, France.
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Karl Marx
In April 1848, with the funding of the German proletarians, Marx and Engels returned to Cologne, Prussia and founded the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung"
Subsequently, all editors were either judicially arrested or deported.
On May 16, 1849, Marx received an expulsion order from the Prussian government.
On May 19, the last issue of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, No. 301, was published in red ink.
In early June, Marx returned to Paris.
He was forced to choose between imprisonment in Brittany, France, and another forced expulsion.
In August, Marx was deported to London, England by the French government.
Marx was still under surveillance by the British Prussian government, according to reports from Prussian spies in England, who said he never seemed to shave.
In London, Marx spent the most difficult time in his life.
Over the course of five years, Marx suffered from financial and debt problems, mental anxiety, emotional distress from illness, and the deaths of three of his four children.
But during this period, Marx read many relevant materials in the British Library in London and wrote his most important work "Das Kapital" (Volume 1).
Marx was ideologically rich, but economically he was a serious pauper. This great economist who had a thorough study of capitalist economy was himself penniless and spent his whole life in poverty.
Marx did not have a fixed job, and his family’s financial resources mainly relied on his extremely unstable and meager royalties. Coupled with the persecution and blockade of him by the bourgeoisie, hunger and survival problems have always troubled the Marx family, and Marx almost died.
In the turbulent life, he was often penniless, without food and clothing, struggling in the quagmire of poverty.
Without Engels’ long-term and selfless funding, Marx would not have been able to lead the international proletarian revolutionary movement, nor would he have been able to concentrate on theoretical research.
Marx and Engels
From a letter written by Marx to Engels on February 27, 1852, we can see the dilemma of this world-famous theorist: I can no longer I can't leave the house because my coat went into a pawn shop; I can't eat meat anymore because I can't get credit.
"Soon, he wrote to Engels: "My wife is sick, little Jenny is sick, and Lincoln has a nervous fever. I can't call a doctor, and I can't now because I have no money. Buy medicine.
For eight or ten days the whole family had been eating bread and potatoes, and now it was a matter of whether they could get them.
"Hunger, poverty and housework troubled Marx. He was angry and irritable, and could not concentrate his energy and wisdom on studying his theories.
Regarding Marx's predicament, Engels put it Treat it as your own difficulty.
He wrote in a letter to Marx: "I will send you five pounds in early February, and you will receive this money every month.
It doesn’t matter if I end up with a lot of debt in the new accounting year.
... Of course, you must not stop writing to me individually asking for money just because I promised to send you 5 pounds a month, even in times of difficulty, because as long as I If I can do it, I will do it.
"At this time, Engels was just an ordinary clerk in the Ommen-Engels office, with a very low income.
Engels later became an assistant in the company, and his monthly salary also increased.
From 1860, support for Marx increased to ￡10 per month, with often "additional" support.
From 1851 to 1869, Marx received a total of ￡10 from Engels.
For Engels at the time, this was a considerable amount of money.
It was precisely because of Engels' generosity that Marx barely survived. And he was able to devote himself to scientific works for a long time and conduct extensive and in-depth economic research for the writing of "Das Kapital".
As Lenin said: "If Engels had not sacrificed himself for continuous funding, not only would Marx not be able to write "Das Kapital". Capital" and would die in poverty.
"Engels' selfless dedication made Marx very moved and disturbed. He wrote in a letter to Engels in 1867, "To tell you frankly, my conscience often feels as heavy as being weighed down by a nightmare. , because it was chiefly for me that your talents were wasted in business, that you let them go to waste, and that you were obliged to share in all my affairs. Share all my chores.
"This is what Marx said from the bottom of his heart.
Engels was also meticulously concerned about the lives of Marx and his family.
Marx’s life was full of disasters. Whenever Marx suffered setbacks and blows, and was emotionally and emotionally depressed, Engels always found ways to comfort him. He became a haven for the Marx family to escape the storms of life. Coming to this harbor, it seems much quieter and happier.
Poverty and suffering took away Marx’s four children.
Marx and Engels
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In April 1855, Marx’s most beloved son Edgar died of illness, which gave Marx Devastated, he felt unable to support himself.
In a letter to Engels, Marx expressed his infinite sorrow: "In these days, I can endure all this terrible pain because I always miss you, miss your friendship, and always hope. The two of us still want to do something meaningful together in the world
"Engels brought the Marx couple to Manchester. Under Engels' careful arrangements and care, the Marx couple spent their time together. The most difficult moment in life.
Engels has always been a "supernumerary" member of the Marx family. Every time he went to Marx's house, the family was as happy as a holiday. Marx's daughters regarded Engels as their "second father."
Of course, the Marx family’s concern for Engels’ health was also well-intentioned.
In July 1857, when Engels fell ill, Marx wrote a letter of comfort: "Dear Engels, you can believe that no matter how unfortunate we are, my wife and I are more concerned about your recent health news than our own. Health news is more concerning.
Engels
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"When the two old comrades were working in different places, they often wrote letters and exchanged ideas with each other. In their more than 1,000 letters, we can see the deep friendship between these two comrades. If they don't receive each other's letters for a few days, the two will talk to each other. miss.
Marx wrote in a letter to Engels: "Dear Engels, are you crying or laughing, sleeping or waking? In the past three weeks, I have sent Various letters, but not a single reply was received.
But I believe they were all sent.
"Similarly, if there is no news from Marx for a few days. They would ask a barrage of questions: "Old Moore, old Moore, old Moore with a beard, what's wrong with you? Why is there no news about you? What's your misfortune? What are you doing? Are you sick? Or are you trapped?" Political and economic abyss? "They talk freely about everything.
Marx spoke highly of his friendship with Engels. He said in a letter to Engels on February 20, 1866: "How happy this friendship between us is! You have to know , I have never made such a high evaluation of any relationship. "
The noble friendship between Engels and Marx set an example for mankind. The friendship between these two great men told the world that it was built on the basis of democracy. The friendship with faith and pursuit is eternal and unbreakable.
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Marx’s former residence in London (3 photos)
Karl Marx’s later years and death
September 28, 1864 On August 1, Marx attended the founding conference of the First International and was elected
Karl Marx’s cemetery in Highgate, London
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