ISBN: 10[7300034993] 13[9787300034997]
Press: Renmin University of China Press
Release date: June 2000-1
Pricing: 65,438+07.00 yuan paul krugman: (Paul R. Krugman, 65,438+February 28, 0953) American economist, paul krugman is a new generation of liberal economic school, and his theoretical research fields are trade patterns and regional economic activities. He is currently a professor of economics at Princeton University. 199 1 won the 2008 Clark Prize in Economics and the Nobel Prize in Economics. He is currently a professor of economics in the economics department of MIT. Krugman's main research fields include international trade, international finance, currency crisis and exchange rate change theory. The new international trade theory he founded analyzes and explains the influence of income growth and imperfect competition on international trade.
abstract
Paul krugman was born in Long Island, new york, 1953. He's Jewish. He graduated from Yale University, majoring in economics. 1977 received his Ph.D. from MIT and taught at Yale, MIT and Stanford University successively. 19 1 year, the young Krugman won the Clark Award of the American Economic Association, which is regarded as an important indicator of the Nobel Prize. In 2000, he was a professor of economics at the School of Public Affairs and International Affairs of Princeton University. Krugman's main research fields include international trade, international finance, currency crisis and exchange rate change theory. The main representative works are: The Times of Reduced Expectation, The Mystery of Asian Miracle, The Return of Depression Economics, Popular Internationalism, International Economics, The Great Crack, The Conscience of a Liberalist, etc.
brief introduction
Stockholm local time on June 5438+00 13 (Beijing time 19), the Nobel Prize Committee of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden University announced that it would award the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics to American economist paul krugman. The bonus he will receive is still 6,543,800,000 Swedish kronor (about 6,543,800 US dollars) and will not be affected by the financial crisis. The Nobel Prize Committee awarded him the award in recognition of his analytical work on trade patterns and the orientation of economic activities. His theoretical thinking is original, and he often notices important economic problems before others, and then establishes an impressive, profound, concise and elegant model for other latecomers to further study. He is regarded as one of the most outstanding trade theorists in the world today, and his prediction of the Asian financial crisis in 1994 made him famous on the international economic stage. He is currently an economic policy adviser to many countries and regions. 199 1, becoming the fifth person in the economics department of MIT to win the Clark Prize in Economics. It is generally believed that it is only a matter of time before Krugman wins the Nobel Prize in Economics. Krugman is the inheritor and defender of the mainstream economics school, and also the favorite of Samuelson and Thoreau (they are in the same office suite). But at the same time, Krugman is also a deep-water bomb and dares to fight any traditional theory. In the past ten years, he published nearly twenty books and hundreds of articles. His writing style is clear, fluent and simple, which is not only a must-read for professional researchers, but also a mentor and friend for the general public. In the eyes of the public, he is a rare public economist.
Personal introduction
Last name: Paul Robin Krugman.
Date of birth:1Feb. 953
Place of birth: Long Island, new york
Graduate school: Yale University majoring in economics.
Degree: 1977 Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Main work: I have taught at Yale, MIT and Stanford University successively.
He began to work at Princeton University in 2000 and is currently a professor in the Department of Economics at Princeton University.
Honors: 199 1 year Clark Prize in Economics.
In 2008, he won the Nobel Prize in Economics.
Main resume
From 65438 to 0953, Krugman was born into an American middle-class family. He grew up in the suburbs of new york. After graduating from John F. Kennedy high school, he went to the famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study economics. Krugman in college seems to prefer history. There are not many courses in economics, but he goes to history class every day. However, gold always shines. In the second year of college, nordhaus, a famous economist, was impressed by Krugman's profound understanding of economic issues after he came across an article about gasoline price and consumption, and immediately invited him to be his assistant. After graduating from college, on the recommendation of nordhaus, Krugman naturally entered the graduate school to pursue his doctorate. During the period, due to personal problems, my mood was relatively low. After finishing his doctoral thesis in a hurry, he went to teach at Yale University.
Krugman was also frustrated at Yale University. Because of his strong personality, he offended many people and even lost his postgraduate scholarship. 65438-0978 Visiting the famous economist Donne Bush (author of Macroeconomics). Donne Bush's encouragement restored his confidence and he found the key to success. He began to write a paper on the model of monopolistic competition trade. In July of that year, he submitted this paper to the summer seminar of the National Bureau of Economic Research attended by the most influential economists in the world at that time. When he started reading the newspaper, people didn't pay attention. They were all talking to each other. Gradually, the hall became quiet, people stopped talking and listened attentively to Krugman's speech. Krugman became famous overnight! Krugman recalled: "It was the best 90 minutes of my life." In the following days, honor and money followed, and Krugman began to fly around the world, giving speeches, attending seminars and meeting all kinds of people. But he kept a clear head and devoted himself to academic research after busy entertainment. 65438-0982 Krugman had just returned from an international conference in Sweden when he received a phone call from feldstein, inviting him to work in Washington as the chief economist of international economics in the economic advisory group. The experience in Washington was not pleasant. He found that a good analyst is not valued in this place, but an apple polisher is like a duck to water. Soon, he got bored, but in Washington, he discovered another talent: telling serious economic problems in simple and understandable language. Krugman wrote presidential economic reports from 65438 to 0983.
Have ideals
A year in Washington exhausted Krugman. For a long time, he neither studied nor asked about politics. But to outsiders, he got along well: he became a tenured professor at a young age, with a good salary, flew all over the world to attend various conferences, and even wrote several good papers. However, Krugman's heart was extremely lost. He said: "Compared with 99% people in the world, I have nothing to complain about. But my reference object is the most successful economist in my industry, and I have not become one of them. "
From 65438 to 0987, Krugman began to regain his creativity. He wrote a large number of high-quality papers-debt relief in the third world, the role of the European monetary system, and trade collectivization. The praise of these articles dispelled his doubts about his research ability, and he began to open up a new field-new trade theory. These achievements won him the John Bates Clark Award.
From 65438 to 0988, Krugman published The Age of Reduced Expectation, which caused a sensation in the United States. International Economics, which he co-authored with Olbers Feld, has become a standard textbook for universities and trading companies. After seeing his book, the presidents of major companies came to the door and asked Krugman to give them business advice. To this end, Krugman hired a broker, not to attract more customers, but to raise prices and discourage businessmen. During this period, Krugman discovered an interesting topic-economic geography. He is ambitious to develop this subject into a branch of economics and has made great progress in this field.
Major achievements
The presidential election of 1992 made Krugman show off in front of all Americans, and his economic speech on TV helped Clinton a lot. However, after Hillary took office, she chose Tai Sen, a female economist at Berkeley University, because Krugman's personality was too straightforward, which offended many people in Washington and academia. Krugman himself said, "Personally, I am not suitable for that position. You must be able to deal with people and make jokes when people say stupid things. " 1996 Krugman once again surprised the world. His book Popular Internationalism boldly predicted the Asian financial crisis. The book was reprinted eight times in just two years, with a total print run of 65,438+200,000. At the same time, Krugman's economic geography research has also made remarkable progress. Many economists assert that Krugman will win the Nobel Prize in Economics within three years.
On June 5438+1October 65438+March, 2008, the Nobel Prize Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that it had awarded him the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics in recognition of his achievements in "analysis of trade patterns and economic activity locations". The outbreak of the Asian economic crisis made Krugman the focus of attention, and the fourth edition of International Economics, which he co-authored with Olbers and Feld, was also translated into Chinese and published. What does Krugman think of this honor? He said: "We all want rights, we are eager for success, but for me, the best reward is the happiness brought by understanding."
Won the Nobel prize
Public trust. Com 10 10/3. The 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics was announced on 19 in the afternoon of Beijing time. The Royal Swedish Institute announced that it will award this year's Nobel Prize in Economics to paul krugman, a 55-year-old American economist. The Nobel Prize Committee awarded him the award in recognition of his analytical work on trade patterns and the orientation of economic activities. From 65438 to 0953, Krugman was born into an American middle-class family. He grew up in the suburbs of new york. After graduating from John F. Kennedy high school, he went to the famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study economics. After graduating from the doctor's degree, he went to teach at Yale University. 65438-0982, went to Washington as the chief economist of international economics of the economic advisory group. Krugman's main research fields include international trade, international finance, currency crisis and exchange rate change theory. The new international trade theory he founded analyzes and explains the influence of income growth and imperfect competition on international trade. His theoretical thinking is original, and he often notices important economic problems before others, and then establishes an impressive, profound, concise and elegant model for other latecomers to further study. He is regarded as one of the most outstanding trade theorists in the world today, and his prediction of the Asian financial crisis in 1994 made him famous on the international economic stage. 199 1 year won the Clark Prize, which is known as the "Little Nobel Prize". This award is specially set up by the American Economic Association for young economists to reward their outstanding contributions in "economic thoughts and knowledge".
main work
Paul krugman's other works published in China are:
Geography and Trade, International Economics Translation Series, Renmin University of China Press, 2000.
The Instability of Exchange Rate, International Economics Translation Series, Renmin University of China Press, 2000.
Popular Internationalism, International Economics Translation Series, Renmin University of China Press, 2000.
Strategic Trade Policy and International Economics, International Economics Translation Series, Renmin University of China Press, 2000.
Krugman's New Theory on International Trade, China Social Sciences Press, 200 1.
Market structure and foreign trade policy-increasing returns, imperfect competition and international trade, Shanghai Sanlian Publishing House, 1993. (flowing water)
Academic fame
The Asian financial turmoil made the world face the crisis of total economic recession, but for economist paul krugman, this disaster made his academic fame reach its peak. 1994 in the midst of optimism about the Asian economy, Krugman, an economics professor at MIT, delivered a surprising speech. He published a special article in the bimonthly issue of the authoritative academic magazine Foreign Affairs, criticizing the Asian model for focusing on quantitative expansion and neglecting technological innovation. The so-called "Asian miracle" is "built on quicksand and will be disillusioned sooner or later". Because we only rely on a large amount of investment without technological innovation and efficiency improvement, it is easy to form a bubble economy. In the boom period of rapid development, there has been a deep crisis lurking, and sooner or later it will enter a large-scale adjustment. In the days when the Asian economy is full of roses, Professor Krugman's argument is like a dissonance in the movement, sharp and harsh, and the world is at a loss. Three years later, the financial turmoil confirmed his unique insights and established his position as a new generation of economic masters. Professor Krugman has won the respect of the whole world for his foresight. Now, the 45-year-old and prestigious economist seems to listen attentively to his voice in a "stormy" world. As a brilliant new generation of liberal economics school, Professor Krugman is good at expressing complex and boring economic topics to the public with simple, humorous and sharp words. He can grasp the essence of the problem from different angles, transcend the myth of traditional theory, and let students deeply understand the realistic economic problems and future development trends. "He is always two steps ahead of others", and Fortune magazine is full of admiration for his creativity.
Incentive motivation
Krugman won the prize for his contribution to the study of free trade and globalization. The Swedish Academy of Royal Sciences said that Krugman created and expounded a brand-new theory to answer questions related to free trade. The Royal Swedish Academy said in its award-winning statement: "What are the impacts of free trade and globalization? What is the driving force behind the worldwide urbanization? Paul krugman founded and expounded a brand-new theory that can answer all these questions. " At the same time, the statement stressed: "Therefore, he fully integrated the two previously different research fields of international trade and economic geography." The Nobel Prize in Economics is also the last of the six Nobel Prizes this year. The Nobel Prize in Economics is not one of the five award fields mentioned in the will of Alfred bernhard-Nobel, a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosives, but was added by the Swedish Central Bank in memory of Nobel in 1968, and was first awarded in 1969. Its full name is "alfred nobel Prize in Economic Science".
The Nobel Prize Committee of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics will be awarded to PaulKrugman, an American economist and professor at Princeton University. Krugman's theoretical research fields are trade patterns and regional economic activities. PaulKrugman is an economics professor at MIT. In 1990s, Krugman successfully predicted "1997 Asian financial crisis". At that time, he suggested that the so-called "Asian miracle" was "built on quicksand and will be disillusioned sooner or later". Specifically, during the period of rapid development and prosperity, there is a profound economic crisis lurking in Asia, and it will enter a large-scale adjustment in a certain period of time. The successful verification of the prediction of 1997 established Krugman's position as a "new generation economic master". According to the data, paul krugman is a new generation of liberal economic school, and his research fields mainly focus on trade patterns and regional economic activities. This time, paul krugman's victory broke out an unpopular event for the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics. In the previous forecast, Krugman was not seen in the top three groups of popular winners. However, Krugman is still the representative of the liberal economic school favored by the Nobel Prize in Economics. His bid is still a victory for economic theory liberals. It also continues the "tradition" that the Nobel Prize in Economics favors American economists.
Curse reappearance
The Nobel Prize Committee of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics will be awarded to PaulKrugman, an American economist and professor at Princeton University. In 1990s, Krugman successfully predicted "1997 Asian financial crisis", and established Krugman's position as a "new generation economic master". When the global financial crisis swept the world, it was undoubtedly more meaningful for Krugman to win the Nobel Prize as an economist.
The curse of the economics prize reappears. The Wall Street Journal once said, "As we all know, it is very difficult to predict the Nobel Prize in Economics". The final selection result of this year's economics prize once again verified this sentence. Although some media and celebrities listed several economists who were expected to win the prize, they still failed to include the final winners. Traditionally, Thomson Reuters Company put forward three groups of forecast lists for the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics, namely, lars hansen, a professor at the University of Chicago, Thomas Sargent, a professor at new york University and christopher sims, a professor at Princeton University, who used complicated economic theories such as econometrics to forecast the actual securities market, and Amen Achien and harold demsetz, professors at UCLA. Because of his contribution to the theory of intellectual property rights, martin feldstein, a professor at Harvard University who was the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers of the President of the United States, was praised for his research achievements in the fields of taxation and social security. However, the birth of paul krugman undoubtedly proved the curse of the Nobel Prize in Economics once again.
Nobel Prize for Achievement in Financial Crisis
Professor Darkmouth Krugman, an economist, successfully predicted that the Asian model was unsustainable. When everyone cheered for the four little dragons in Asia, he warned that there would be a crisis in the East Asian model. 1997 Before the Asian financial crisis, Krugman published The Return of Depression Economics, which can be said to be an accurate prediction, and Krugman became famous. On March 17, 2008, he expressed his views on the current economic situation in the United States in an interview with the American economic magazine Fortune. He said that due to the economic recession, the Japanese economy did not fully recover in 10. "I am very worried about this situation in the United States. It is estimated that the US economy will recover in the middle of 20 10." The subprime mortgage crisis originated in the United States has brought the American economy to a standstill, and this situation will continue for a long time. He said that the development of the real estate market is stagnant and it is difficult to obtain loans, which will push the real estate price to continue to fall and fall into a vicious circle. This crisis may be as serious as the financial crisis in the late 1990s and 1990s. Internet crisis in the early 20th century. The intensification of the global financial crisis "achieved" Krugman's Nobel dream from one side.
Krugman is regarded as the best economist since Keynes and one of the most famous new generation economists. Krugman described the purpose of depression economics for us in the book "Revival of Depression Economy", that is, to study "free lunch". "There is no such thing as a free lunch", which is the simplest sentence in economics. Means that resources are limited. If you want more things, you must ask for less. In other words, no pains, no gains. But in the great recession, "as long as we reach out, there will be a free lunch, because a lot of idle resources will be used at this time." Regarding the current financial crisis sweeping the world, Professor Krugman said that in order to prevent problems in financial institutions, the US government should avoid investing in large-scale rescue funds, and the government should sell financial institutions in due course after purchasing them with budgetary funds. Whether Krugman can become the "savior" of the global financial crisis remains to be seen.
free trade
The trade pattern and economic activity location in international trade and economic geography have always been the focus of economic debate. What impact will free trade and globalization bring? What is the driving force of global urbanization? Paul krugman expounded a new theory to answer these questions. Therefore, he also integrated two completely different research fields: international trade and economic geography. Krugman's research method is based on the premise that a large number of goods and services can be continuously produced for a long time and in a cheaper way. This concept is often called economic scale. At the same time, the consumer's demand for all kinds of goods makes the large-scale production in the world market replace the original small-scale production in the local market. In the process of mass production in the world market, there is fierce competition between similar products produced by companies in the same industry.
According to the traditional trade theory, due to the differences between countries, some countries export agricultural products, while others export industrial products. The new theory clarifies why global trade is in fact dominated by countries that not only have similar conditions, but also trade such products. For example, Sweden is a country that exports a lot and imports many cars at the same time. This kind of trade makes a large number of specialized and large-scale products appear, leading to low prices and diversification of goods. Economies of scale and the reduction of transportation costs also help us to explain why more and more people in the world live in cities and why similar economic activities are concentrated in the same place. Low transportation costs can trigger a self-reinforcing process, and the growth of urbanized population also promotes the increase of large-scale production, higher real income and more diversified commodity sources. This result, in turn, further stimulated the migration to cities. Krugman's theory shows that the results of these processes can help the world to be divided into the core area of high-tech urbanization and the underdeveloped surrounding areas. In 1990s, Krugman successfully predicted "1997 Asian financial crisis". At that time, he suggested that the so-called "Asian miracle" was "built on quicksand and will be disillusioned sooner or later". Specifically, during the period of rapid development and prosperity, there is a profound economic crisis lurking in Asia, and it will enter a large-scale adjustment in a certain period of time. The successful verification of the prediction of 1997 established Krugman's position as a "new generation economic master". At the same time, Krugman's economic geography research has also made remarkable progress. Many economists assert that Krugman will win the Nobel Prize in Economics within three years.
economic crisis
Krugman's Nobel Prize-winning economic crisis prediction has been fulfilled many times. Dramatically, Krugman won the prize because of his achievements in analyzing the pattern of international trade and the regions of economic activities, while well-known columnists in The New York Times are even more famous for their sharp words. Krugman criticized the political and economic policies of the Bush administration more than once in his columns and speeches. In Krugman's view, the excessively loose fiscal and financial policies implemented by the Bush administration a few years ago accelerated the bursting of this financial bubble.
The current crisis is comparable to the Great Depression.
"This is amazing." Krugman said excitedly the first time after learning that he won the prize. Although it has long been favored by the outside world and is a popular candidate for the Nobel Prize, the goddess of luck has not come to Krugman's head. "(After learning the news) I immediately took a shower and prepared to attend the subsequent press conference. Then I was too busy to call my wife, parents and friends for good news, and I didn't even have time to have a cup of coffee. " At the subsequent telephone press conference, Krugman could not hide his joy and excitement. But this does not prevent him from making a sober judgment on the current economic situation as a well-known scholar. In Krugman's view, "We are witnessing a crisis as serious as the Asian financial turmoil in the 1990s. This crisis can be compared with the Great Depression in some ways. " Krugman was also praised in the industry for successfully predicting some major financial disasters. From 65438 to 0994, under the background that the Asian economy is widely optimistic, Krugman wrote an article in Diplomacy criticizing the Asian model, arguing that it is easy to form a bubble economy only by investing heavily without technological innovation and improving efficiency. In the period of rapid development and prosperity, there has been a deep crisis lurking, and it is necessary to enter a large-scale adjustment sooner or later. 1996, Krugman simply predicted that the Asian financial crisis was about to break out in his book Popular Internationalism. 1997, the crisis broke out. In 2000, Krugman pointed out in the article "Energy Crisis Reproduction" that a new round of international oil price rising cycle has arrived. In 200 1 year, Krugman reiterated his views in The New York Times's column. Sure enough, after 200 1, the international oil price rose sharply. In August 2006, Krugman wrote that due to the skyrocketing housing prices in the United States in recent years, housing prices in many areas began to decline, and speculative demand reversed, resulting in the current market full of unsold properties. Moreover, because the property market has been the main engine of American economic growth in the past three years, the reversal of the property market means that the United States will inevitably have a serious recession. At present, there has been an overall downward trend in American housing prices.
Praise the global bold rescue of the market
Krugman especially praised the bold rescue measures taken by the financial leaders of various countries who met in Washington last weekend. He said with a smile that he seemed more shocked last Friday than when he learned that he had won the prize that day. At the meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors of the Group of Seven held on June 5438+00, countries unanimously adopted an action plan aimed at stabilizing the global financial situation, restoring market confidence and supporting economic growth. The Group of Seven said that the current situation requires "urgent and extraordinary" actions, and its members will continue to work together to stabilize financial markets and restore credit flows, thus supporting global economic growth. According to this plan, the group will take decisive action and use "all available means" to support those financial institutions that are of great significance to the security of the financial system and prevent them from going bankrupt. The group will also take all necessary measures to unfreeze the credit and money markets and ensure that banks and other financial institutions have extensive liquidity and funds. A similar message was sent by the special meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors of the G20. The meeting stressed that the G20 will unite and deepen cooperation, and "will take all economic and financial measures to ensure the stability and good operation of financial markets". The concrete actions of countries in the next two days also reflect the determination to save the market. The Federal Reserve and the four central banks announced on 13 that they would provide unprecedented "unlimited" capital injection to the financial system to ease the pressure on the short-term dollar financing market. The euro zone 15 countries also adopted a consistent financial rescue plan last weekend, and major economies such as Britain, Germany, France and Italy successively launched financial rescue plans totaling more than hundreds of billions of euros.
Known for his "reverse cloth" remarks.
Krugman is currently a professor of economics and international affairs at Princeton University. In the award-winning statement, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences commented that Krugman integrated the previous research in international trade and geo-economics and formed a set of theories on free trade, globalization and the driving force for global urbanization. The selection committee believes that Krugman organically combines the study of international trade and economic regions, and the two have little to do with each other. His theory explains why international trade is easily dominated by countries that export and import similar goods, such as Sweden, which exports and imports cars at the same time. "This trade model makes specialization and large-scale production possible, which leads to lower prices and diversified goods." The Committee said. Commenting on Krugman's award, a professor at Oxford University said that international trade theory had stopped as early as 25 years ago, and Krugman's creative research gave new life to trade theory. However, Krugman seems to be more famous for his "lying" remarks than his relatively professional academic achievements. As a columnist in The New York Times, Krugman publicly criticized the Bush administration's policies on many occasions, whether it was the Iraqi war or the tax reduction policy. In Krugman's view, it was the overly loose and unregulated policies implemented by the Bush administration in previous years that gave birth to the subsequent financial bubble and finally detonated today's crisis. "Mr. Bush corrupted our government and undermined the principle of legislation," Krugman wrote in a column on May 18, 2007. "He led the United States into a' strategic disaster' and moral poverty." As the financial turmoil is gaining momentum, Krugman recently wrote in The New York Times that the US government's rescue plan is to "exchange cash for garbage".
Award-winning over the years
Nobel Prize Winner in Economics (200 1 -2008)
Krugman talks a lot.
George arthur akerlof, Andrew Michael spence, joseph eugene stiglitz.
2002: Vernon Lomax Smith, Daniel Kahneman.
2003: Robert Engel, Clive William John Granger
2004: Finn Kidland, Edward Prescott
2005: Thomas Crombie Schelling, robert john aumann.
2006: Edmund Phelps
2007: Leonid Hurvich, eric maskin and Roger Melson.
2008: Paul Robin Krugman I. Zero-sum World?
1. Competitiveness: Dangerous paranoia
2. Prove my point
3. Trade, work and wages
Does the growth of the third world harm the prosperity of the first world?
5. The illusion of international trade conflict
Second, good and bad economic theory.
6. Myth and reality of American competitiveness
7. Economic and diplomatic exchanges
-comment on Laura Tai Sen's whose hand is a deer? 》
8. What trade knowledge should college students know?
Third, the emerging world
9. Challenge traditional knowledge
10. The disturbing truth of the North American Free Trade Agreement
1 1. The myth of the Asian miracle
Four. Technology and society
12. technical retaliation
13. Localization of century economy
Since 1990s, an important development in human history is economic globalization. Economic growth, the end of the cold war and the information technology revolution have made the economies of various countries more interdependent, interactive and increasingly integrated. Accordingly, it is becoming more and more important to study the international economics of economic relations among countries. International economics, as a branch of economic science, mainly studies various economic behaviors and economic conditions under open conditions. It not only studies the micro-behaviors of commodity production, consumption, market price determination and the flow of production factors in an open economy, but also studies macro-issues such as exchange rate, balance of payments, price stability and economic growth. For most open economies, international economics is a more realistic and important economic discipline. In view of the different research objects, international economics ...