Baihua (Ye Saining)
There is a birch tree,
Standing at my window,
Covered with snow,
Like covered with silver frost.
On the furry branch
The ice is full.
Like a skirt made of snow—
The tassels sparkled.
Birch trees are shrouded in
Dreamy silence,
Golden Mars
Jump on the snowflake.
Sunset lazily
Shining around it,
Put more broken silver.
Spread all over the branches
Birch trees in Volgograd
horse Agasina's ci
Ge? Bono malenko
1、
You grew up in Russia,
There, fields and forests are picturesque.
We have birch in every song,
Birch tree, under the window of every household.
Every spring, new buds come out,
They danced branches in the wind.
But in the birch forest in Volgograd,
At the sight of it, my heart aches.
2、
It's a birch in the distance,
Plant it and listen to the noise of feather grass.
What years Birch spent,
Under the fire of Volgograd,
It has been thinking about Russia for a long time.
It misses its hometown in the forest area.
People are lying under birch trees,
You might as well ask them.
3、
Under the tree, the grass was not trampled,
Underground, no one answered.
But soldier, how he wished,
People often mourn him!
Just as his wife and children cried for him,
You were born a soldier,
How can you not understand him!
4、
You grew up in Russia,
Here, it is also the hometown of birch trees. ...
No matter where you are now,
You will remember my birch,
You see, the indomitable tall trunk,
Look, dancing the branches silently.
Birch trees growing in Volgograd,
You will never forget him.
( 1967)
Sergei Aleksandrovic Ye Saining (1895— 1925) was born in a peasant family in Ryazan province and was raised by a wealthy peasant grandfather. 19 12 After graduating from normal school, I went to Moscow alone and worked as a proofreader in a printing factory. At the same time, he joined the Surikov Literature and Music Group and took part-time courses at Shanyavski Civilian University. 19 14 published the lyric poem "White Birch"; 19/kloc-met Brock, Gorky and Mayakovski in 0/5, and published the first book of poetry, Day of the Dead. 1965438+enlisted in the spring of 2006, and married Reich after retiring. 19 19 participated in the publication of the Manifesto of Imagism, and later wrote Life and Art (192 1) to criticize Imagism, indicating its return to real life. 192 1 married Duncan and traveled to Europe and America the next year. 1923 returned to the Soviet Union and published an article criticizing the American way of life. 1September, 925, she married lev tolstoy's granddaughter Thor Staja.1October, she was hospitalized for mental illness. On February 26th, 65438, he wrote a poem in blood: "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye. Dear, you will always remember my heart. /the separation of fate,/indicates the reunion in the afterlife. //Goodbye, my friend, don't say goodbye, don't shake hands,/Don't be sad, don't be sad-/In this world, death is not new/alive, and of course it is not rare. " Before dawn on the 28th, he hanged himself in a hotel in Leningrad at the age of 30, just as Confucius said. A year later, in the winter, his grave was shot, and Benislavskaya, who loved him deeply and was missed many times, died for him. It is said that "my friend" in Ye Saining's farewell poem refers to her.
The October Revolution fundamentally changed his writing. He praised the revolution and the working class, but he did not fundamentally understand the revolution and the Soviet system. Therefore, it reveals the bohemian and cynical "Ye Saining temperament", and the masterpiece in this respect is the group poem "The Voice of the Moscow Tavern" (1921-1923). "Ye Saining temperament" is easily associated with the "Faust spirit" with two sides in the Romantic era, especially the "Byronic hero", which can be roughly regarded as the performance of the same poet in different times. "Ye Saining temperament" is actually a unique expression that "the last rural poet" found himself standing on the opposite side of the development of the times during the changes of the times. Pasternak (1890- 1960) thinks: "Ye Saining regards his life as a fairy tale. He is like Prince Ivan riding a gray wolf across the ocean and catching isadora duncan, just like catching the tail of a firebird. His poems are also written in fairy tales. Sometimes they are arranged like playing cards, and sometimes they are recorded with the blood in their hearts. The most precious thing in his poems is the scenery of his hometown, Ryazan province in central Russia, which is full of forests. Just like when he was a child, he described it with a dizzy freshness. " Evtushenko (1933-) called him "the purest Russian poet": "Ye Saining's poetry is a local phenomenon. Ye Saining's phonology radiates the magical brilliance of minerals unique to Russian land structure. Ye Saining's poetry is a unique product of Russian nature and Russian language (including fairy tales, ballads, country folk songs, proverbs and common sayings, incantations, lamentations and ritual songs handed down from generation to generation). " Their grasp of Ye Saining is undoubtedly extremely accurate. "Suddenly spread the word array like playing cards, and then write it down with the blood in my heart" are two different manifestations of "Ye Saining temperament" in his poetry creation. The reason why he is called "the purest Russian poet" is precisely because Evtushenko deeply grasped the cause of "Ye Saining temperament": out of his persistence in Russian countryside, he could not agree with the powerful promotion and destruction of modern civilization to the countryside. If Pushkin is a poet who walks in the forefront of the times and strives for national freedom, then Ye Saining has undoubtedly acted as a "villain" of an era consciously or unconsciously, and he is eager to preserve the regional culture of a specific era. Gorky thought that he died in the conflict between urban and rural civilizations when analyzing his death, which is quite profound. The difference between Ye Saining and other poets in the Silver Age is that after the October Revolution, he did not go into exile, but, like Kipius and others, vowed to be at odds with the October Revolution. Except for the two years of traveling with Duncan, he has been sticking to the land of Russia. However, the development of reality made him more and more sad: "On the road of Lantian, there will be/steel customers soon. /Oats are soaked in the morning glow,/Only some withered grains are left. //strange and lifeless threshing floor,/the song I sing to you won't let you live! Only those horses and oats will grieve for their old owners. " In Lenten Sacrifice, he directly used the typical scene of "iron horse" (that is, train) competing with live horse to reflect this conflict. Pasternak, who lived in the same era and had contacts with him, was full of understanding and sympathy for Ye Saining: "The position of Ye Saining's landscape poems has been replaced by the maze of modern metropolis in his works. A lonely soul of a contemporary lost its way in this maze and destroyed morality. He described the exciting and inhuman tragic state of this soul. "
Of course, if Ye Saining's death is only attributed to the conflict between urban and rural areas, it can't tell the whole story. His three marriages stand out. The breakup of his first marriage made the poet regret it. If his previous debauchery was due to the storm that turned the world upside down, he "didn't understand where the ominous events were going to lead me", then in Lion, after he broke up with him, he "continued to fall", which had nothing to do with the breakdown of his marriage. One year before he committed suicide, he also wrote a letter to a woman and poured out his heart to Reich. Goethe said: eternal women, lead us to rise! So, what happens after losing the lead? Undeniably, Ye Saining's depravity and physical death are not one of the endings. His lightning romance with American dancer Duncan is both romantic and bitter. They came together in lightning speed and separated in lightning speed. Touch the wound of love in the envious and puzzled eyes of everyone. Less than half a year after his third marriage, the poet passed away.
It seems a little unreasonable not to talk about the poet's works here. And I think the death of Ye Saining is the fundamental problem that puzzles modern people. No matter whether he is a born civilized man or a civilized man after transformation, no matter whether he keeps pace with the times or dreams back to the Tang Dynasty, it is impossible for him to escape these problems encountered by Ye Saining. Ye Saining's death was the inevitable result of many factors acting on the poet's mind, which led to the spiritual crisis. Before him, there were cases of poets committing suicide, but the phenomenon of poets committing suicide began with him. Time is always flowing and the years are still circulating. Since Ye Saining declared that "I am the last poet in the countryside", pure lyric poetry has reached its peak and come to an end.
Another brief introduction
Sergei. Alexander Rovich? Ye Saining: (сергесенин, 1895- 1925), Russian pastoral poet. He was born in a peasant family in Ryazan province and raised by a wealthy peasant grandfather. 19 12 graduated from normal school, then went to a printing factory in Moscow to do proofreading, and at the same time joined the Surikov Literature and Music Troupe, and worked part-time at Shanyavsky Civilian University. 19 14 published the lyric poem "White Birch"; 19/kloc-met Brock, Gorky and Mayakovski in 0/5, and published the first book of poetry, Day of the Dead. 19/kloc-joined the army in the spring of 0/6, and married Reich after retiring. 19 19 participated in the publication of the Manifesto of Imagism, followed by Life and Art. Criticizing Imagism showed his return to real life. 192 1 married Duncan and traveled to Europe and America the next year. 1923 returned to the Soviet Union and published an article criticizing the American way of life. 1925 September with Leo? Tolstoy's granddaughter Thor Staja got married and was hospitalized for mental illness in June of 5438+0 1 year. On February 26th, 65438, he wrote a poem in blood: "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye. Dear, you will always remember my heart. /the separation of fate,/indicates the reunion in the afterlife. //Goodbye, my friend, don't say goodbye, don't shake hands,/Don't be sad, don't be sad-/In this world, death is not new/alive, and of course it is not rare. " Before dawn on the 28th, he hanged himself in a hotel in Leningrad at the age of 30, just as Confucius said. A year later, in the winter, his grave was shot, and Benislavskaya, who loved him deeply and was missed many times, died for him. It is said that "my friend" in Ye Saining's farewell poem refers to her.
On the vast territory of Russia, there is an extraordinary tree. It is so ordinary: it can be seen everywhere in the fields and forests, and it is so extraordinary: it has both the femininity and elegance of willows and the rigidity of pine trees. The harmonious and perfect unity of female beauty and masculine beauty is really rare! Its elegant trunk is poetically wrapped in a thick silvery white. What sterling silver! It reminds you of pure love, sacred love, crystal poetry and sacred ideals ... its roots are deeply rooted in the land under your feet. In this noisy world, it silently prospers with its lush green leaves. Its branches are rising, as if communicating with another spiritual world! It is rooted in this world, but it seems to wander in another world. It seems to belong to another world, which makes it shine with mysterious and charming light! This ordinary and magical tree, its name is 1 1 birch!
Just as China people like pine, bamboo and plum, Japanese people love stem flowers, Canadians love red maple and Russians love birch trees. Russians love the land and real life under their feet, but they also have a strong sense of transcendence. They pay attention to the future, meditate on the other side, and enthusiastically explore the mystery of human destiny. They have rigidity and softness, softness and rigidity, which are the combination of masculine beauty and feminine beauty. As long as you look at the well-known famous representatives of Russian culture, such as lev tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Ye Saining and Aitmatov, you will know that birch is the sustenance of Russian spiritual home.
Why do birch always appear in Russian poetry?
Every country and nation has their own favorite flowers and trees. Peony is the national flower of China. Plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum are deeply loved by China literati and are called "gentlemen in flowers".
Russians also have their favorite flowers and trees. People pour their feelings for flowers and trees and express their wishes through literary creation. With the accumulation of culture and history, these flowers and trees are branded with distinctive national culture. Chrysanthemum, for example, has completely different meanings in the eyes of eastern and western people. China and Japan have similar oriental aesthetics to chrysanthemums. People in China use chrysanthemums to symbolize their character of not being afraid of cold at night and having high standards. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a poem about chrysanthemums, which wrote: "Until September 8, I will kill all the flowers after they bloom, and the fragrance will pervade Chang 'an and the city will be full of golden flowers. ".The Japanese regard chrysanthemum as the embodiment of the sun, and the sixteen petals chrysanthemum is the design of the imperial emblem and the national emblem. But in western Europe and Russia, chrysanthemums are used to symbolize the brevity of life and death. Chrysanthemums are mostly yellow, and yellow is a symbol of betrayal and breakup in the eyes of Russians. Because of these ideas, people seldom use chrysanthemums to beautify rooms or give gifts to relatives and friends, and only use them at funerals or in mourning for the dead.
According to the ancient Russian legend, every kind of flower and tree contains magical power. In Russian folklore, flowers and trees are often regarded as creatures like human beings. They can also feel, breathe and communicate with each other. They are free from whipping, cutting and humiliation, and there are many customs and beliefs related to plants and flowers among the people. The contemporary Russian writer иракшааздравствуй (Hello) is related to trees: the first word of this word. Although this statement is outspoken, it reflects the status of trees in the eyes of Russians from one side.
So, what flowers and trees do Russians like?
Birch (берёза) can stimulate the beautiful feelings of the Russian nation most, and it is the sacred tree they love (священоед).
First of all, birch is the embodiment of good luck and happiness. People are used to planting budding birch trees in front of and behind their houses, and planting them in the fields on the folk mourning day (the seventh Thursday after Easter). The girls wore crowns made of birch branches and held a series of mourning activities to eliminate disasters and avoid evil spirits, praying for happiness, well-being and prosperity.
Secondly, in the eyes of Russians, birch is the messenger of spring and love, the embodiment of a pure and slim girl, and can also refer to a young woman or a young mother. For example, вчераылачервонаякл.)
Thirdly, birch has become a symbol of Russia and the embodiment of the motherland and hometown because of its beautiful, pure and persistent personality. It often appears in the homesick dreams of distant wanderers, and often evokes the homesickness of wanderers. When people come back from afar, they will think of a warm home when they see birch trees. Birch has been closely related to the daily life of Russians since ancient times. In ancient times, people wrote notes on birch bark, which preserved the splendid ancient Russian culture; When taking a steam bath, birch broom is the favorite bathing tool for Russians. In spring, people like to go to the forest to collect birch juice for drinks; Under the birch tree is a place for couples to date, and it is also a witness of their love.
Supplementary material
I. Historical reasons
1. City of Birch and Goshawk
1703, 14 in April, the young czar Peter I visited all the islands at the Neva estuary in order to build a new fortress. Finally, he took a fancy to an island called "Rabbit Island" (also called Happy Island). 16, Peter personally presided over the groundbreaking ceremony. People buried a stone box containing the body of St. Andrei Pierovaniei underground, and the lid of the stone box was engraved with a line: "According to the Oracle of Jesus Christ, 1703, 16, the great tsar and the great duke, the monarch of all Russia, Peter alexeyevich laid the foundation stone for the imperial capital St. Petersburg." Peter ordered two small birch trees to be cut down and buried in two pits as a sign of the future gate. Just then, a goshawk flying in the air on the island suddenly flew down and landed on the trunk of a birch tree. Peter was very happy. He thought it was a celebration from heaven, because he knew it was also an eagle instructing Byzantine emperors to build Constantinople. Since then, birch, goshawk and tsar have become the most sacred trinity in Russia.
The fortress in St. Petersburg was built in four months, because Peter I was not only worried about the invasion of powerful Swedes, but also eager to let Russia face the world through the window of St. Petersburg. 1703165438+1October, the first foreign merchant ship, a Dutch ship full of salt and wine, sailed into the harbor of St. Petersburg.
The fortress in St. Petersburg was originally built of mud and was transformed into stone in 1706. The city is 9 meters high and 20 meters wide, surrounded by water. In the fortress, a wooden church in memory of Saint Peter and Paul was first built (converted into a stone building in 17 12), which is now the world-famous Peter and Paul church. It is different from the traditional Russian church. There is a tall spire on the bell tower. It was built according to the wish of Peter I, who wanted to imitate the spires of European churches and make them higher than all the spires he saw in Europe. During the construction process, Peter I led foreign envoys to the tower many times and looked at the panoramic view of the future city. After the completion of the church, all czars (except Paul II who died in Moscow and Nicholas II who was shot in Yekaterinburg after the October Revolution) were buried in this church. A few years ago, Nicholas II's body was also moved into the church for burial, and a grand burial ceremony was held for this purpose.
After more than 20 years of construction, St. Petersburg has finally stood up in the estuary area where swamps, bushes and rabbits haunt. Although there are frequent floods, humid climate and long winters, it is a "paradise" in the eyes of Peter I, because you can see the world, face the world and communicate with the world from here. Knowing the hardships of building this new capital, Peter I gave this new city a meaningful name-St. Petersburg. "Saint" comes from Latin, which means sacred; "Peter" comes from Greek, meaning stone; The word "castle" comes from German and Dutch, which means castle. So St. Petersburg, which is composed of several languages, originally means "sacred stone city" Building a house with stones instead of wood is a sign of the progress of the times at that time, and it is also a sign of the liberation and development of productive forces. Obviously, Peter hopes that this "sacred stone city" will enable Russia, which is closed and backward, to "open the door of all lakes and open an account in the four seas".
At the same time that the new Winter Palace became the royal court, Russian history entered a new heyday, and Catherine II came to power on July 6, 762. The queen has learned and imitated Europe more than her ancestors, so French and Italian architectural arts and various stone carvings are all over St. Petersburg. The statue of Peter the Great, designed by the famous French sculptor falcon, stood in the Senate Square on the Neva River on August 7th. 1782. Thanks to Pushkin's poems, this "bronze knight" statue has become an eternal symbol of the immortal St. Petersburg.
Second, geographical reasons and advantages of biological functions
1. Geographical reasons
Betulaceae may have appeared in Cretaceous, and it was widely distributed in temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere in Tertiary. Fossils were found in Shanwang, Shandong, China and Fushun, Liaoning. Pollen fossils first appeared in the late Cretaceous. Later, it was also found in Eurasia.
2. Biological reasons
Betula platyphylla Suk, a scientific name of Betula platyphylla, belongs to Betula in betulaceae, and is distributed in northeast China, Xiaoxing 'anling, Changbai Mountain and mountainous areas in North China. Vertical distribution is below northeast 1000 meters and north 1300-2700 meters. It is also distributed in eastern Siberia, Korea and northern Japan.
Ornamental features and garden uses: Birch has sparse branches and leaves, beautiful posture, especially straight trunk, white and elegant, which is very eye-catching. It is planted alone and clustered in the garden, and the lawns in parks, Chi Pan, lakes or roadsides are beautiful. If planted in pieces in mountainous areas or hilly slopes, beautiful scenic forests can be formed.
For the above reasons, I think birch often appears in literary works.