Venturi (Robert? Venturi once said: "Architecture is a symbolic shelter." Symbols in architectural art often express certain ideas by constructing a specific spatial form or external image, reflect natural culture and social phenomena under a specific social background, and realize emotional communication between architects and users. However, many architects in our country are now satisfied with copying and imitating western architecture, paying too much attention to the modeling of architecture and misinterpreting the symbolism of architecture. Modern architecture in China should be guided by the correct symbolic language. Perhaps we can find the answer from the traditional symbolic art "paper-cutting" in China.
Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting and carving patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives, which is used to decorate life or cooperate with other folk activities. Its symbolic meaning entrusts the artist's sincere feelings, carries a strong cultural heritage and conveys an infinite and far-reaching artistic conception. Paper-cutting is inextricably linked with the use of symbolic language and architectural symbols. It should be an inexhaustible resource for our contemporary design and a beacon to guide the road of symbol design. Therefore, this paper chooses the topic of "communication between paper-cut art and modern Chinese architectural art in symbolic language" to study, starting with symbolic meaning and symbolic expression, aiming at strengthening the integration of architectural aesthetics and folk aesthetics, hoping that paper-cut art and modern Chinese architectural art will collide with each other in symbolic design.
1 symbolizes the symbolic meaning of * * *
Symbolic meaning is the soul existence of artistic works, the language of dialogue between creators and viewers, or to convey the author's feelings about regional time and space, or to interpret the author's understanding of cultural folklore, or to present the author's pursuit of aesthetic spirit. Without these symbolic meanings, paper-cutting and architecture will become lifeless furnishings. Here, the symbolic significance of paper-cutting and architecture is analyzed from two aspects: regional symbol and spiritual symbol.
1. 1 * * regional symbol
"Art is a spiritual activity of human beings and a direct reflection of human aesthetic consciousness. It is inseparable from the social and geographical environment in which people live. " Every artist is inextricably linked with the native land where he grew up, so every work of art has its unique regional brand, so regional characteristics often become an important part of symbolic significance. As a human creation, paper-cutting art is inevitably influenced by regional temperament. In the early natural and social environment, bad luck is closely related to people's fate, so the theme of paper-cutting often symbolizes and implies people's worship of primitive nature and hope for improving the harsh natural environment. With the passage of time, the regional differences between the north and the south have gradually become significant. The southern paper-cut is influenced by the beautiful and elegant southern landscape, which means that there are countless paper-cuts with "small bridges and flowing water, fresh and natural", reflecting the quiet and tranquil regional characteristics.
On the contrary, northern paper-cutting is influenced by desolate and rough areas. The paper-cutting technique is bold and bold, and the dough is prominent, which symbolizes the primitive and childish state of loess and reflects the farming culture of "cutting paper to gouge out, mowing grass to prevent grass, and vying for land". "The orange crosses the Huaihe River, and the north is the bitter orange". Similarly, the differences in sunshine, climate, hydrology and other natural geographical environments also give the buildings in various regions unique symbolic significance. China has a vast territory, and the residential buildings are rich and colorful, such as Huizhou residential buildings and Dai earth buildings, which all show distinctive regional characteristics. Similarly, modern architecture can also show different personalities and life scenes of people in different places. For example, the new Suzhou Museum (Figure 1) embodies Suzhou's immature garden characteristics and symbolizes the poetic meaning of ink and wash landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Being in it, it seems that you can feel the comfortable and elegant life posture of southern residents.
Small details in architecture can also contain regional symbols, such as Wang Shu's work "Demolition House" (Figure 2), which simulates the traditional "courtyard" in China by using the natural light projected from the courtyard to the corridor and the "wall leakage". The color is elegant, with a strong regional color of China, full of modernity, implying respect for traditional architecture and yearning and nostalgia for the quiet and peaceful life of the former quadrangles. Generally speaking, architecture and folk paper-cutting art have different regional genes. Through the architecture and paper-cutting in a region, we can get a glimpse of the aesthetic and cultural characteristics of this region and experience the local national character and life posture.
1.2 * * Communication of Spiritual Symbols
"Art is a reflection of nature in people's minds and an ideology. It is the organic product of people's comprehensive psychological activities such as knowledge, emotion, ideals and concepts, and it is the image transmission of people's life and spiritual world. " The life of art is inseparable from the cultural spirit of human beings, which is also one of the important contents of symbolic significance. As a cultural form naturally formed by people's instinctive emotional desires, paper-cutting entrusts the ideals and beliefs of working people and permeates people's positive and optimistic spirit. For example, the paper-cut carp yue longmen (Figure 3) symbolizes the high-spirited spirit; The paper-cut "cockscomb flower" (Figure 4) symbolizes that the paper-cut artist hopes that his family and friends can have the enterprising spirit of self-improvement; The paper-cut Goddess of the Sky symbolizes the worship of the gods and the praise of persistence. At the same time, as one of the auspicious cultures in China, paper-cutting also fully embodies the idea of "harmony between man and nature" and the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, such as Lu's "Harmony between heaven and earth, Everything is born" (Figure 5), which shows the ideal and romantic aesthetic style, reveals the temperament of returning to nature, and is a typical artistic representative of spiritual symbols. Similarly, modern architecture can only be called architectural art if it has spiritual symbols.
The commemorative significance and religious significance of architecture can be classified as the spiritual symbol of architecture, and they are all pinned on the beautiful ideals of mankind. For example, the Li Shutong Memorial Hall in Pinghu, Zhejiang (Figure 6), located near the East Lake in pinghu city, adopts the unique design of seven petals of "lotus flowers on the water", which symbolizes the broad mind and noble character of "clear water produces hibiscus" and expresses the yearning for plain life. Let's talk about the mountain gate of Yiwulu Mountain in Liaoning (Figure 7), which is based on the architectural modeling and carries a spiritual core. The four "arms" opposite to each other extend forward at the same time, and suddenly freeze at the point where they are about to cross, and freeze into the silhouette of an ancient building, symbolizing the vision of seeing the Eight Barrens and the hope of focusing on the Eight Poles. The concept of * * * between man and nature is also an important part of the symbol of architectural spirit. Pursuing the natural integration of architecture and environment is still the goal pursued by many modern architects in China.
For example, the Beijing Xiangshan Hotel designed by Mr. I.M. Pei (Figure 8) is located in Xiangshan Park, a scenic spot in the northwest of Beijing. The hotel is surrounded by mountains and waters, winding and winding, which is in harmony with rocks, lakes and flowers, implying the concept of "harmony between man and nature". It can be seen that the spirit symbolized by paper-cutting and architecture, or the positive and optimistic attitude towards life, or the idea of harmony between man and nature, or the worship and commemoration of ancestors are undoubtedly interlinked, which makes the art of paper-cutting and modern architectural art immortal.
2 symbolizes the * * of expression.
"China is a subtle and euphemistic nation. It doesn't like the straightforward rudeness of "taking a glance at everything", but likes the implicit beauty of "endless words" and "the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine". " The symbolism of Chinese paper-cut art and architectural art is implicit metaphor, full of profound meaning, and the expression of symbols is the same. The following three aspects are elaborated: composition, color and symbol. Figure 2 "Demolition House"
2. 1 synthetic symbol
To sum up, the common methods of composition of paper-cut art are symmetry and repetition, and the composition forms are divided into circular composition and "swastika" composition. Symmetry is one of the important rules of formal beauty, and symmetrical paper-cut works can give people a stable and generous formal beauty. For example, Lu's paper-cut work "Everything in the World, Everything in Life", combined with the use of points, lines and surfaces, makes the picture feel very rhythmic and symbolizes the initial rhythm of life. The circular composition in paper-cutting can best reflect the integrity of balance and harmony. China's famous and popular culture regards "circle" as an important symbol. Circle is a symbol of harmony, which places people's longing for a happy and reunion life. For example, "Hundred Years Old Picture" (Figure 9) adopts the paper-cutting technique of circular folding for flowers. When Fiona Fang meets, it presents a smooth, complete, magnificent and even jigsaw puzzle effect, and also shows a joyful and festive atmosphere, which reflects the passion and lyricism of centenarians who love life. At the same time, the soft curve composition also conforms to the unique spiritual essence of women, and contains the connotation of softness, kindness, humility and comity.
On the contrary, linear composition, such as "swastika" pattern (figure 10), triangle pattern, diamond pattern and other paper-cutting forms, gives people a firm, stable, serious and solemn feeling, symbolizes order and enterprising, has the color of worship, and is often used to express themes such as worship of gods, witchcraft and prayer. The symbolic meaning contained in the composition layout is also useful in modern architecture in China. Symmetrical architectural forms symbolize stability, authority, dignity and reliability. For example, the symmetrical physical layout of the new Suzhou Station (Figure 1 1) incorporates the characteristics of the traditional Suzhou Garden Courtyard and conveys the majestic momentum that a large public transportation hub should have. Circular graphic composition is also widely used, such as "Tulou Commune" in Nanhai, Guangdong (Figure 12), which follows the layout of traditional Hakka Tulou and recreates the space, making the modern banlou dormitory more intimate. The closed layout symbolizes the living condition of living together and the sense of neighborhood of cordial reunion between people.
In architecture, linear composition often highlights a strong sense of spatial sequence and creates a solemn atmosphere. For example, in the Memorial Hall for Victims of the Nanjing Massacre (Figure 13), the sculpture walls are staggered layer by layer, highlighting the walking sequence, creating a solemn, quiet and shocking space environment, symbolizing the deep mourning for the victims and the reflection on human disasters. The composition layout of paper-cut art is two-dimensional, while the architectural layout is three-dimensional, but in essence, their composition symbols are interlinked, and symbolic meanings can be expressed through various forms of layout. It is undoubtedly a valuable asset for modern architects in China to master the intercommunication of the two constitution laws.
2.2 color symbols
"Symbolism of color means that color, as a form of some idea or feeling or association, is a further sublimation of color emotion, which can profoundly express people's ideas and beliefs." Color symbol is one of the commonly used symbolic expression methods, which can be found in China's paper-cutting art and modern architectural art. Paper-cutting has a wide range of color symbols and is known as "the art of letting a hundred flowers blossom". Paper-cutting is divided into monochrome paper-cutting and color paper-cutting, with monochrome as the main. Monochrome paper-cut color is single and pure, red symbolizes auspiciousness and yang, and also symbolizes the four seasons red fire; Green symbolizes evergreen; Yellow symbolizes wealth, power and supreme spirit; Purple symbolizes respect for the deceased and has certain commemorative significance; White and blue are symbols of vitality.
Of course, as mentioned above, the symbols of paper-cutting have regional colors, and the symbolic meaning of paper-cutting colors in different regions and nationalities is different. For example, the blue color in Manchu paper-cut symbolizes more sad feelings. Under the light of human wisdom, the color of architecture has also been skillfully interpreted as spiritual symbols in the fields of religion, politics and culture. For example, the China Pavilion of the 20 10 Shanghai World Expo (Figure 14) adopted the "China Red" which can best reflect the traditional culture of China, symbolizing the enthusiasm, forge ahead and unity of the Chinese nation, and also conveying festive and peaceful feelings. The blue color in the building symbolizes calmness, freshness and soothing, which reminds people of China National Aquatics Center-"Water Cube (Figure 15)". The blue cube echoes the theme function of the swimming center, and at the same time conveys a quiet and soft atmosphere, symbolizing the athletes' peaceful Olympic mentality.
In fact, architectural color is largely based on building materials, which carry emotional and color information. Wang Shu's application of bricks is superb (Figure 16). The building facades he created are often spliced together with bricks of various colors and textures to form a relatively unified color system. The brown-gray architectural color blends with nature, conveying the concept of "harmony between man and nature" and expressing Wang Shu's respect for nature. Architectural color can also be expressed through the surrounding environment, and green plants are the most commonly used elements, such as Vanke Center in Shenzhen (Figure 17). Rich roof greening puts a green coat on the building, which conforms to the green design concept of the building, emphasizes the integration of man and nature, implies the vitality and vitality of the enterprise, and gives people a calm and harmonious psychological hint. The symbolic expression of color touches people's hearts and gives them the most intuitive visual experience. Only when paper-cutting art and architectural art achieve the perfect combination of color and symbol can the author's thoughts and beliefs be expressed more deeply.
2.3 symbols
Abstract symbols are substitutes that artists accumulate and use in long-term practical activities and gradually solidify into concepts. Ernst? Cassirer said, "Symbolic thinking and symbolic behavior are the most representative features of human life." Abstract symbols in paper-cutting have formed a complete system under the long-term accumulation. Table 1 lists the widely used auspicious symbols. The symbolic scope of modern Chinese architectural art is not as wide as that of paper-cutting, but the source of the symbol is more clear, that is, some elements of classical or traditional architecture, after simplification and abstraction, are actually replaced by parts in modern architecture.
Symbols in architecture are mostly reflected in architectural forms and facades. In architectural form, many sculptures and structures are elements abstracted from traditional buildings, such as the bucket arch (figure 18). In Xiangshan Campus of China Academy of Fine Arts, the symbol of brick is magnified in the facade of the building, and after repeated, it forms a complete architectural skin, which contains the design concept of returning to nature and is a blend of traditional and modern architectural beauty (Figure 19). Artistic abstract symbol is a metaphor, which, combined with China's implicit emotional expression, provides a new expression form for the symbols of paper-cutting art and architectural art, and reflects the civilization and spirit of an era, a region and a nation.
3 Conclusion
In this paper, the * * * commonness of symbolic language between "paper-cut art" and "Chinese modern architectural art" is selected as the research object, and based on aesthetic theory, the * * * commonness of symbolic meaning and symbolic expression is analyzed by using the method of comparative analysis. In aesthetics, strive to enrich the connection between architectural aesthetics and folk aesthetics; In design, I hope to provide more guidance and reference for modern architects in China and create more meaningful buildings. To sum up, the so-called symbolic art is not a simple copying and random piecing together, but can be based on symbolic meaning and symbolic expression, from regional, cultural to color, layout and other aspects to express true feelings, in order to achieve a real symbol.
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