Han bamboo slips corrected the name of the knight system for meritorious service.
Academic circles have different names for the new title system that arose and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties. Some are called "20-level knighthood system", while others are called "knighthood system". For example, there are 20 levels of military honours, so it seems impossible to call it the "20-level title system", but it is not very accurate from the perspective of development. Take the Qin and Wei Dynasties as an example. There were only 17 ranks in Shang Yang's political reform, but it is impossible to know how many ranks there were in the six countries of Shandong. But the most obvious historical fact is that it is impossible for any country to establish a marquis before the seven heroes of the Warring States were crowned king. The system of the Twenty Titles in Qin Dynasty was established after Qin became king or during Qin Shihuang's reign. Regarding the title of "canonization", judging from the historical facts of canonization letters promulgated in Qin and Han Dynasties, it is not impossible. However, the imperial edict of conferring refers to conferring the title of eighth rank, while for marquis, it is generally called "conferring marquis", and the word "conferring" is rarely used. According to the "Martial Monk Method" in Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land and the "Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao" in Hanshu, the author thinks it can also be called "Martial Hero System". The publication of Juyan's new bamboo slips provides new evidence. Page 559 of the book contains a short article: "? Those who have considerable military achievements will be reduced. " This passage is very incomplete, and its meaning is difficult to understand, but the word "military title" stands out. This original data proves that it was indeed called "Military Merit" in the Han Dynasty.
Qin bamboo slips confirmed the procedure of awarding military merits.
The procedure of conferring military posts in historical documents is chaotic, and the meanings and relationships of the words "old rank", "income theory" and "conferring titles" in China's Shang Jun are unclear. However, there is a passage in the bamboo slips of Yunmeng Qin Tomb that can solve this mystery. Wen said: "to join the army, we must work hard and pay attention." Those who fail to worship the dead first, those who have sinned and abandoned, those who have resisted and abandoned later, shall not be honored. It has been worshipped and given to those who have died and been abandoned. " The above paragraph is about the three steps of the awarding procedure. Refers to all people who join the army, after evaluation (including verification and implementation), according to their merits (military merit) awarded different titles and fields and houses. Someone should be knighted, but he died before he was officially knighted. Later, he was found guilty, and his merits and demerits should be transferred to his descendants according to law. Because he was not knighted, his descendants will not be knighted and rewarded. If he has paid tribute to the knight and has not been rewarded, his descendants can still be rewarded.
Among the three steps in the process of conferring military ranks, labor (military service and meritorious service) is the decisive condition, and theory (evaluation, verification and verification) is the necessary procedure. After appraisal, the reported military achievements are true, and they should be rewarded, that is, several military ranks and several farmland houses. China Shang Jun also tells us that the donation is decided by the army, but the land and houses donated are executed by the recipient's hometown. That is, the army sent a notice to the hometown county government of knighthood, and the hometown government handed it over to Tian Zhai according to the decision, and registered the knighthood in the household registration, so the knighthood procedure was over. After receiving the notice from the army, the county government failed to inform the families of the recipients within three days, and forbearance was imposed on the responsible person.
Han bamboo slips reveal the accumulation method of titles.
In the imperial edicts of the Han Dynasty, it is often seen that people were given first, second or third-class titles, and some emperors were given titles several times to a dozen times during their reign. It is difficult to predict whether these grants are recorded separately or cumulatively, and whether the previous grant is related to the later grant. Juyan Han bamboo slips also opened the door to solve this problem. There are many such essays, and only one typical example is given to illustrate the problem. "The public took the wild pool to solve it, so the old is not there. Ding Wei, Bingchen, Wu Yin, Yi Hai, Gui Si and Gui You are the first products, and Ding Si is the first product." (version 126, 10 18) This short article includes the title, county, name, age, and the number and date of knighthood from small to large. According to Japanese scholar Xi? Mr. Yi Ding verified that Ding Wei, Ding Wei and Chen Bing were all knighted dates, and verified that the last knighted date was Ding Si (30) in March of the fourth year of Yuankang, and then calculated the first six knighted dates. The first time was June 25, the fifth year of Zhao Di's reign; The second time was on May 26th, four years of Zhao Yuanfeng; Zhao Di three times in the second year, leap on May 24th; Xuan Di Yuankang first year on May 1st four times; Five times on March 24th, two years of Yuankang, and six times on February 10th, three years of Yuankang (check the history books for Xuandi Festival in April, five years of Shensan, because the Crown Prince made the world the father of the latter, this essay was not included, indicating that Xie Qing was not the eldest son, so he was not knighted). The above brief explanation shows that the granting of knighthood is cumulative. For example, the first knighthood was made by a male scholar, the second knighthood was made in the morning (those who had not been knighted before were male scholars), and the third knighthood was made to praise Ma Dao, and so on. If the total number of titles is more than eight riders, the redundant titles will be transferred to brothers and sons and nephews, which embodies the principle and flexibility of the title system and the class essence of the military title system. According to the regulations, ordinary people can't get a high title higher than public riding.
Wawen in Zhaobeihu Village shows that people with titles at the end of Qin Dynasty became debtors.
Anyone who studies the history of Qin and Han dynasties knows that Qin people attach great importance to titles, and if there is a title, there is an official. In fact, this refers to the time when Qin first established the title system. After Qin unified the six countries, especially at the end of Qin dynasty, the situation was very different. From 1979 to 1980, 18 tiles were unearthed in Zhaobeihu village on the west side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, among which 12 tiles recorded that people with titles had become a residence. Here are three examples: First, "Qing Ji was built on the Wu Donggong Pavilion"; Second, "Bochang's residence is not redundant"; Third, "Yang Zhai should focus on male scholars' martial arts". Among the three cases,, Bochang is the place name, Shangzao, Bugeng, and Men are the titles,, Yu and Qi are the necessary names, and the left is the status at that time. Some scholars think that Ju Zuo is a criminal, which is a misunderstanding. Because people with knighthood can make amends and reduce their sentences, if they are sentenced, their knighthood will be cancelled, so there will be no criminals with knighthood. In fact, Ju Zuo is a person who pays off official debts with coolies. The upper limit of Wawen's time is the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 BC), and the lower limit is the 2nd year of Qin Ershi (208 BC). That is to say, at the end of the Qin Dynasty, some people with low titles were so poor that they were forced to pay their debts with hard labor because they could not afford the official debts. One thing must be clarified. Emperor Wawendi was born in Kanto, and before the reunification of Qin, he was one of the six countries in Shandong. It may also belong to the Qin people in the Central Plains, and people with titles will be better off. Judging from the relegation of people with titles in six Shandong countries, it is very cruel for Qin to exploit and search the people in the former six Shandong countries, which also shows that the military title system has shown signs of light abuse since the end of Qin Dynasty.
Qin bamboo slips confirmed Wu Shi's identity.
"Wu Shi" was a special address for someone when the military knighthood system prevailed in Qin and Han Dynasties. However, there are great differences in academic circles about who "Wu Shi" refers to. To sum up, there are probably four explanations: one refers to people who have been knighted for crimes; Second, it evolved from the first opinion that "Wu Shi" is the name of punishment; The third refers to soldiers without titles; Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land contains a lot of information about "Wu Shi", which provides sufficient basis for us to solve the identity problem of Wu Shi. To sum up, there are five types of scholars in Qin bamboo slips. One is a soldier who owns slaves and assets; Second, the son is unfilial to the soldiers; Third, desertion; Fourth, served as a soldier in the army; The fifth is to become a thief. Comprehensive analysis of the above five chivalry, chivalry not only refers to the original title, but also the name of punishment. The true identity of a soldier refers to an adult man who lives in Wu Li, has no official position or title, and has a well-known household registration. In modern terms, it refers to male citizens who have reached the age of service and have no official title.
I hope it helps you.