The first step in structural design is to understand the construction drawing. Architectural specialty is the leader of the whole architectural design, and there is no other specialty in architectural design, so it is particularly important to understand the construction drawing. Generally speaking, the construction drawing includes the following parts: drawing catalogue, door and window table, general description of architectural design, floor plan from the first floor to the roof, front elevation, rear elevation, east elevation, west elevation, section drawing (depending on the situation, there are several), node detail drawing, door and window detail drawing and stair detail drawing.
2, drawing directory and door and window table
Drawing catalogue is a catalogue to know the overall situation of the whole building design, from which we can know the number of drawings, drawing size, project number, and the main functions of the construction unit and the whole building. If the catalogue of drawings is different from the actual drawings, we must check the situation with the building. Everyone is familiar with the door and window table, that is, the door and window number, door and window size and practice, which are essential for everyone to calculate the load in the structure.
3. Overview of architectural design
The general description of architectural design is very important for structural design, because it will mention many practices and many data to be used in structural design, such as: the location of the building (used to determine the fortification degree and wind and snow load in the structure), the elevation of the Yellow Sea (used to calculate the foundation size and the elevation of the buried pile top, etc.). Without the elevation of the Yellow Sea, it is impossible to construct), walls, floors, etc. (used to determine the load of each part), in short.
4, building plan
The building plan is more intuitive, and the main information is the layout of column network, the layout of functional walls on each floor, the layout of doors and windows, the location of stairs and so on. The first floor plan (except the overhead floor and basement) is not needed for the modeling of the superstructure, and the first floor plan is used for the foundation. As for how to really do a good job in structural design, this article will not elaborate, but only talk about how to read the construction drawing. As a structural designer, while looking at the floor plan, we need to consider whether the column network layout of the building is reasonable and give reasons to persuade the building to modify it. Look at the building plan to understand the functions of various parts of the building. Basically, the value of live load on the structure is generally valuable. Understand the layout of column network and wall doors and windows, the size of column section, the height of beam and the arrangement of beam. There must be a beam under the wall anyway. Unless the partition is provided by Party A, it is best to stand on the beam. It is worth mentioning that when you look at the roof plan, modern buildings usually have a layered facade effect framework. It is usually complicated, so you need to understand the concept of architecture carefully. If necessary, consult the building or ask for the renderings, so that you can understand what the three-dimensional structure of the whole frame looks like, so as to avoid mistakes ... In addition, you need to know clearly whether the structure is looking for slopes or the building is looking for slopes.
5, building elevation
The building facade is a description of the building facade, mainly the appearance effect. The information provided to the architect is mainly the facade layout, the facade layout of doors and windows, the decorative materials of the facade and the concave-convex changes. Usually, the connecting line is the surface change, and then the height and other information, which is also the data that plays a decisive role in the structural load.
6. General situation of architecture
The function of the plan of the building department is to cut off the parts that cannot be clearly expressed in the plan and elevation to express the architect's treatment of the interior of the building. Structural engineers can get more accurate height information and local height changes in the profile, and the profile information directly determines the sinking or lifting of beams relative to the floor elevation, or staggered beams, sandwich beams, short columns and so on. At the same time, there is a clear concept whether the frame beam acts as a lintel or needs to be set up separately.
7. Details of nodes and doors and windows
In order to express the practice of various parts of the building more clearly and let the builders understand their design intentions, architects need to draw detailed drawings of nodes with complex structures to illustrate the specific practices. They should not only know the architect's idea in detail through the node diagram, but also analyze whether the node drawing method is reasonable and can be realized in the structure, and then check whether the size of each component is enough through calculation and allocate steel bars. Of course, some nodes do not need the reinforcement of the architect, but the architect also needs to determine whether the node can be realized in the whole structure. The details of doors and windows are not very important to the structural engineer, but for some special doors and windows, the structural engineer must draw the lintel layout on the facade, so that the construction workers can have a clear approach to this special shape lintel and avoid the mistakes of the construction workers in understanding.
8. Details of stairs
Stair is an indispensable part of every multi-storey building, and it is also a very important part. Stair details are divided into stair floor plan and stair outline. Architects also need to carefully analyze the composition of each part of the stairs, whether it can form a whole. When calculating stairs, the stair detail drawing is the only basis, and all calculated data are the obtained stair detail drawing. Therefore, when looking at the details of the stairs, the thickness of the ladder beam, the ladder plate and the structural form of the stairs must also be considered clearly. Stairs need to be written in calculation books, so how to write them in textbooks ... When you basically understand the architectural drawings, you won't make mistakes in setting the load, and the overall idea will come out. You can easily build templates, adjust columns for calculation, and then draw construction drawings ... If you don't understand architectural drawings, it may be just one or two small places, and the serious consequence is that all the work has to be redone, wasting a lot of energy and time.