According to its form and nature, world heritage is divided into cultural heritage, natural heritage, dual heritage of culture and nature, memory heritage, oral and intangible heritage and cultural landscape heritage. Memory heritage refers to both literal memory heritage and non-literal memory heritage.
World Memory is an extension of the World Heritage Project, which contains world-famous literary heritage.
The 7th meeting of the International Advisory Committee on World Memory Engineering, held in Lijiang for 4 days, entered the most tense moment yesterday. After several rounds of discussions between representatives and observers of UNESCO members, 29 documents declared by 25 countries have passed the review, and will be included in the World Memory Heritage List after being confirmed and signed by the Director-General of UNESCO. Among them, the only item declared by China this time, The Golden List of the Qing Dynasty, has successfully entered the World Memory Heritage List. The selected documents of this conference include German Grimm's fairy tales, French Lumiere Brothers movies, the original printed map of the first new world, Brahms music collection and so on. Prior to this, only three documents in China were selected: the archives of western missionaries' activities in China in the17th century in the secret archives of the Qing cabinet, the recordings of traditional music in China, and Dongba ancient books. As the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty, palace examination's score list has big and small gold lists, and the big gold list is used to flaunt the world. The small gold list is a copy of the big gold list for the emperor to browse.
This time, it passed the evaluation of the seventh meeting of the International Advisory Committee on World Memory Engineering and was announced on Chang 'an Avenue on 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu), with a length of about 19 m and a height of about 0.89 cm. The gold medal list is made of yellow paper and ink, stamped with the "Emperor's Treasure" Zhu seal, and written in Manchu and Chinese, with Manchu from left to right and Chinese from right to left. Where the two languages meet in the list, the word "list" is written in Manchu and Chinese. It is reported that there are more than 200 gold medals collected in China No.1 Historical Archives, of which only dozens are big gold medals, most of which are small ones, and the time span ranges from 1667 (in the sixth year of Kangxi) to 1903 (in the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu). At present, there is only a simple bibliography in this part of the archives, and there is no detailed catalogue.
Imperial examination is the main way to select and reserve officials in Qing Dynasty. After the imperial examination passed the "sub-examination", "provincial examination" and "national examination", the emperor tried Gong's imperial examination in the hall of supreme harmony in the palace, which was called "palace examination". Taking the middle position as a scholar, the list of "top three" shows the world. Because the list is yellow paper, it is called "Golden List" or "Yellow List". At the same time, because this list was published in the name of the emperor, it is also called the "imperial list".
According to the system of the Qing Dynasty, every time, the big gold list was posted outside the East and West Chang 'an gates on the day of publication, and was stored in the pavilion three days later. The small gold list is a replica of the big gold list. After each court examination in the Qing Dynasty, the big gold list was announced to the world, and at the same time, the cabinet also sent a copy to the palace for the emperor to read, which was called the small gold list. In Qing dynasty, the great gold medal list was generally about 19~20 meters long and 0.89 cm high, but the longest gold medal list could reach 200 meters or even 300 meters. The content usually begins with the books made by the emperor. The titles of the top three scholars are listed below. In the list, "the emperor's treasure" is placed in Chinese, and at the same time, "the emperor's treasure" is placed outside the list paper. In order to facilitate hanging, there is a paper rope ring every one meter above the big gold medal list.
The content and form of the small gold medal list are basically the same as those of the big gold medal list, except that there is no printing, and it is generally folded with yellow paper, which is generally about 1 m long and about 35 cm high.
Hu Zhongliang, director of the National Archives Catalogue Center of Ming and Qing Dynasties in the First Historical Archives of China, told the Morning Post reporter that this time, only a single application was made for the big gold list of 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu), but the whole collection of the big gold list was not carried out, because the number of the big gold list itself was not particularly large, lacking and unsystematic, but it was not as easy to succeed as a single application.
China began to set up the imperial examination in the Sui Dynasty (the first year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty, AD 605) and abolished it in the 31st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (AD 1905). The imperial examination system lasted 1300 years. China's imperial examination system adhered to the principles of "free registration, open examination, equal competition and merit-based employment" and became a unique system for selecting officials. During the 1300 years after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than 700 champions, nearly 1 10000, and millions of scholars (countless scholars).
"In the final analysis, the imperial examination system is the foundation of Confucianism and promotes the development of traditional Confucian culture. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, officials have been assessed and promoted according to the standards of "filial piety and honesty", but such an examination system cannot prevent the infiltration of nepotism. Therefore, the imperial examination system adopted in Sui and Tang Dynasties is a relatively fair examination system, "Hu Zhongliang said. "The' Asiana Cultural Circle' was influenced by Confucian culture in China, and an examination system similar to the Imperial Examination was implemented in different periods. Therefore, a new' imperial examination' appeared in the academic circles, and even the concept of' East Asian Examination Circle' was put forward. "
It is understood that the Great Golden List was stored in the Cabinet Treasury in the Qing Dynasty, and now it is stored in the No.552 Treasury of the First Historical Archives of China. It has an open wooden shelf and central air conditioning, so it has the conditions of constant humidity, constant temperature and closed document storage.
As the Golden List is regarded as a symbolic archival document of the imperial examination system in ancient China, and the Golden List in Qing Dynasty was all written on handmade paper with ink pen, it is also a typical traditional paper document in China, which is of great significance to the study of ancient documents and documents in China. At the same time, the Golden List is a combination of Manchu and Chinese, and it is also a very valuable raw material for studying Manchu, especially the translation of Manchu and Chinese names.
"The existing gold medal list was first formed in the17th century, and it has been more than 200 years since. Due to some historical reasons, some files have insect bites and ink immersion, and the damage degree is nearly 50%, which is in urgent need of rescue and protection. " Hu Zhongliang lamented.
New Knowledge: Memory of the World Project
In order to rescue and protect the aging, damaged and disappearing human records, UNESCO launched the "World Memory Project" in 1992, making it an extension of the World Heritage List. "Memory of the World Project" focuses on the documentary heritage, including manuscripts, precious documents of any media preserved in libraries and archives, and oral historical records.
From 65438 to 0993, UNESCO established the International Advisory Committee, which was in charge of the "World Memory Project". The "Memory of the World Project" is mainly composed of three advisory committees at the world, regional and national levels, namely, the International Advisory Committee, the Asia-Pacific Regional Committee and the Latin American-Caribbean Regional Committee, as well as national committees of various countries.
Projects participating in the application for heritage should be directly reported to the UNESCO International Advisory Committee after being screened by the National Advisory Committee, and the regional committee is mainly responsible for understanding and stating the impact of the application for heritage on the region. The Memory of the World project also encourages the establishment of regional and national directories. In this context, the National Archives Bureau of China established the China Archives Heritage List in 2000, with the first batch of 48 precious archives and documents, and the second batch of application has been completed. Archival documents listed in the China Archives Heritage List can only be declared in the World Memory Heritage List after screening.
Up to this judging meeting, there are 12 1 items in the World Memory Heritage List. Previous entries in the catalogue include the relevant documents of the Suez Canal in Egypt and the music scores of Beethoven, Chopin and Schubert. The original works of Goethe and Ibsen, the 42-line Bible, the first printed book in Europe printed by Gutenberg in Germany, 1455, the map of Russian Empire, the documents of French occupation of Mauritius and so on.