How to manage the project cost?

How to adapt the cost management of construction projects to the level of social productivity in a certain period has always been a problem to be solved in the cost management of construction projects. The key of construction project cost management is to determine the project cost through scientific methods and means. For a long time, China has adopted the mode of "quota+expense+document stipulation" to determine the project cost, that is, the direct cost is calculated according to the quota, the indirect cost, profit and tax are calculated according to the charging standard, and then the project cost is finally obtained by adjusting and supplementing the relevant documents. So far, this procedure and method are still adopted. Here, the calculation basis of direct fee and indirect fee is reference quota and charging standard respectively. Quota includes not only the consumption of physical and materialized labor in the production process, but also the unit price corresponding to each consumption index, which belongs to the quota of "quantity and price are one"; The charging standard is determined by the state according to the qualification level of the construction enterprise. Under the planned economy system, the prices of labor, materials and machinery, which constitute direct expenses, are relatively stable for a long time, and the owners are mainly state-owned and collective units; The vast majority of contractors are state-owned and collective construction enterprises with a single management model. Under this condition, it is feasible to calculate the project cost by adopting the quota of "quantity and price in one" and the charging standard determined according to the qualification level of enterprises. It can be seen that the construction project cost management is a static management mode and a government behavior. The work of the management department mainly focuses on compiling and explaining quotas, formulating policies and regulations, and dispute arbitration.

1 disadvantages of current project cost management mode

With the formation and development of the market economy system, the prices of labor, materials and machinery are no longer stable for a long time, but change with the market like other commodities; Great changes have taken place in the nature of owners and contractors, and they are diversified, and the disadvantages of the current construction project cost management model are gradually emerging.

(1) The interests of construction enterprises have been seriously damaged, resulting in the situation of "planned economic income and market economic expenditure" for construction enterprises. If it is a foreign owner, it is equal to the outflow of fat water.

(2) In order to maximize profits, construction enterprises greatly reduce management costs, which greatly reduces project management, thus affecting the quality of construction products.

(3) Because the status of the owner and the construction enterprise is not equal, the construction enterprise advances funds to undertake the construction, which not only leads the enterprise to a dead end, but also causes serious bad debts, which has a negative impact on the financial industry.

(4) In the project bidding, the owner unilaterally lowers the cost, which leads to the winning rate of enterprises with low qualification level and low management level higher than those with high qualification level and high management level, which makes it difficult for large and medium-sized state-owned construction enterprises to give full play to their advantages in management, technology and equipment, and hinders enterprises from further improving their management, technology and equipment level.

(5) After undertaking the task, enterprises with high fees subcontract the project to enterprises with low qualifications and low fees, which not only leads to corruption, but also leads to frequent engineering accidents due to the low management level and limited technical equipment level of these enterprises, which harms the interests of the owners and brings bad social impact.

(6) In order to win the bid, the contractor unilaterally lowered the quotation, and after winning the bid, he used means such as increasing the on-site visa to make up for the loss, which inevitably brought. "Three excesses" means that the budget exceeds the estimated budget, the budget exceeds the estimated budget, and the final accounts exceed the budget. The scale of national capital construction investment is difficult to control.

2. The transformation of project cost management form

In order to meet the requirements of the market economy system, the construction project cost management mode is changing from static to dynamic, and progress has been made in the following two aspects.

(1) The quota was changed from "integration of quantity and price" to "separation of quantity and price", which was unified and fixed as the standard of engineering consumption, while the unit price of engineering physical consumption and materialized labor was different in space and changed in different periods. Therefore, the latest quota only reflects the engineering consumption standard, and the prices of labor, materials and machinery in cities and places in the province are published quarterly in the cost information journals, realizing the networking of price information in cities and cities in the province.

(2) The basis for determining the charging standard is changed from charging according to the qualification grade of the construction enterprise to charging according to the project type, and the charging management mode of combining the charging voucher with the charging certificate is implemented. Mark the highest charging level of the construction enterprise with the charging voucher, and determine the project type and charging standard with the charging voucher sheet, which not only prevents the owner from unilaterally depressing the price when preparing the pre-tender estimate, but also harms the interests of the construction enterprise; Moreover, the construction enterprises that fail to meet the required charging level of the project are excluded from the bidding scope in advance, which ensures the realization of fair competition and protects the interests of the owners. Engineering categories are divided according to the scale, structural characteristics, technical requirements and construction difficulty of the project.

3 the future development trend of project cost management

At present, many measures of project cost management are still transitional. In view of the future development of construction project cost management, people in the industry have put forward many ideas.

3. 1 Simplify expense items and keep direct expenses, indirect expenses, profits and taxes. Other cost factors that can reflect the competition among enterprises, such as construction cost in winter and rainy season, secondary loading and unloading cost, measures cost, expedition cost, etc., are calculated according to the actual amount and quoted as individual expenses.

3.2 Improve the laws and regulations of project cost management. At present, the function of dispute arbitration exercised by the government will be transformed into legal arbitration, and the construction project cost management will embark on the legal track.

3.3 The construction project cost management was changed from government management to industry management, and the construction project cost industry association was established. The government department was only responsible for coordination and macro guidance. Industry associations regulate the industry, realize self-restraint and self-development, and fully participate in the competition and development of the international engineering cost industry.

3.4 Establish and improve the engineering cost intermediary consulting service system under the supervision of industry associations. Intermediary agencies determine the project cost, regularly publish the price of people, materials and machines and the price change index, predict the relevant price trends, provide users with dynamic basic information of the project cost, participate in the project cost management from the project investment analysis to the tender base price, tender preparation to the final accounts of the project, and bear legal responsibilities, so that the project cost management can really be brought into the market track, and finally form a construction market structure with owners, intermediary consulting agencies and contractors as the main body.

3.5 Do a good job in other aspects of construction project cost management, such as bidding management, contractor supervision, project quality supervision, contract and technical data management, and form a relatively perfect construction market management system under the conditions of socialist market economy.

In the long run, the ultimate goal of construction project cost management is to be in line with international standards. At present, all the measures taken in the reform of construction project cost management are based on this. Only by strengthening the construction project cost management and improving the quality of professionals in the construction project cost industry can the construction project cost management embark on the road of internationalization.

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