The Development of China Automobile

After more than 50 years of construction and development, China's automobile enterprises have grown from scratch and from few to many, forming various vehicle production bases with large backbone enterprise groups as the mainstay. The important position of the automobile industry in the national economy has been widely recognized. On the basis of independence, focus on the development of car industry, focus on large collectives, promote joint restructuring step by step, optimize industrial structure, and realize economies of scale; At the same time, it is not far away to establish an independent automobile enterprise system in China by taking myself as the main body, absorbing foreign advanced technology and jointly developing. I. History of the Development of China Automobile Enterprises (I) The First Stage (1953 ~ 1978) The first stage (1, the initial stage (1953) In July, the First Automobile Factory began to build in Changchun, and President Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the factory "Commemorating the First". 1956 10 began mass production of the jiefang CA 10 series trucks with a deadweight of 4t, thus ending the history that China could not produce automobiles. 1958, the factory trial-produced the first car in China. After the cycling, President Mao Zedong expressed his appreciation and encouraged FAW people to continue to make contributions to China's automobile industry. 2. During the period of independent construction, with the development of social economy, the batch production of FAW and other automobile factories have been put into production one after another, which still cannot meet the demand of economic development and national defense construction for the variety and quantity of its products, and the development potential of automobile enterprises is huge. So the country decided to build a number of key enterprises in the automobile industry in the mainland. 1968, China's largest second-phase manufacturing plant started construction in Shiyan City, Hubei Province, followed by Sichuan Automobile Factory and Shaanxi Automobile Factory to produce heavy-duty vehicles. The completion of these three automobile bases indicates that China has the ability to independently develop truck products and mainly rely on itself to design and equip large and medium-sized truck factories. According to statistics: 1966- 1980, China's total automobile investment was 5 1 100 million yuan, the annual output increased from 56,000 vehicles in 15 to 220,000 vehicles, and the output value increased from 20 1 100 million yuan to 8.84 billion yuan. (II) The second stage (1979 ~ 1993) In the second stage (1), the planned economy was transformed into a market economy, and the single economic planning model was gradually broken, and the role of market in allocating resources was gradually obvious, and automobile enterprises began to compete. 2. During this period, the automobile industry formed some backbone enterprise groups and began to move towards the road of joint development. Some areas have broken the development model of "small but complete, big and complete" and promoted cooperation and specialized production among automobile enterprises. 3. Introducing international technology: China automobile enterprises have moved from self-enclosed development mode to strengthening cooperation with international automobile enterprises. In the past ten years, China automobile enterprises have introduced more than 100 foreign advanced technologies with emphasis and selectivity. Through KD production, technology introduction, digestion and absorption, construction and transformation, the whole automobile industry in China has made remarkable progress. Not only has the automobile output increased rapidly, but the automobile product structure has also changed from a single medium-tonnage truck to a medium-sized truck, and many products such as heavy, light and micro trucks have developed simultaneously with commercial vehicles, special vehicles and buses. (III) The third stage (1994 ~ 2006) The third stage (from 1994, marked by the promulgation of industrial policies for the automobile industry, the development of China's automobile enterprises entered the third stage. The background is that China's economic system has been fully transformed into a socialist market economic system and further participated in the international economy. The automobile industry is facing more extensive international cooperation and competition. The automobile market has changed from a single public car purchase to a diversified structure, and the trend of private car purchase has obviously increased. The development of automobile industry is facing a new situation and an important turning point. Against this background, the State Council promulgated the automobile industry policy in July, 1994. On the basis of summarizing the practice of China's automobile industry for more than 40 years, the guiding principles and main measures for the development of automobile industry in the 20 th century and even longer are put forward. At present, under the guidance and support of industrial policies, China's automobile industry has built a new automobile industry system with the car industry as the main body, with accelerating the construction of auto parts industry and car industry as the core. In the first quarter of 2004, the production and sales were 1.2996 million and 1.2777 million respectively, which was the annual automobile production and sales of 1.993. Among them, the cumulative production and sales of automobiles are 576,900 and 567,000; The cumulative production and sales of trucks are 396,200 and 378,000; The cumulative production and sales of buses are 326,500 and 332,700. Automobile products have made a qualitative leap in terms of output, quality, variety and performance, and China automobile industry has seen a new situation of rapid development. The automobile industry has gradually become a pillar industry of the national economy. In 200 1 year, the State Economic and Trade Commission issued the Tenth Five-Year Plan for the Automobile Industry. Based on the objective analysis of the present situation of domestic and international automobile industry, it is proposed that after China's entry into WTO, China automobile enterprises should adhere to the road of combining open competition with independent development. It is proposed that we should vigorously adjust the industrial structure, promote the development of superior automobile enterprises, improve the overall quality of the industry and enhance international competitiveness; It is proposed to strive to make China's automobile industry truly become a pillar industry of the national economy by 20 10. Second, the existing sales model (1) The car sales model in the domestic market is 1, and the car store is usually a sales model in which a car manufacturer signs a contract with a car dealer to authorize the car dealer to engage in the marketing activities of a designated brand car in a certain area. Automobile manufacturers usually make requirements on the sales methods, publicity methods, service standards and sales processes of automobile dealers, and usually sell the products of the same brand in the same franchise store. The functions of automobile specialty stores usually include new car sales, second-hand car recycling and sales, maintenance services, parts sales and information feedback. According to the combination of functions, automobile stores can be divided into 1S stores, 2S stores, 3S stores, 4S stores and 5S stores. Starting from 1998, Guangqi Honda introduced the 4S shop model for the first time, and various automobile sales models became popular all over the country and became the mainstream model of automobile sales. 4S stores are profitable, and once had the great prospect of "ten million construction investments, returning to the capital in one year", so they are sought after by many dealers. Consumers enjoy services in 4S stores, and they really have a sense of sureness in enjoying "original products". Car stores have brand and service advantages. For customers, automobile franchise stores can provide customers with original accessories and maintenance services recognized by automobile manufacturers. For automobile manufacturers, automobile stores are their information tentacles, which can collect customers' needs and market information, and at the same time ensure the after-sales income and profits of automobile manufacturers. 2. Auto Supermarket This is a way to represent many brands of cars and improve the sales and service of brand cars. For example, there are cars from Volkswagen, Audi, Ford and Mercedes-Benz in Beijing Yazhijie United Automobile Sales Exhibition Hall, and imported cars are sold together with domestic cars. Automobile supermarket is contrary to the brand requirements of automobile monopoly manufacturers. Therefore, auto supermarkets are usually run by powerful dealers who have the agency rights of several auto brands, or purchase goods from other 4S stores. 3. Automobile trading market This is a model that integrates many 3s and 4s automobile specialty stores to provide sales and services of various brands of automobiles, as well as other extended services of automobile sales, such as loans, insurance and licensing. Usually, there will be entity companies similar to real estate companies to operate the automobile trading market and form their own brands, and the companies will organize relevant resources to provide extended services. The most famous example is the Beijing Asian Games Village automobile trading market, which currently uses more than 160 dealers. 4. Automobile Park This is an "upgraded version" of the scale and function of the automobile trading market. In addition to the expansion of the scale, the automobile park mainly reflects the comprehensive function. In terms of automobile sales, automobile maintenance and parts sales, the automobile park has added many functions such as automobile culture, automobile science and technology exchange, automobile popular science education, automobile display, automobile tourism, entertainment and so on. For example, Beijing Oriental Ji Ye Automobile City not only provides services for automobile trading, industry and commerce, taxation, automobile inspection, transportation, banking, insurance and other functional departments, but also provides services such as automobile consultation, fan forum, automobile club and automobile museum. In the future, even facilities including shopping centers will be built in or near the automobile park to meet the consumer demand of one-stop service of China consumers. Three bottlenecks in the development of automobile enterprises in China refer to those industries that cannot adapt to the development of other industries in the industrial system. According to the data recently released by China Automobile Industry Association, the domestic automobile sales in China were 10430 in 20 1379 10000 and 13644800, respectively, while the automobile sales in the United States were only 10430 in 2009, which means that China is the first time. However, in the opinion of some industry experts, we must see the hidden trouble in the current "from big to strong" automobile industry in China. (1) Lack of core technology In recent years, China automobile industry has made great strides in independent innovation and made outstanding achievements. Vigorously developing independent innovation has become the knowledge of many domestic car companies. However, there is an undeniable problem that the focus of independent innovation of automobile enterprises is mostly on vehicle development and traditional parts production, but there is a lack of investment and energy in core and key technologies, and the core technologies of independent innovation need to be broken through urgently. How to achieve cooperation in the competition and make new energy vehicles become the dominant projects of China automobile industry; How to take the initiative in the competition and make the whole China automobile industry get rid of the embarrassment of following the trend is a problem that China automobile workers need to think about. Xu Jianyi, general manager of China FAW Group, said that the lagging development of core technologies, especially key components, is the fundamental problem that restricts the development of China's automobile industry. At present, China's auto parts enterprises have formed a certain supporting scale in traditional and low value-added parts, but high-tech and high value-added parts, especially electronic technology parts, such as air conditioning, electric steering, electronic braking, suspension system and engine control, are still basically controlled by wholly foreign-owned enterprises or joint ventures. (II) Small scale and scattered layout In 2009, mergers and acquisitions of domestic auto companies surged, and GAC "married" with Changfeng, Changan and AVIC one after another. Geely and BAIC have benefited a lot from cross-border mergers and acquisitions. But behind this brilliant achievement, it is still an old problem that the concentration of the automobile industry is not enough. After entering the 2 1 century, China's automobile industry showed a blowout trend, which triggered a boom in automobile development everywhere. Some provinces and cities that have no basis for the development of the automobile industry have also put forward plans to develop or introduce the automobile industry, and even proposed to develop the automobile industry as a pillar industry. Some experts said that the new round of hasty development boom is likely to aggravate the current contradictions such as small scale and scattered layout of the automobile industry. Zhang Jianping, director of the International Cooperation Office of the Institute of Foreign Economic Research of the National Development and Reform Commission, said that for a large number of automobile manufacturers in China, the maximum production scale of a single automobile manufacturer is only 2.7 million, which is far from the annual production scale of Toyota, the world's largest automobile manufacturer, which is more than 9 million. Although the production concentration of China's automobile enterprises has increased in recent years, the production scale of individual automobile enterprises still lags behind that of international first-class automobile enterprises. (3) New energy vehicles have great resistance. Some people call the auto market in 2009 the "policy-oriented year". Behind the prosperity of the automobile market is the continuous improvement of the market consumption system and the landing of various stimulus policies. The preferential policy of automobile purchase tax added a fire to the automobile market last year; The policy subsidy of "cars going to the countryside" promoted the sales of major mini-cars in China to increase by more than 70% year-on-year. Some experts said that this short-term stimulus policy orientation may make the auto market suffer from "dependence". With the diminishing marginal effect of policies, the fiery auto market cannot be "crazy" all the time. Many people predict that with the weakening of government preferential policies, the explosive growth of the automobile market, which is mainly driven by external policies, is likely to cool down. For example, the purchase tax of small-displacement vehicles is reduced by 2 .5 percentage points, and the crazy car buying behavior in the second half of 2009, especially at the end of the year, has obvious overdraft effect on the 20 10 automobile market, which will have an impact on this year's automobile market. Some people are worried about whether the auto market can continue to be hot, and some people are worried about where the new energy vehicles are. With the advent of low-carbon era, the problem of energy saving and emission reduction of automobiles has once again attracted great attention. Some experts said that as China enters the ranks with an annual output of more than10 million vehicles, the pressure of energy conservation and emission reduction will be increasing. Zhang Xiaoyu, vice president of China Machinery Industry Federation and chairman of China Automotive Engineering Society, believes that the environment for China's automobile industry to achieve100000 vehicles is different from that of developed countries such as the United States and Japan. Nowadays, with the improvement of emission technical standards, China automobile industry needs to bear heavier pressure of energy saving and emission reduction. This forces China automobile enterprises to stand at the height of technological progress in the world, increase the exploration of new energy sources, and embark on a new road of environmental-friendly automobile development with China characteristics. China automobile enterprises have entered a period of rapid development, but at the same time there are many shortcomings, which affect the development of China automobile industry. First of all, China's automobile enterprises should strive to develop automobile core technology, so that enterprises with core technology can develop steadily and healthily; Secondly, increase the scale and layout rationalization of China automobile enterprises; Third, strive to develop new energy vehicles, reduce the utilization rate of oil and save national energy. I firmly believe that automobile enterprises in China will develop better in the near future.