A number of counties (states, ministries) are under the jurisdiction of the administrative divisions below the provincial level. The seat of the government's administrative yamen is called Fuzhi, which belongs to Guo County. Some governments are under the control of local governments, and there is no middle school attached to Guo County. The head of the official department is the magistrate. First, it was four products, and it was changed from four products in the eighteenth year of Qianlong (1753). During the Yongzheng period, there were 167 in China. During the Qianlong period, it increased to 184 rooms (including Shuntianfu and Fengtianfu). By the 25th year of Guangxu, it had increased to 187 households. In addition to Shuntianfu, there are ten prefectures in Zhili, two prefectures in Fengtian, two prefectures in Jilin, ten prefectures in Shandong, nine prefectures in Shanxi, nine prefectures in Henan, eight prefectures in Jiangsu, eight prefectures in Anhui, thirteen prefectures in Jiangxi, nine prefectures in Fujian, eleven prefectures in Zhejiang, ten prefectures in Hubei, nine prefectures in Hunan, seven prefectures in Shaanxi, eight prefectures in Gansu, six prefectures in Xinjiang and twelve prefectures in Xinjiang. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 200 governments in China.
The office is located in a local administrative unit in a minority area or a strategic location. Divided into zhili hall and scattered hall. Zhili Hall is directly under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is equivalent to the government or Zhili government. The scattered church is generally affiliated with the government, and some are affiliated with the Tao. The official position of the chief officer is Tongzhi or Tongzhi, Tongzhi is the positive five products, and Tongzhi is the positive six products. Zhili Hall and Santing Hall are of the same grade. In the early Qing dynasty, the magistrate often sent his assistants-Tongzhi and Tongzhi-to defend the local government offices, and their offices in various places were called offices. Later, the office evolved into a local administrative regional unit, and its chief still used the old names of Tongzhi and Tongzhi, but it was different from other governments. At the end of Guangxu, there were more than 100 Zhili guilds and scattered libraries in China.
The state capital is distinct, and the state directly under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is called Zhili State. There are counties in Zhili Prefecture, which are equivalent to local administrative regions at the government level, but the scale is slightly smaller and the politics is slightly simpler. A state subordinate to the government is called a state (scattered state, subordinate state), which is equivalent to a county-level local administrative region. The officials of Zhili and Guizhou are all known. Zhili's well-known is the positive five products, and Guizhou's well-known is the subordinate five products. At the end of Guangxu, there were more than 2 10 Zhili and scattered states in China.
Main local administrative units of the county. In Qing dynasty, counties were generally subordinate to the government and zhili hall, or to the Tao and zhili hall. For example, datong county and Tangyuan counties in Heilongjiang Province belong to Xingdong Road, while Andong and Kuandian counties in Fengtian belong to Fenghuang Zhili Hall. The chief executive of a county is the sheriff. At the end of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 300 counties in China.
The administrative divisions below the county level in Qing Dynasty can be understood from two aspects: legal community and traditional natural community.
The so-called statutory community refers to the ruling areas divided by the state and organized by the people and social organizations, which can also be called administrative communities. As mentioned above, the Qing dynasty did not make uniform provisions on administrative divisions below the county level, but its administrative divisions-Li Jia and Jiabao-were the basis of administrative divisions below the county level. In this regard, there are many records in historical materials, such as: "One hundred and ten households in the mainland, ten households in the mainland, the first household in the mainland, and the mainland in the countryside" (29); "The map of the Qing Dynasty and the capital was unified in order to unify the armor, unify the armor households, and divide the villages into villages and villages" (30); "Security is the capital, the capital is the township, and the township is the county" (3 1) and so on.
Li, Tu, Wei, Chang, Qu and A in the names of many administrative divisions mentioned above are all Li Family whose purpose is to collect taxes.
Li Jia is an organization organized and managed by the government according to certain rules based on the people's residence. "One hundred and ten households are in the middle, one in the middle, pushing more grain, more than one hundred households with ten people. One year old, ten people at the beginning, and one mile in charge. " Once every ten years "is called" arranging year "and" eating twice. " The name behind the picture is called abnormal zero. " Every mile is woven into a book, and the first book is always a picture. Widowed, widowed and not in service, taken away from 1 10 households. The head of Li Chang's family is responsible for investigating the quantity of food crops, making up tax books and urging money and food. In the early Qing dynasty, he may have the responsibility of "hooking up with official duties", responsible for comprador, litigation and summoning the parties and criminals in civil cases. There is a saying in the Qing Dynasty: "Why are counties in the village and why are they long?" "Therefore, unify villages, obey county orders and help them manage." (32) Li Changjia is like the lowest semi-official in the country. Although it is recommended by the editor, The Co-edited Tang Mingfa has: "Li Changjia's first book is designed for a Li Yijia to do business", and Li Changjia added "quasi-crime and disorderly setting up officials".
As a third-level administrative region, Li is "1 10 households are Li"; The picture is a picture of "every book is compiled into a book, and the first book is always a picture". For example, in the "Jiangsu Jiading County Records", it is recorded that "the map is also included. Anyone who says that the map is not included, every volume has a map, hence the name" map ". 1 Map uses 1 to determine the corvee. Here, Li and Tu are not only registered units in the household registration book (yellow book), but also service organizations grouped by households, and also become first-class administrative divisions. Polder fields, fields and districts are Li Jia's land tax-in order to "facilitate the popularization of science", according to the basic tax amount of fields and ponds where grain farmers live, "250 mu to 200 mu per warehouse field" (33), and then the polder fields, fields (grain fields) and districts (grain areas) in the second administrative region are grouped. The bazaars, markets and districts here are not only the tax field units in the version atlas (fish scale atlas), but also the supervision institutions organized by the field, and also become the first-level administrative divisions. As for A, it is the lowest-level organization, 10 households, 1 urging departments to serve.
Fort, Bao, Pu, Tuan, Lian and Pai in the names of many administrative divisions mentioned above are formations for the purpose of public security and civil defense.
Jiabao is a public security organization organized by the government on the basis of people's residence, which allows people to manage themselves according to certain rules. "A state, a county, a number of households, four rural households, to seal a card, write the name, Ding Nan, mouth number on it, and then indicate where you are going, and then check where you come from. People who look suspicious are not allowed to stay unless they are questioned. Ten households have a card head, ten cards have a head, and ten armour have a head. There are few people in the village and there are not enough households, so make up a few households. Check with each other if there is anything, and help each other if there is anything. The inn set up a book to check, and the temple also gave cards "(34), built fences and bunks, sent rural soldiers to check other people's households, patrolled the night, corrected the traitors, and took care of each other. The social security institutions in the early Qing Dynasty were parallel and complementary, with a little emphasis on social security institutions. Because Kangxi never raised taxes on educating people, Yongzheng put them into the ground again, and because of the single collection standard of only paying land tax, people's editing and editing were no longer valued. In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), the Qing government officially ordered to stop editing, and the Li society system was gradually abandoned because it could not maintain the Li family formation, resulting in the situation that the court only kept Jia and relied heavily on Jia. At that time, Jiabao not only participated in public security defense, but also participated in grassroots justice, relief affairs and local chores, and urged money, food and taxes on behalf of Ricardo. The chief of Jiabao is responsible for household registration, public security, thieves, lawsuits, subpoenas, candles, official duties, digging ditches and leveling roads. At the end of each month, he "shows no definite, and reports it to the official for future reference". Bao Jiachang is also like the lowest official in the country. Although it is generally elected by public, it must be reported to the official for inspection, and the official will issue him a license and permit. In some areas, he will be stamped to show his official status.
As a third-level administrative region, insurance, insurance and shops are the guarantee of "ten insurance and one insurance". In cities, security is called security. In rural areas, security and security, including shops, are not only offensive and defensive facilities for self-protection, but also the first-level administrative divisions. Group training is a form of Jiabao group training run by gentlemen. The compilation and training here is not only the basis and control basis of local armed forces and compilation and training led by gentlemen, but also the first-level administrative division. As for the brand, it is the lowest 10 1 brand anti-rape self-defense organization.
The so-called natural community is a social geographical space naturally formed by people in their long-term life, in which * * * lives and has the same production and lifestyle and local consciousness (traditional culture, customs, sense of belonging, etc.). ). The natural communities below the county level in the Qing Dynasty mainly refer to the villages formed naturally for a long time, the combination of villages and villages, and the social areas integrated into nature due to long-term inheritance, although the previous generation was divided artificially.
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