1, the origin of the city is the same as that of ancient cities in western Europe, and it was revived from 10 to 165438 in the 20th century.
It is characterized by complete feudal system, progress of productive forces and economic development of handicraft manor.
Characteristics of the Material Basis of the Premise of Economic Production in Western European Cities
History is now inherited and rebuilt by free serfs [1]
The premise and political foundation of the middle class in western European cities; Western European cities are born from land and water transportation routes and businesses.
Paris changed hands, an agricultural area with dense population, fertile soil and rich handicrafts.
And Flanders and Laban in the north; Decolon, Lubbock, Berlin; Manchester, England, about
G, London; Cities such as Venice, Italy and Florence are also safe for urban production.
The essentials of building new castles near lords, bishops, monasteries and military fortresses
The case of handicraft industry and commercial residence in Flanders.
The original Earl of Flanders led 962 Earl Baldwin (Iron Arm) to the Reese River.
Outside the castle, there have long been vendors and craft wine shops.
Members who live in new castles or suburban castles are surrounded by wooden fences for several times.
Ruins of ancient Roman cities, stone castles and emerging industrial and commercial settlements are in the new castles.
Old castles, feudal lords' mansions, emerging cities in western Europe, Hamburg, Nuremberg, Strasbourg, etc.
With radical Bourg and Saint-Germain, St. Denis and Saint-niels bohr (SAN, S.
The root of "aint" reflects that the castle originated near the old military fortress or religious monastery.
At the end of 10, the word "village people" once again meant soldiers or servants in the castle.
It means that citizens (2) as for the name of the city that rises in the river ferry.
Frankford Rank Ferry, Oxford Cow Ferry.
When some emerging or old ruins are restored and rebuilt, the scale will be several hundred.
In 20-30 million cities,14th century English classics are scarce.
The economic, political and military 40,000 residents are new residents, but they are feudal.
The gap was created in the self-sufficient closed economy, and the market was established, which led to the disintegration of the feudal economy.
As in western Europe, it entered the feudal society as early as 1000 years ago (4 BC
75 Western Europe AD 476) Although it was a transitional period of slavery and feudalism.
Did you experience the invasion and destruction of foreign tribes in ancient Rome?
The original building was not completely destroyed, and slavery was realized through transformation (reform).
During this period, the old city entered the feudal system and basically inherited the new relations of production.
During the closed war, the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce increased and became more complicated.
Zhao Rong replied to Tian Dan: "The ancients lived in the four seas, although there were 300 cities."
Despite all the 3000 people ... now, thousands of cities are facing each other, and Linzi, the capital of Qi State, has made a fortune.
Showing 70 thousand households, very rich ... Linzi Road, the wheel hub hit the shoulder to clean the curtains.
Sweat and Rain [4] The Development of Handicraft and Commerce in Urban Types
The historical records of economic cities with preconditions are increasing with the development and progress of society.
Fight Yangzhou, Western Han Dynasty, Wan, Du, Hefei, Panyu, Tang, Quanzhou and other places.
In the Ming dynasty, in addition to the prosperity of traditional economic cities, some new cities, Hankou,
Beijing, Jiangning, Fuzhou, Zhangjiakou, Ningbo, Xiamen, Shanghai, Zhangzhou, Xining and other emerging towns.
Especially in the areas of Jiangsu, Hangzhou, Song, Jia and Hu in the south of the Yangtze River, the seeds of capitalism have been eliminated.
The customs policy added insult to injury to the seeds of capitalism and severely attacked the invasion of western powers in the Opium War.
Generally speaking, cities are mainly based on the political and military needs of the ruling class (Qin implemented the county system)
System) Although the city is built in the land and water transportation arteries, densely populated, fertile soil and other areas.
Similar to the main rulers in western Europe who are different from themselves.
It is necessary to accept the order to build (self) cities from the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Provincial capital (county, road, etc. ), Fucheng, counties, etc. Decentralize (border defense professional military cities) according to the decision.
The first government, government, servants, businessmen and ancient cities in western Europe.
Old castles and new towns are by-products of the municipal government and industry and commerce.
Emperors of past dynasties often used the order of the First Qin Emperor of Kyoto to strengthen their rule for enjoyment.
Moving the rich to Xianyang [5] Yang Di established thousands of wealthy businessmen in Luoyang, the eastern capital.
My home is in Tokyo [6] Jinling (Nanjing), the capital of Ming Taizu. At the beginning, I took in 45,000 households in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Yu Jia filled in the capital and sent all the supervision bureaus to be craftsmen. Yu moved Ming zu's capital to and from Beijing.
Take 27,000 folk craftsmen from Jinling [⑦]
To sum up, the development law of western European cities has gradually developed from handicrafts and commercial settlements.
The new economic and political cities are gradually developed and expanded politically and militarily.
New politics and economy
2. Like the ancient cities in Western Europe, the urban structure is mainly composed of manor runaway serfs and manual laborers.
Operators are mainly residents, serfs who fled abroad, vendors, restaurants and other basics.
The production city is square in layout, with concentrated labor support and commodity trading.
Organized according to the democratic form of traditional rural communes, and various industries were gradually organized.
Since the organization of the trade, we have organized businesses to unite against the enemy (
Robbers, nobles and organizations prevent external competition and defend their own existence and interests.
The formation of urban labor force in Hebei and Asian labor force, and the formation of rural labor force in western China ... have all progressed.
Gradual prediction of capital production mode and labor continuity economic theory
Getting ready for school ⑧ Western Europe is now the second economy-manor cities are agricultural economies.
Commercial economy is interdependent and developing in the same direction.
This city is very complicated, always talking about the main business of dignitaries, nobles, servants and servants.
Industry is in a subordinate position, and consumption is in the basic consumption city of production, commerce and handicrafts.
The population of hundreds of thousands to millions is as large as that of a city.
The layout of the city is like the county magistrate's office. There are many different houses in this city.
Develop industrial and commercial areas, and wealthy businessmen and powerful people in cities buy official titles.
The ruling class of Tianzhai in Guang Zhi comes from rural craftsmen and businessmen.
In the market period, it does not represent its own self-interested organization, which is particularly weak because of its lack of strength.
The shape of this city was already seen in the inscription of Fangshan Shijing in the Tang Dynasty.
Bao's trip to Zhenyuan was later than his trip to feudal cities, which was of great significance.
Can work in the Ming dynasty [9] can work in the same place as western Europe.
It was only in the Ming and Qing Dynasties that citizens jumped into the city and some bankrupt farmers.
Like a free city in western Europe, do handicrafts.
Improve the concept of local enterprises and the deep flow conditions of their work
I went to the countryside to buy real estate and farms. Although the living conditions in the city were not good for generations, I moved to the countryside to study.
Accustomed to enriching people and farming, seeing taxes, attending feudal exploitation of urban and rural areas is lax.
There is no essential change in the boundary between farmers entering cities and citizens concentrated in rural areas, and they basically still belong to feudal lords.
It is difficult to develop the emerging bourgeoisie within the scope of righteousness.
3. The role of cities is the same as that of commodity production bases and oppression of serfs in ancient cities in Western Europe.
The fortress of feudal struggle, the cradle of secular culture, the cradle of Renaissance and the alliance of kingship.
Promote the emergence and development of modern national families and bury ancient feudal lords.
The feudal owners of the cemetery city are all supportive: (
1) Western European collars have nothing to do with each other. A serf fled to Lord B.
Business tax increases from income (2) The master is skillful.
Craftsmen, handicrafts, traffickers, businessmen, all kinds of luxury goods, to meet the growing demand, is simply hotter than new.
Industry and commerce now receive preferential treatment from nobles who fled slaves.
Liberate the craftsman into the collar.
Taxes shall be levied according to the above provisions, and roads, bridges and bungalow bases shall be built.
Garden stalls, etc. Some fugitives were welcomed by the new lords.
Protecting and tolerating fugitive serfs, maintaining exploitation and rule, fugitive serfs are eager to
Free trade begins with the struggle of new contradictions and gets rid of new exhibitions.
The struggle between lords to control and strive for urban autonomy is called urban commune transportation.
1 1 century cities now 13 century cities are well-informed in their struggle.
The money is redeemed for the richer cities in the southern autonomous region; Through armed struggle
According to statistics, the number of autonomous cities such as Zhilang City and Milan, Italy is 1 10.
When the number of rooms between 065438 and 0300 is increased tenfold, it will increase by two or three times [① ②].
Take a completely autonomous city and let all citizens represent it.
High-power organs set up institutions (through elections) to manage cities and enjoy independent administration and division.
Venice benefited from the rights of finance, coinage, military defense and foreign declaration of war, and love.
Asia, Florence * * * Other cities compromise with each other.
The king of Paris, who has full autonomy, is allowed to participate in the trial of commercial issues.
Paris Business Case (① ③) All citizens are free and enjoy the same degree of political participation.
Strengthening kingship by the ruling class will form a political alliance between kingship and urban citizens, which will make western European politics
New changes and new features of the pattern. The support of western Europe, Britain and the two cities is different from that of the thirteenth and tenth cities.
In the fourth century, rapid feudal separatism, chaos and disputes got rid of the establishment of centralized monarchy.
Making a home (1295 is called by the British, 1302 is called a three-level discussion by the British) City and King.
Power constraint alliance supports each other, forming a strong economic prosperity and urban industrial and commercial development.
Promote rural reform, implement rural monetary land rent, and make the whole serf status gradually free.
It is a rapid trend in feudal society to strengthen the kingship of western Europe by promoting the internal market.
Disintegration needs mutual support Once the alliance breaks down, the bourgeois revolution is brewing.
The consumption of urban rulers at all levels has always been.
Marx refers to; The prosperity or existence of Asian cities is entirely supported by the government.
The city is completely controlled by the rulers in the city.
The commercial policy itself shifted the interests, and the fate of urban industry and commerce prospered the Western Han Dynasty.
At the beginning of the sea, rich merchants were forbidden to buy and sell goods in Liangchi Mountain Forest in the pass.
The laissez-faire policy adopted by the industry and commerce it wanted immediately aroused the scope of the whole industry and commerce
Guangdong-Guangdong agriculture adopts the policy of "saving province, prohibiting light land rent, five taxes, and measuring officials for official use".
The policy of benefiting the people (① ⑤) made agricultural recovery and development go through the sixties and seventies in an understatement.
Fu Bo's contribution to the development of private industry and commerce in the prosperous period of the early Western Han Dynasty
Industrial and commercial cities have developed faster than those in cities such as, An, Luo, Han, Linzi, Jiangling, Chen and Wu.
Shouchun, Panyu, etc. 18 urban rich merchants or @ ① poor financial services.
Hundreds of people in the valley left home, looking down at smelting, casting, cooking, salt and wealth, or running out of money to support their families.
...... [① ⑥] The development of commodity economy impacted the feudal hierarchy from the economic basis.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Ling, an official, suggested a policy of restraining business, and Emperor Gaozu once banned business.
Riding a horse with silk, paying heavy taxes and humiliation [① ⑦] Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty harvested with the whole economy.
With the recovery and development, especially the prosperity of agricultural economy, the rulers of the Han Dynasty began to crack down on private industry and commerce.
Promulgated a series of policies to inhibit the development of industry and commerce, including official sales of salt and iron, flat compensation and so on.
Governing the class, benefiting corruption, creating a new economy and destroying social chaos have been serious since the Zhou Dynasty.
Hinder urban industrial and commercial development and social progress
Jia, a wealthy businessman in the city, developed the will transfer politics of feudal rulers.
Due to feudal forces, surplus capital turned to buy farmland and houses.
The autonomy requires the close supervision of urban craftsmen, businessmen and officials.
It is difficult to organize a struggle without strength, and the government runs handicrafts to serve the ruling class.
There is no connection between servants. The nature of this city is the same as that of western Europe.
The city can recognize the defects of the real economic structure of the imperial barracks.
History still develops too slowly. 16th century benefited from western Europe.
Second, Xicheng has the same characteristics.
1, the form created by western Europe and soil is the same as the feudal system foundation created by feudal soil.
Its * * * characteristics are the same, and the soil in Western Europe was given to feudal lords by Wang Ci.
The hereditary leader of the Lord inherits the leaders at all levels according to the inheritance system (or testamentary inheritance).
The main territorial management mode adopts the system of manor making soil and buying and selling land.
Although nominally, feudal society is composed of the king's land and the actual land.
In the early feudal period, the feudal lords fought for a short time, and the miners changed from Qin to Shang.
The fields of the rich are connected with buildings, and the cones of the poor (① pet-name ruby) are made by rapidly crossing the main soil.
Although land was freely traded, the proportion of Huang Zhuang was limited by other dynasties.
Tian, Du Tian, Zhan Tian, Gong Tian and other systems have been implemented for a short time.
The soil composed of the main soil often changes, only the main soil and
, the main fixed number of farmers.
2. Western Europe and the class structure are the same as feudal society. The feudal lords exploited and oppressed the peasants to create order.
The contradiction of grade * * * and their respective characteristics are the same. Western Europe is associated with fiefs and special systems.
Establish a feudal hierarchy based on mutual ownership, and a centralized system where the separatist regime seems to be independent.
At present, there are constant disputes among lords, who are in charge of farmers and strictly bind the soil.
The freedom of migration from generation to generation is in the position of serf and formed together with feudal lords.
With the development of manor economy, the contradiction between lords was used to escape innovation.
The new places gradually took the form of urban serf liberation shelters and serf buildings.
During the feudal society, the emerging civil class bourgeoisie flourished and entered the fief.
For a long time, the establishment of society quickly formed a centralized feudal system, because land is a system that can be bought and sold freely.
Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ruling class has adopted the imperial examination system to select officials and improve their knowledge.
The Qing nobles and other soil inheritors analyzed the ruling class like Western Europe.
Dissolve, break, enrich and strengthen, and unite the centers of a wide network.
Qi * * * is like a bankrupt farmer who rules and exploits the peasants. He is willing to leave home, that is, he is willing to go to town.
Luo Wang has entered another Luo Wang, which has truly liberated the cities with difficulties in the rural economic period.
The commodity economy helps the bourgeoisie in emerging cities to develop slowly, and makes the combination of handicraft industry and agriculture more solid.
Difficult shape
3. Western Europe and political structure are in the main stage of dictatorship in form and content.
With the development of western Europe, monarchy and citizens once formed a political alliance. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, England
, the current level of monarchy, direct kingship, slavery, plunder and reward allies [② Attending]
A bourgeois revolution broke out and developed the alliance between the city and the monarchy.
In ancient times, there was no form at all. Although the bourgeois peasant class followed the large-scale uprising,
The dispersion of farmers and the extreme uprising failed without exception.
4. Religion and its elements have influenced the pillar religious rights of Christian feudal society in Western Europe.
Often due to the mutual weakening of kingship and kingship struggle, contradictions and cracks often appear in western European cities.
Production and Development Crusaders invaded the East1113rd century and spread things for hundreds of years.
People brought havoc, chaos and upheaval, feudal knights disappeared, and serfs took advantage of it.
Escape from the city and the Crusades made feudal lords in western Europe more greedy, and luxury cities benefited from it.
Rely on exploitative money to transfer rent to collect ransom, so that the serfs who pay ransom can be free.
The viewpoint is beneficial to the disintegration of feudal system in western Europe and Rome and the prosperity of commercial cities.
The revival of commercial roads that once extended in all directions between districts and families is conducive to the revival of the original foundation.
Appendices to the development of religious imperial power: vast territory, close neighbors and disasters
Affected farmers often flee to remote and vast villages and rebuild their homes in cities.
Interesting cities are hard to see the consumption of cities that are afraid of the road.
A city that has lived for a long time is as unattractive as Western Europe.