Ming dynasty
Central:
Hu Weiyong case foreign languages
Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor of China, was involved in a major political case because of the rebellion of Prime Minister Hu. Together with the aquamarine case, it is called Hulan's prison. It started in the 13th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1380) and ended in the 25th year. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely dissatisfied with the autocratic power, cronyism and arrogance of Prime Minister Hu, and took various measures to limit it. In the first month of the thirteenth year of Hongwu, Hu was accused of rebellion, and Zhu Yuanzhang executed Hu, Tu Jie and Chen Ning on charges of "bending the law and falsely accusing sages" and "endangering politics". After Hu's death, his "charges" of rebellion were exposed one after another. Zhu Yuanzhang killed more than 30 thousand people in order to eliminate "anti-Party". It lasted for 10 years, and Zhu Yuanzhang made a record of traitors to the world. Li Shanchang, Nanxiong Hou, Xingyang Hou Zheng Yuchun, Yongjia Hou Zhu Liangzu, Jingning Hou and others 1 and 2 1 Hou were the founding heroes who were killed or driven away by the Hu Party. After Hu was killed, Zhu Yuanzhang was relieved of his post as prime minister, and ordered the successor not to be the prime minister again; Dare to fight, please speak, I will severely punish. After the abolition of the prime minister, there were six reasons. The emperor had supreme power and centralization was further strengthened.
Assistant Officials and Cabinet: In the 13th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang rebelled against the Prime Minister Hu, so he abolished the Prime Minister. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the prime minister system, which had been implemented for more than 1600 years, was abolished, and the prime minister power and the monarch power were combined into one, and the emperor monopolized the power in the early Ming Dynasty. However, due to various state affairs, the emperor could not handle it. In September, the fifteenth year of Hongwu, four assistant ministers were removed and a pavilion was set up in imitation of the Song Palace. The cabinet is only the emperor's adviser, and it is the emperor's task to approve the memorial. At first, the Cabinet was only a secretarial organization, but after Jiajing in the Qing Dynasty, the Cabinet was higher than six ministries and became the "head of hundreds of officials".
In fact, a college student in the Ming Dynasty was the secretary and adviser of the emperor. He only has the power of consultation and deliberation, and has no decision-making power. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a great scholar named Zhang, who was highly valued by the emperor and was once in power. However, after his death, he was dragged from the grave by his political opponents and whipped. This is because, as a college student with no real power in the legal system, he did what a former prime minister could do. This is called trespassing, which is against the regulations. Theoretically speaking, it is the following offence, and these people can deal with him appropriately.
The main intelligence agencies of the Ming Dynasty: In order to strengthen the surveillance of the subjects of the whole country, Ming Taizu also set up a special agency, namely, Jinyiwei, the East Factory of Ming Chengzu and the West Factory of Ming Xianzong, which were collectively called "Factory Guards" and were led by eunuchs. Established in the 15th year of Hongwu, the Royal Guards are responsible for investigating domestic and foreign intelligence, reporting directly to the emperor, and have the right to arrest anyone and conduct secret interrogation. After the establishment of the East Factory, the strength of the Royal Guards was weakened. Dongchang was built in the 18th year of Yongle, which was established by Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty to suppress political opposition. The main duties of the East Factory are to monitor political forces such as government officials, celebrities and scholars, and have the right to report the monitoring results directly to the emperor. The West Factory was established in Xianzong period, and its leader was Wang Zhi. 1482. Later, it was briefly restored by Wu Zong.
Six departments: the Ming Dynasty set up six departments in the central government, namely, officials, households, rituals, workers, punishments and soldiers. Compared with the previous generation, the Ming Dynasty initially added an assistant minister to each department. After the Hu case, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the post of prime minister and the province of Zhongshu. The status of the six departments has improved. The official department is the organ that manages civil servants. It is in charge of the grade and grade selection system, the parties who take the exam, the award of reward codes and the final system.
The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for the territory, land, household registration, taxation, wages and all financial affairs of the whole country.
The Ministry of Rites is in charge of ceremonial affairs, schools and imperial examinations.
The Ministry of War is responsible for the selection, appointment and administration of guards and military attaché s throughout the country.
The Ministry of Punishment is the institution in charge of the national penalty laws and regulations and the examination of criminals' names. Together with the Supervision Department and Dali Temple, it is responsible for the final examination and examination of major cases. * * * is the "three legal systems".
The Ministry of Industry is the authority in charge of national engineering affairs.
Yushitai and Duchayuan: When Taizu was the King of Wu, there were Yushitai, one left and one right Yushitai. In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, it stopped at Yushitai. Later, Douchayuan was set up, and eight people were appointed to supervise the remonstrance.
Six subjects: responsible for attendants, rules and admonitions, filling vacancies, picking up relics and inspecting 600 affairs. This system has played a certain role in improving North Korea's political affairs.
Five temples: including Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple. Dali Temple, Ministry of Punishment and Duchayuan were merged into the Three Laws Division, with powers similar to those of today's Supreme Court.
Others: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao. After Emperor Renzong of the Ming Dynasty, the three fairs were all empty titles, and Wu Wen, the minister of the State of Qi, was given an official position.
Location:
1376 (the ninth year of Hongwu), the province was changed to undertake the publicity and deployment department, but it was still customarily called "the province". 1370 city guards were set up in all provinces, and 1375 was changed to command the embassy department. 1428 After abandoning Annan, thirteen embassies were established in two cities in China in the Ming Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, in order to prevent the concentration of local forces, a province was divided into three divisions: capital, cloth and press.
Ching Dynasty
Central:
The Qing army is mainly divided into two systems: the Eight Banners and green camp. Eight Banners System: When Nurhachi started his army, integration of defense and civilian technologies's Eight Banners System was implemented. Political power is concentrated in the hands of princes and nobles, and major decisions are decided by nobles through discussion. This is a meeting between Manchu and Wang to discuss politics. In the seventh year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1650), the emperor shunzhi reformed the Eight Banners system, and personally mastered the yellow flag, yellow-inlaid flag and white flag, forming the "upper three flags" and "lower five flags", which changed the situation that the Eight Banners were controlled by different governors, strengthened the strength of the upper three flags and weakened the power of the Manchu Council of Ministers.
Green camp was a regular army of the Qing Dynasty, composed of Han people, and was mainly responsible for making up for the shortage of the Eight Banners and guarding the country. These Han troops are called green camp because they use green flags. It was the main force of the Qing army for most of the Qing Dynasty.
The rise of the Manchu Dynasty depended on the powerful military power of the Eight Banners. With the expansion of the territory, Manchu absorbed the influence of some Mongols and Han people, and Huang Taiji also established the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of Han Army to strengthen military strength and strengthen the management of Mongolian and Han subjects. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, although the number of the Eight Banners Army reached 200,000, its strength was still far from enough. In order to strengthen the effective rule of the territory, the Qing government recruited the Ming army and the Han people to organize the army, taking the Green Flag Army as the symbol and the battalion as the unit, so it was called "green camp" and was independent of the Eight Banners Army.
Six Departments: There were six departments in the Qing Dynasty (official, household, ritual, soldier, criminal and industrial). Ministers are called ministers, and deputy ministers are called assistant ministers. Previously, Shang Shu was held by Manchu. In the first year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1644), it was stipulated that there should be one Shangshu, one Assistant Minister Man and one Han. In addition to the six departments, the central administrative institutions set up side by side with the six departments are: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple, Split Temple, imperial academy, Qin, Hanlin Academy, Tai Hospital, Lifan Academy, Zongren House, Zhanshi House, Interior House and Duchayuan.
South study room: In the 16th year of Kangxi (A.D. 1677), Emperor Kangxi set up the South study room, which was originally set up for Emperor Kangxi to discuss knowledge, recite poems and paint with poets of the Hanlin Academy. It was the core confidential institution strictly controlled by the emperor, and it could issue imperial edicts at any time, which made Nanxue "increasingly powerful".
Ministry of War: In the seventh year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1729), the Qing army fought fiercely with the Mongolian army in Junggar in the northwest. In order to deal with Junbao in time, Yong Zhengdi set up a military computer room, which was renamed the Military Department in the tenth year of Yongzheng. Emperor Qianlong mourned after he acceded to the throne, and arranged several "Prime Minister Affairs Minister Wang" to enter the military department, so it was renamed Prime Minister Affairs Office. In the second year of Qianlong (A.D. 1737), Qianlong took the lead, and the Prime Minister Wang resigned from his post and restored the name of the Ministry of War. From then on, the military department became the core authority directly responsible to the emperor, and Wang's position at the Manchuria Conference was weakened to almost negligible, and all political power was in the hands of the emperor. The biggest feature of the military department is that the military affairs are decided by the emperor alone, and the military minister kneels down to take notes. It became the peak of centralization in Qing Dynasty. Until April 10th, the third year of Xuantong (A.D. 19 1 1), the Qing court announced the establishment of a "responsible cabinet" and the military department was abolished. The military department has been established for quite a long time, and the main members are part-time. Shenyang, Fu Heng, etc.
Ministers of Ministry and Academy: including Ducha Academy and Lifan Academy. According to the Table of Qing History, it is important to increase the number of military academies in the Qing Dynasty, including Mongolia, Tibet and returning to various ministries. For example, gathering people and frontier areas is as important as the seven ministers. Although the assistant minister belongs to the deputy ministerial level, he and Shangshu are enemies. If you don't draw a picture, you can't set an example, and you must have clear rewards and punishments. The inner pivot and the outer governor are selected by this institute, and the materials drawn by this institute cannot be omitted.
Cabinet: including bachelor, assistant, bachelor, waiter, waiter and Chinese book. In the early Qing dynasty, the central system of the Ming Dynasty was followed and the cabinet system was implemented. The authority of university students is similar to that of Ming Dynasty. With the establishment of the military department, the cabinet became a decoration, and college students did not walk on the military department, basically losing their rights. The cabinet system existed in name only, and the cabinet only became the secretariat of issuing imperial edicts and sending and receiving memorials, and the minister of military affairs became a member of the decision-making advisory group of the Qing Dynasty. However, the minister of military affairs does not have all the decision-making power, and can only kneel down to the imperial edict and draft it according to the emperor. Comparatively speaking, relative rights were further weakened and feudal centralization reached its peak. Xiao Shenyang, Liu Yong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, etc. Ji Yun is only the co-organizer.
Office of State Affairs of the Prime Minister:
Wang Gong, Prime Minister of State Affairs: Special Jane, no quota. Handle foreign affairs.
Prime minister and minister: the minister of military aircraft is also in charge, and there is no quota.
General Manager Zhang Jing: Two Manchu and two Han.
Representative: one man and one Han.
Zhang Jing: There are ten people in Manchu.
Location:
The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system and was roughly divided into three levels: province, state and county. The governor and the governor are local senior officials who have the power of administration, military affairs and supervision, and the two envoys are subordinate officials of the governor and the governor. With the governor and the governor, there will be garrison generals and magistrates who study politics, but the garrison generals only care about the Eight Banners. The prefect only cares about the school and the imperial examination, and his power cannot be compared with that of the prefect and the magistrate. There are highways below the provincial level, which belong to the nature of supervision areas and are not considered as formal administrative areas. There are mainly two kinds of roads, including guard road and patrol road with the title of soldier, and some roads that do not belong to the protection and inspection department, such as customs road, river management road, grain supervision road and salt law road. Below the provincial level is the government, with officials such as magistrates, colleagues and judges. Parallel to the yamen is the Zhili Hall, where there are fellow judges and judges. Under the government, there are counties, magistrates, county officials, chief bookkeepers and other officials. Parallel to the county seat, there are scattered halls, the same as Zhili Hall. For example, Fu Kang 'an served as the governor of Yunnan-Guizhou, Sichuan-Shaanxi and Guangdong-Guangxi successively.
In ethnic minority areas, there are specialized institutions, that is, chieftains, which are generally divided into two types: one is under the jurisdiction of military departments, such as propaganda comfort stations, appeasement stations, collection stations and long-term litigation stations. And the chief is the ambassador of propaganda and comfort. ; The other is under the jurisdiction of the administrative department, and there are also districts and counties. Officially called local prefectures and counties, they are usually led by ethnic minority leaders.
reason
discuss
and
at present
generation
change
theory
and
modernization
20
10
-
1 1
November
20
10
20
10
Niandi
six
period
No.
six
20
10
The official reinstatement system in Qing Dynasty is an important part of bureaucratic punishment system.
Partly,
However, in the past, the research on bureaucratic punishment system in Qing Dynasty was often concentrated.
We pay more attention to the reasons for punishment than the bureaucratic punishment.
、
place
Consequence of integral
、
The degree of punishment and how to punish it.
To punish
However, there is little research on the subsequent recovery system.
The question of recovery and punishment is actually
Are two sides of the same question. When dealing with some officials,
no
Only dismissal
、
pull down
、
Penalties such as fines,
In an article
The following are pardons and rewards for these punished officials.
One of the forms
One is on and off.
In-depth study of the restoration system of the Qing Dynasty,
about
Modern accountability officials' comeback mechanism also has certain reference significance.
one
、
The meaning of opening and closing.
The restoration system is closely related to the punishment of officials in Qing Dynasty.
ring
Under the control of the official department,
In order to strengthen the management of officials at all levels,
Ching Dynasty
A series of administrative regulations, such as laws and regulations, have been formulated one after another.
Generation after generation
Along,
Constantly revised,
More and more complete and detailed
Among them, the official administration department
The subsidiary laws are as follows
《
Daqing huidian
》
、
《
Punishment rules of public service department
》
Wait,
Become a place
The direct legal basis of junior officials,
Specific regulations violated by officials at all levels
manufacture
、
Punishment for violating discipline
Some scholars pointed out that,
Recovery refers to the person who was fined.
、
pull down
Or removed from office,
Under certain conditions,
according to
The corresponding program,
Restore their wages to a certain extent
、
Of rank or position.
system
[
1]
This generalization determines the main connotation of the recovery system,
However, after sorting out the historical materials, the author found that,
This definition only talks about opening and closing.
One aspect of systematic significance,
Not comprehensive
The author thinks that recycled furniture
Body meaning should include four aspects.
First of all,
Recovery is a punishment for being punished.
、
An official who has been demoted or dismissed.
Liao recovered his salary to some extent.
、
Official position system
Ruguang
Hao Yu, governor of the west,
Was dismissed for misappropriating money and food,
In the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi,
I was specifically pardoned,
Later, his son Lin Hao submitted an application for reinstatement.
get the Green Light
precise
[
2]
Another example is the forty-three years of Kangxi.
Due to the meritorious service in river regulation,
Mibusan
Wang was removed from office and remained in office.
Be restored
[
3]
From here we can
Look,
Hao Yu, the dismissed governor of Guangxi
、
Wang, Minister of Industry, etc.
For some reason,
Application reply,
And get approval,
So it will be affected
The punishment is revoked and the original treatment is restored.
Open this.
Meaning is the most important thing,
The most common meaning.
Secondly,
Recovery is still a right to be dismissed.
、
Punish or demote an official.
The political courtesy of the staff is a kind of spiritual encouragement and comfort.
because
This applies not only to living officials, but also to officials who have died.
There are also corresponding opening and closing,
To show his merit.
、
Pacify their families
Such as Gan Long.
In August of thirty-four years,
Played by Fu Heng, a college student,
Fujian navy prefect leaf
Xiangde,
Died in the barracks,
Emperor Qianlong recalled that Ye Xiangde had been transferred to Yunnan Province.
Command the captain,
Attack the thief village,
This is a brave effort.
"
I heard that the jackal died of illness today.
I am deeply sorry.
Fujian magistrate appointed all the places in Iraq,
Jia Zhu Kane
Complicated,
Give the prince some insurance,
Into the temple in Jing Yong,
And reward one thousand two hundred pieces of silver.
"
[
4]
male
In the spring of 38 years,
Liu Lun, a college student, occasionally has swollen cheeks.
Ganlongdi Jipai
Doctor consultation,
In the summer, I sent guards for questioning.
But there's nothing to do,
Speak suddenly
The world,
"
With a gift for Prince Taifu,
Enter Shenxian Temple,
He was dismissed and demoted during his tenure.
This case,
Was opened,
And reward one thousand two hundred pieces of silver.
. "
[
5]
This shows that,
Just put
In the world, reinstatement is understood as demotion.
、
The rewards of the punished officials are not comprehensive.
Yes,
For officials who have passed away,
The rulers of the Qing dynasty in recognition of its
Personal contribution to the country or affirmation of personal virtue,
meanwhile
Comfort their loved ones,
Also on his dismissal and demotion before his death.
Open and close.
Third, to a certain extent, opening and closing is to obtain a qualification.
manufacture
It can regain the corresponding
"
Promotion and relocation
"
The right to work,
Didn't get it
Officials who want to be reinstated are not qualified.
The first year of Qianlong:
"
Its decline
Stay in office,
Those that haven't been opened,
Promotion is not allowed.
. "
[
6]
Therefore, Gan Longji
Yang, former governor of Sichuan Province.
A strong smell/aroma
Please refer to Zeng Tiejing, the magistrate of Zhongjiang County.
rise
It is well known that Bumei area,
However, through the review, it was found that Tie Jing had served as an employee.
Be demoted for two years
Level 2 reserved cases,
Not yet opened,
So promotion is not allowed.
[
6](
783)
Ching Dynasty
There are laws to punish officials.
Those who have been punished and haven't opened yet
Complicated official,
In general,
You can't fix it.
、
Got a promotion,
If you want to
Get promoted and supplemented.
、
The transfer first requires a retrial of the previous dismissal and demotion cases.
Otherwise, there is no chance.
Visible,
For these punished officials,
This is a membership qualification.
Is one of the necessary conditions for promotion.
correct
For those late bureaucrats,
The level of sacrifice and burial gained after opening up is also the same.
Can be improved.
Forty years after Qianlong, Five Blessingg died.
The Ministry consulted with five people.
Fu is a member who was dismissed and retained.
Worth sacrifice,
Rewards are not allowed.
Dangan Tommy Tam
"
Read Five Blessingg,
Naoki has a long history,
Be diligent,
In Garn's dismissal of Iraq,
Allow to open,
According to the T-shirt guidelines for the education system,
Review and discuss cases,
As a symbol of kindness
. "
[
7]
This shows that,
For these dismissed officials,
How much does it cost to open it?
The importance of,
Otherwise even if
"
Don't give them what they deserve.
"
Fourth,
Kaifu also applies to those who become famous for some reason.
A person whose reputation has been revoked for some reason and then restored to birth and reputation.
Twiggy, who studied politics in Shuntian in the first year of Qianlong, said:
"
Pay the food, Li Yan is limited,
There are fewer and fewer scholars who are short of food now.
Should be corrected
A wealthy family,
At the end of the year
middle
Poor students,
It will be over in February and April.
After the deadline, detailed leather will be carried out.
Gehouquan
Complete,
Still allowed to open
. "
[
6](
5 10)
Scholars obtained corresponding merits through imperial examinations.
Name and source,
However, the imperial court and local governments can also be based on some reasons.
His reputation was revoked,
take for example
"
Anti-debt course
"
But if it can be arranged,
"
pay
ground rent
"
Still allowed to open,
Restore its corresponding reputation
、
Origin and politics
Treatment and treatment