(A) the concept of geological environment
Geological environment refers to the sum of all geological bodies in the earth's lithosphere and various geological factors that have an impact on human beings. Geological environment is formed under the geological action of internal and external forces, which has a direct, indirect or potential impact on human survival, production and life.
Geological environment has a direct and indirect relationship with human survival and activities, and it is the basic place for human survival. Human activities are restricted and influenced by the geological environment, which in turn has an impact on the geological environment. Some of this interaction is direct and obvious, others are indirect, latent and lagging behind.
Geological environment is a dynamic system, which changes under the influence of natural or biological activities. Some of these changes are beneficial to human survival activities, while others are unfavorable. The purpose of geological environment management is to transform the geological environment into a direction conducive to human survival and development.
(B) the basic types of geological environment
Environment has many meanings and always exists around a central thing, as opposed to a central thing. The concise Oxford English Dictionary defines the environment as "the condition or influence of any person or thing's survival or development"; The environment studied by environmental protection science refers to the sum of all external influences and forces acting on human beings.
Environmental geology is the sum of all geological features and attributes related to the environment. Environmental geology is a new branch of geology and belongs to the category of applied geology. It focuses on the relationship between people and land, and is a marginal or comprehensive subject between geological science and environmental science.
China's geological environment is complex, and there are many ways to divide the types of geological environment. From the perspective of management, it can be divided into three types, namely, geological resources and environment, geological environment and resources, geological disasters and geological disasters.
1. Geological resources and environment
Mainly refers to all kinds of geological resources, in the process of its occurrence, evolution and development, forming a geological environment that has an impact on human ecological environment. This chapter mainly discusses groundwater resources and environment, and other mineral resources and environmental issues will be discussed in other related chapters.
2. Geological environment resources
Refers to the geological environment that has certain value or can be developed and utilized. It mainly includes typical geological sections, geological structures, geological landscapes and other geological relics with scientific research and ornamental value or available geological space.
3. Geological disasters and geological disasters
It refers to the change of geological factors caused by internal and external geological processes such as natural and human factors, forming a geological environment that has a negative impact on human beings. This change directly, indirectly or potentially threatens and affects human survival and production activities.
Second, the concept of geological environment administration
Administrative management of geological environment refers to the management of social affairs in geological environment protection and governance activities by geological and mineral administrative organs and their public servants within the scope of geological environment protection and management functions entrusted by the State Council, in accordance with the Constitution, mineral resources law, water law, environmental protection law and other relevant laws and regulations. Through management, prevent, control and slow down the development of geological environment in a direction that is not conducive to human survival activities, and prevent and control the harm and destruction of various geological factors and processes to human survival, production and life; Encourage mankind to make rational use of the geological environment, make positive contributions to the protection and improvement of the geological environment, and achieve the goal of developing the economy to meet human needs without exceeding the allowable limit of the environment.
Environmental management is an integral part of geological environmental management. To accurately grasp this concept, we need to master four points: ① The main body exercising this management function is the competent departments of geology and mineral resources of governments at all levels and their public servants; (2) Government activities must be conducted in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations; (three) must exercise government affairs within the scope authorized by the State Council; ④ Only manage social affairs in geological environment protection and governance activities.
Third, the present situation of geological environment in China
There are many kinds of geological resources in China, and the geological environment conditions are complex and changeable. With the increase of population and the rapid development of social economy, people's demand for natural resources is increasing, which has a greater impact on the environment and the geological environment is becoming increasingly severe.
(A) the current situation of groundwater resources and environment
The total amount of water resources in China is 28124 billion cubic meters per year, ranking sixth in the world. Among them, the river runoff is 27110.50 billion cubic meters/year, and the average water per mu is three quarters of the world's, and the per capita water is one quarter of the world's average. The natural resources of groundwater in China are 870 billion m3/ year, and brackish water is about 20 billion m3/ year. The average recharge modulus of groundwater is about 90,000 m3/ year km2, which is close to the world average recharge modulus of 654.38+ million m3/ year km2. The national underground fresh water exploitation resources are 90 billion cubic meters/year, the brackish water is 654.38+03 billion cubic meters/year, and the underground water exploitation resources in Yijing area are 239 billion cubic meters/year. According to preliminary estimation, the groundwater reserves in plain basins and other areas are about 2.3 billion cubic meters.
Characteristics of groundwater resources in China and problems existing in its development and utilization;
(1) The regional distribution of water resources is very uneven, which is not suitable for the distribution of population and cultivated land. There is more water and less land in the south; There is more land and less water in the north; There is more water in the east and less water in the west; There is more autumn water in summer and less water in winter and spring. This feature makes the water resources in the south more than enough, while the water resources in northern 15 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), which account for about 60% of the country's land area, account for only one-fifth of the country's total, and the underground fresh water natural resources are 260 billion cubic meters/year, which is close to one-third of the national groundwater natural resources. The total mining resources are140 billion cubic meters/year, which is close to half of the whole country. It is suitable for the exploitation of well resources.
(2) The mining layout is unreasonable and the mining amount is concentrated, which causes the local groundwater level to drop and the water quality to deteriorate. Groundwater plays an important role in urban residents' life and industrial and agricultural water supply. 70% of urban and rural residents in China rely on groundwater as drinking water. According to the statistics of 107 key cities, 7 1% cities exploit groundwater as the water source for industry and urban life, and more than half cities mainly use groundwater. The contradiction between the rapid growth of urban and industrial water consumption and limited water resources is becoming increasingly acute. Nearly 300 cities in China are short of water to varying degrees, and 50 of them are seriously short of water. Due to the centralized exploitation of groundwater in cities, many cities with groundwater as water source have produced many geological and environmental problems. Such as ground fissures, ground subsidence, ground collapse and water quality deterioration.
(3) The lack of overall planning and scientific management in groundwater development leads to blind well drilling and pumping, unreasonable well hole structure and poor quality of well completion, which leads to the mixing of salt and fresh water, seawater intrusion and the destruction of underground fresh water resources to varying degrees.
(4) There is great potential for decentralized development of regional groundwater. In industrialized and densely populated areas, groundwater exploitation is concentrated, resulting in imbalance between supply and demand of local water resources and shortage of water resources. However, in some areas such as Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin, there is great potential for decentralized development of groundwater resources, and the remaining groundwater exploitation resources account for about 70%, which can be decentralized.
(5) Compared with surface water, the groundwater quality in China is better, but in some areas, the groundwater quality has been polluted and deteriorated in recent years, and the water quality in some areas has improved. For example, compared with 1994, the water quality in Shenyang and Benxi decreased in hardness and nitrate, while the nitrate and nitrogen pollution in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province increased.
(6) Limited by geochemical conditions, there are endemic diseases related to groundwater quality in many areas of China, such as endemic fluorosis, arsenic poisoning and endemic goiter.
(B) the status of geological environment resources
China has a vast territory and complex climatic and geographical conditions, forming a wide variety of geological and environmental resources. For example, typical stratigraphic sections, structural features, paleontological fossils, geomorphological landscapes with research and ornamental value and some special geological phenomena have great influence at home and abroad.
(1) Jixian section in Tianjin, with a thickness of 9,200m, records the evolution history of the earth from1.800 million to 800 million years ago. It is the standard section and physics textbook of Upper Proterozoic in China. Shanwang, Linqu, Shandong, has collected more than 400 kinds of paleontological fossils dating back to 6.5438+0.8 million years ago. One third of the fossils belong to complete individuals, and the microstructure is clear, and the claws, hairs and wings of insects are very clear. It is a treasure house of paleontological fossils in China.
(2) The peculiar geological landscapes such as karst, Danxia, volcano and glacier have important scientific research and ornamental value. Wulingyuan, Hunan Province is a peak forest geological landscape formed by Devonian thick-layer timely sandstone, which ranks among the top in the world in terms of distribution range, shape and peak forest height. Karst geological landscapes in southwest China, loess landforms in northwest China and many little-known special geological landscapes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are rare all over the world, and many of them have been developed and utilized as tourism resources.
(3) Dinosaur fossils and remains are widely distributed in China. From 65438 to 0993, a large number of dinosaur eggs were found in Xixia, Neixiang and Xichuan counties of Nanyang City, Henan Province, and a number of dinosaur skeleton fossils symbiotic with dinosaur eggs were found, which attracted great attention from scientific circles at home and abroad. Rare dinosaur eggs and bone fossils have also been found in Yunxian County, Hubei Province.
(4) The discovery of dinosaur fossils in the Late Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of Mesozoic basins in Chaoyang and Jinzhou areas of western Liaoning provides important information for studying the origin and evolution of birds.
These rare and most precious geological resources in the world are non-renewable natural resources, which are the precious wealth of China and even all mankind. It is the pride of China people to find them in China. Protecting these environmental resources is our glorious mission.
Geological environment resources have high social, economic and environmental values. The development of geological environment resources has become a social concern. Conditional areas use local superior geological environment resources to expand their popularity and develop tourism, which has played a certain role in promoting economic development. At the same time, due to improper development or neglect of management, geological environment resources have been destroyed, which has also occurred frequently in recent years.
At present, according to the preliminary statistics of more than 20 provinces, more than 500 geological and environmental resources with certain scientific research and protection value have been discovered, and national, provincial and county-level protected areas have been established according to different properties and contents, many of which have been developed and utilized as tourism resources, and good social, economic, environmental and resource benefits have been achieved.
(C) the status of geological disasters
The so-called geological disaster refers to the geological action (phenomenon) formed under the action of natural or man-made factors, which causes damage and loss to human life, property and environment. According to the speed of disasters, they can be divided into two categories: sudden and slow. The former, such as collapse, landslide, debris flow, etc. It is a geological disaster in a narrow sense. The latter such as land subsidence, soil erosion, land desertification, etc.
China is located at the intersection of the Pacific Rim tectonic belt and Himalayan tectonic belt. The subduction of the Pacific plate and the collision of the Indian plate northward with the Asian plate made Chinese mainland suffer from complex geodynamic effects. The complex and intense tectonic activities and the terrain contrast between the west and the east not only form the basic outline of China's geotectonics and landforms, but also form the root causes of various geological disasters in China.
(1) According to the distribution characteristics of geological disasters, with Helan Mountain-Liupanshan Mountain-Longmen Mountain-Ailao Mountain and Daxing 'anling Mountain-Taihang Mountain-Wuling Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain as the boundaries, China can be divided into three major geological disaster areas from west to east (generally close to China's terrain three steps, but slightly different). The western region is a plateau mountain with high altitude, deep cutting, strong crustal changes, complex structural strata, dry climate, strong weathering and broken rocks, which mainly develop geological disasters such as earthquakes, freezing and thawing, mudslides and desertification. The central region is the transition zone between the plateau and the plain, with steep terrain, intense cutting (maximum relative cutting depth), complex strata, severe weathering and fault activity, so geological disasters such as earthquake, collapse, landslide, debris flow, soil erosion, land desertification, ground deformation and loess collapse are mainly developed. The eastern part is plain, coastal zone and continental shelf, with little topographic fluctuation, humid climate and abundant rainfall. It mainly develops geological disasters such as earthquake, ground deformation, landslide, river and lake disasters, coastal disasters, salinization (waterlogging) and cold-soaked fields.
The preliminary investigation results show that there are 5 1 catastrophic collapse, 140 landslide and 149 debris flow in China. There are more than 2,984 large-scale collapses, more than 22 12 landslides and more than 2,277 mudslides.
(2) At present, except Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Henan, Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang, karst collapse disasters have been found in other provinces and regions. The total number of karst collapses in China is 284 1, and there are 33 192 collapse pits, covering an area of 332.28 square kilometers. Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and so on. It is a serious development area of coal mine goaf collapse. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 80 mined-out collapses in 20 provinces and regions in China, and the collapse area exceeds 1 150 square kilometers. Land subsidence disasters mainly occur in coastal cities and a few inland cities. At present, land subsidence has occurred in 46 cities (lots) in Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shaanxi and other 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), with a total subsidence area of 48,700 square kilometers. There are 434 ground fissures in Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, Henan and other 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), exceeding 1037, with a total length of over 346.78 kilometers.
(3) According to the statistics of other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) except Tianjin, Shanghai, Xinjiang, Tibet, Hainan and Taiwan Province, the area of soil erosion in China has reached 65.438 0.237 million square kilometers, an increase of 323.7 million square kilometers compared with 65.438 0.5 million square kilometers in the early days of the founding of New China, with a growth rate of 2.65438 0.6%. At present, the annual sediment loss in China exceeds 4.847 billion tons, and the annual loss area exceeds 4,790 square kilometers.
(4) Desertification land in China is mainly distributed in the west and northwest between 37 and 42 north latitude, which harms 1 1 provinces (regions) in arid and semi-arid areas in the north, such as Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. There are 334,000 square kilometers of desertified land and 37,000 square kilometers of aeolian land in China, and the desert Gobi1162,000 square kilometers, * * *15.33 million square kilometers, accounting for 15.9% of the total land area, which has exceeded the total cultivated land area in China. The distribution of desertified land is as follows: 465,438+0% of the area is distributed in semi-arid areas on both sides of Daxing 'anling Mountains, and the wind and sand hazards are mainly in dry farming areas in crop ecotone; 32% is distributed in the desert grassland belt of arid grassland; 27% are distributed in arid and desert areas in the west.
Four, the main content of environmental management
1994 "notice of the State Council on setting up the functions of the administrative department of geology and mineral resources" stipulates that the main responsibility of geological environment management is to supervise and manage the geological environment and its development and utilization under the guidance of the national environmental protection plan. Organize the preparation of geological environmental protection, monitoring and geological disaster prevention planning, and participate in the preparation of national environmental protection planning; Responsible for the unified management of the national geological environment monitoring station network, organize and coordinate the rectification of major geological disasters, and provide relevant review opinions for the examination and approval of major construction projects, urban master plans and regional economic development plans. " "Participate in the investigation, evaluation and planning of water resources, and cooperate with the water administrative department to manage groundwater resources. Responsible for the exploration, dynamic monitoring and reserve approval management of groundwater resources nationwide, and supervise and manage the rational development and utilization of groundwater resources nationwide. " Specific tasks include: "responsible for the management of regional, municipal and mine geological environment and geological relics", "responsible for the design and management of geological disaster prevention projects, the qualification management of construction units, and the organization and implementation of major geological disasters".
According to the above functions, the administration of geological environment mainly includes the rational development and utilization of geological resources and environment, the protection of geological resources and the prevention and control of geological disasters.
(1) Geological resources and environment are not only components of natural resources, but also the material basis for human survival and development, just like other natural resources. The type and quantity of geological resources owned by a country and region and the degree of development and utilization play an important role in production development and economic strength. The rapid growth of population and economy and the application of new technical means have promoted industrialization and urbanization, greatly changed the socio-economic structure and ecological environment, and the resulting environmental problems have become increasingly serious. China faces the dual pressures of development and environment. Limited resources and fragile ecological environment must strengthen the management of geological resources and environment in order to permanently maintain the growing economic aggregate and population. This management should be based on the basic principles of ensuring rational development and utilization of resources, maintaining sustainable economic development and promoting environmental improvement.
(2) Geological environment resources are irrecoverable because of their ornamental and scientific research value. If this environment is destroyed, the value of resources will decrease or disappear. Therefore, protecting geological environment resources according to law is an important work of geological environment resources management.
(3) Geological disasters Geological disasters are changes in the geological environment and geological bodies caused by natural and human actions, which have caused potential and direct harm and disasters to human survival and activities. Therefore, the management of geological disasters focuses on prediction, forecasting and prevention management.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) The significance and main measures of strengthening environmental management.
(A) the significance of environmental management
In the process of economic development, human beings should not only coordinate the development of society, economy and environment, but also have mutually restrictive factors. In some places, due to the lack of human understanding of the law of environmental change and insufficient attention to the value of environmental resources, or due to the limitation of control ability, while developing the economy, it has caused damage to the environment, wasted resources and threatened the ecology. In order to reduce and avoid this kind of damage, it is necessary to improve the understanding of geological environment resources management. Geological environment management is an important means to coordinate the relationship between economic development and geological environment protection.
Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out in the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "China is a country with a large population and relatively insufficient resources, so we must implement the strategy of sustainable development in the modernization drive. Adhere to the basic national policies of family planning and environmental protection, and correctly handle the relationship between economic development and population, resources and environment. Develop and save resources at the same time, give priority to saving and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Coordinate the development and renovation of land and resources, and strictly enforce the laws on the management and protection of land, water, forests, minerals, oceans and other resources. Implement a system of paid use of resources. Strengthen environmental pollution control, plant trees and grass, do a good job in soil and water conservation, prevent desertification and improve the ecological environment. " Environmental management is one of the important links to ensure the implementation of the overall strategy of sustainable economic development in China. While developing the economy, we should make overall plans, rationally develop and utilize natural resources, protect the environment and reduce or prevent geological disasters. This requires the establishment of corresponding laws and regulations, the formulation of protection and management plans, and the strengthening of environmental management.
China is a country with fragile geological environment and a developing country with a large population. In recent years, due to the rapid development of economy and the relative lag of geological environment management, many geological environment problems have appeared, such as the decline of regional groundwater level, the formation and expansion of funnels, regional land subsidence and the occurrence of geological disasters such as landslides and mudslides in some places, which have seriously affected the local economic and social development. According to the current economic conditions in China, it is of great significance to strengthen environmental management, prevent and mitigate geological disasters in the absence of more funds to solve these environmental problems.
Environmental management, including the formulation of geological environmental protection planning, monitoring and operation, formulation of various disaster reduction schemes, implementation and supervision of measures, must be guaranteed by administrative management. The process of improving the quality of a country's geological environment is also a history of continuous development and improvement of geological environment management.
(two) the legal basis and methods of environmental management measures
1. Legal basis of management
Environmental management should be based on relevant laws and regulations, relevant standards and norms, and based on monitoring data, analysis and prediction. Requirements: ① Rational development and utilization of geological resources and environment; ② Protecting geological environment resources; (3) Take the prevention and control of geological disasters as the core, institutions and funds as the guarantee, supervision and management and administrative law enforcement as the means, attach importance to science and technology, implement hierarchical management, and do a good job in government services.
The main laws and regulations on which environmental management is based are mineral resources law, detailed rules for the implementation of mineral resources law, water law, environmental protection law, land management law, urban planning law, water pollution prevention law, soil and water conservation law, exploration block registration law, mining registration law, two rights transfer law, implementation measures of water intake permit system, regulations on nature reserves, and regulations on the protection and management of geological relics.
The standards adopted mainly include sanitary standards for drinking water, groundwater quality standards, surface water environmental quality standards, groundwater resources classification standards, irrigation water quality standards for farmland, drinking natural mineral water standards, comprehensive sewage discharge standards, types and levels of nature reserves and so on.
The management of geological environment affairs should insist on highlighting key points, promoting in an all-round way, grasping typical examples and taking areas from point to area; Adhere to the principle of "who destroys, who governs, who governs, who benefits", and manage and be responsible at different levels; The administrative organs and civil servants of local environmental management are the organizational guarantee of local environmental management. The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels should carry out the functions of geological environment management, so as to achieve sound institutions, appropriate functions, capable personnel and the implementation of funds, speed up the progress of legislation and strengthen law enforcement.
2. Management methods and measures
The concrete measures are as follows: ① change the concept, make local environmental administration adapt to the requirements of the socialist market economic system, obey the national economic and social development plan, and strengthen the macro-management of the government; (2) Strengthen propaganda, popularize the knowledge of geological environment protection, raise the awareness of leaders at all levels, raise the consciousness of the whole nation to protect and improve the geological environment, make everyone realize that the geological environment is related to everyone, and make everyone care about the geological environment protection work; (3) Formulating and perfecting laws, regulations and systems of geological environment management; (4) Formulate geological environmental protection plans and annual plans, and implement them at different levels in the form of target responsibility system; ⑤ Strengthen and improve the construction of geological environment monitoring station network and information system, and improve the ability and level of supervision and management; ⑥ Take the initiative to incorporate the geological environment protection management plan into the plans of governments at all levels; ⑦ Strengthen self-construction and improve management level.