Zhang Jianzhong
(Baoding Geological Society)
After the Opium War, the country opened, western learning spread to the east, and modern geological survey activities entered China. In 1960s and 1970s, German geologist and geographer Richthofen made the greatest achievements in the large-scale geological survey in China. Because this area is close to the capital Beijing, it has become one of the earliest geological survey areas in China. 1870, Richthofen entered Fuping from Wutai and arrived in Beijing at the end of May via Baoding. Geological description is made along the line, and Wutai system and Sinian system are named as stratigraphic units for the first time.
1in the spring of 897, in the route selection report for the construction of Jing-Han Railway (called Lu (Gouqiao) Han (Kou) Railway), under the leadership of British chief engineer Jin Da, the geology of this area, especially the Quaternary geology, was described professionally for the first time.
1903 to 1904, American geologist William and his party came to China for a large-scale geological survey. 1904 65438+ 10, passing through Baoding, Beijing, going to Wutai, Shanxi, going straight to xi 'an, and then inspecting the Yangtze River basin along the Hanshui River. This is another large-scale geological survey by western geologists. It passes through Mancheng, Wanxian (now Shunping), Tangxian and Fuping in this area, and makes a regional geological description along the line. The Lingshan basin in Quyang is studied emphatically. According to the sedimentary rock series above the old metamorphic strata in Xidayangcun, Tangxian County, it is named oceanic limestone. According to the denudation surface of local neotectonics, the deep metamorphic strata in Longquanguan area of Fuping are divided into Archean "Taishan complex".
1922, Glip further defined the meaning of "Sinian System". Based on Hutuo System in Shanxi, Dayang Limestone in Tangxian County in Baoding and Nankou Limestone in Xishan Mountain in Beijing, the Sinian System was defined as the ancient metamorphic rocks under or above Cambrian System, Wutai System or Taishan System.
China geologists were the first to recommend the teachers and students of Geology College, the first geological training institution in China. First of all, Mr Weng Wenhao visited a mining field in Yixian, pointing out that there could be no coal seam in the old strata of black schist, and suggested stopping the local tunneling. Li Jie, who graduated from the institute, was the first to engage in geological and mineral system investigation. 19 19 In April, he was ordered to investigate all kinds of known metallic and nonmetallic occurrences in Yuxian to Laiyuan, Fuping, Quyang, Tangxian, Wanxian and Mancheng, which lasted for more than two months, and published the geology and minerals of the counties in Yitangwei, Zhili in No.4 Geological Special Newspaper. 1936, Yang Jie visited Wutai and divided Wutai System into Fuping County Strata at the bottom and Longquanguan Strata at the top, which is basically consistent with the current division.
In the meantime, during the period of warlord scuffle and Japan's invasion of China, capitalists exploited for profit, and Japan's mineral survey aimed at plundering resources, although there are sporadic data, is not important.
1945 After Japan surrendered, Li Jie became the director of the Construction Department of Hebei Province and set up a sinking team to provide water supply services for cities, mines and mines. Based on the investigation of private wells in Baoding, the first deep well in Baoding was designed on the west side of the Governor's Office on Yuhua Middle Road. The well was completed by mechanical sinking technology on 1947, providing domestic water for citizens (used until 1985).
After the founding of New China, Baoding, as the capital of Hebei Province, set up the Geology Department under the Mining Bureau of the Provincial Government Industry Department (1953). 1952 hired professor Yuan Fuli, an old geologist in China, as a consultant. Firstly, the mineral resources in the western mountainous counties of this area were investigated in detail in a planned way. Professor Yuan also sent Ding Yuanzhang, a graduate student, to make a special geological study on Laiyuan rock mass and bituminous coal cave asbestos mine.
At the same time, from 1953, the North China Geological Bureau of the Ministry of Geology sent 224 teams to carry out mineral survey in Laiyuan County, which made the geological survey in this area enter a period of all-round development and prosperity. 1956 set up the Sino-Soviet cooperation team 222, which is specialized in the general survey of metal mines in Taihang Mountain area, and the team 224 is mainly engaged in exploration. Later, with the division of geological teams, the Geological Bureau of Hebei Province was established, and the Baoding Comprehensive Geological Brigade was established to undertake the task of mineral investigation and exploration in this area. The team led the detailed exploration of the asbestos mine in Laiyuan bituminous coal cave. From exploration design, project selection, sampling and processing to reserve calculation and report writing, a brand-new exploration has been carried out, which has accumulated systematic experience for the exploration technology of fibrous serpentine asbestos deposits in China and has been popularized and applied throughout the country. Since then, the exploration of ferrous and nonferrous metal deposits has been continuously carried out in the periphery of Laiyuan complex, and industrial reserve with iron, copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum and other minerals has been discovered, which provides geological data basis for the national planning of mine development.
On the basis of key exploration in the first five-year plan, the state has carried out nationwide general survey and prospecting in due course. In order to meet the needs of prospecting and geological research, the Ministry of Geology has deployed a unified regional geological survey of1∶ 200,000, requiring all provinces to set up professional teams to carry out their work according to international maps. 1959 (located in Baoding, now Langfang) established the Hebei Provincial Surveying Brigade, and started the amplitude measurement of Guangling-Laishui at the earliest. This is the earliest official map of1∶ 200,000 completed in Hebei Province.
In order to strengthen the research on the metallogenic regularity and prognosis of Laiyuan complex, a comprehensive survey and prospecting test of Laiyuan complex was carried out at 1960 ~ 1964. This was one of the two pilot areas selected by the Ministry of Geology at that time. Baoding comprehensive geological brigade is given priority to, the Institute of Geological Sciences participates in guiding practice, and the Geophysical Exploration Brigade, Research Institute and Zhangjiakou Central Laboratory of the Provincial Bureau participate. Finally, a large number of internship teachers and students from Beijing Institute of Geology participated in the collaboration. More than 400 people have completed 1:50000 5 by means of verification such as geology, soil metal content, river sediments, magnetic method, electrical method, physical property, U-Th radioactivity, water resistance, heavy sand, mountain engineering and drilling. 5 Comprehensive geological map, * * * 65,438+0,800km2 for several years. This is an important exploration of comprehensive prospecting and metallogenic regularity in key metallogenic areas, and has obtained rich practical experience, which provides data basis for the discovery of deep copper-molybdenum deposits in Laiyuan.
The geological team also conducted research on hidden coalfields (including JD. COM), marl, marble, kaolin, muscovite industrial deposits and small and medium-sized mountain gold deposits, and submitted many geological surveys and exploration reports.
Geological teams from various industrial sectors, including the Coal Ministry 138 team and Hebei Coalfield Geological Company, conducted coalfield geophysical exploration and detailed investigation in the plain area (1968).
Metallurgical Team 5 19 (Nonferrous Metals Corporation) mainly focuses on geophysical prospecting, and has done some general survey and exploration work in this area, and submitted geological reports of Sangguan Iron Mine (197 1) and Tangxian Micheng Coal Mine.
Quyang Mica Team of the Ministry of Building Materials (1959 merged into Baoding Comprehensive Geological Brigade) and Team 405 conducted a general survey and exploration of mica and nonmetallic minerals in this area, and Team 405 submitted the Geological Report of Loess Mines for Cement in Tangxian and Wanggezhuang (1966). Hebei Building Materials Geological Exploration Brigade (1979 was established in Baoding) submitted the Exploration Report of Tangxian Shangzhuang Cement Seasonal Sandstone (1982) and the Detailed Investigation Report of Wanggezhuang Cement Limestone in Tangxian (1983).
Metallurgical Team 5 18 (stationed in Wu 'an, Handan) made a general survey and evaluation of Beilongmen Iron Mine (198 1) and Gu Ye Molybdenum Mine (1983) in Laishui County, and submitted corresponding geological reports.
In order to meet the urgent demand of national defense cutting-edge industries for piezoelectric crystals, based on the crystal survey unit of Baoding Comprehensive Geological Brigade, 62 1 Brigade was established in June 1965, and was handed over to the First Mining Company of the Ministry of Geology, with the team headquarters in Fuping. Responsible for the general survey of crystal mines in Hebei, Inner Mongolia and other provinces (regions). Geological evaluation was carried out in Longwangzhuang in Fuping, Nanchengzi in Laiyuan and Tonglong in Tangxian, and a certain number of piezoelectric crystal products were selected, which timely supported the urgent needs of the country.
The Central Laboratory of Hebei Geological Bureau was expanded by Baoding Comprehensive Geological Brigade Laboratory 1965, which undertakes the rock and mineral testing and mineral processing experiments of the geological system in the whole province. 1996 merged with the sixth and thirteenth geological brigades independently established by the former Baoding Comprehensive Geological Brigade, and now it is called Baoding Geological Engineering Survey Institute.
The exploration of groundwater resources in this area began in 1950s, and it is one of the earliest areas in China to carry out this professional investigation. 1956 Hebei Hydrogeological Brigade was established by the Ministry of Geology, and was stationed in Nanqi Village, Baoding City (1958 moved to Shijiazhuang City). In order to meet the industrial water demand in Baoding, the exploration and hydrogeological investigation of spring water sources in its surrounding areas were carried out. The comprehensive hydrogeological report of Baoding City (1∶ 200,000) and the water supply exploration report of Baoding City (1957) with one acre of spring water as the main source have been completed successively.
At the same time, a long-term hydrogeological observation station was built in Nanqi Village, and 394 observation points within 825km2 were selected for groundwater monitoring. Up to now, it has accumulated systematic and complete data, and is one of the earliest long-term groundwater observation stations in China.
In 1960s, many systematic geological teams in this area devoted themselves to the hydrogeological work of farmland supporting agriculture and drought resistance.
Since the reform and opening-up, the geothermal resources discovered in the oil survey drilling have been explored and evaluated, and the geothermal field report of Niutuo Town, Xiongxian County has been submitted.
In recent years, 26 natural mineral water sources have been discovered in this area. There are more than 60 kinds of minerals in 9 categories, including 9 large deposits, 5 medium deposits/kloc-0 and 4 small deposits1/kloc-0. The main minerals are molybdenum, copper, zinc, asbestos, mica, marble, granite and kaolin. The potential economic value is nearly 200 billion yuan.
At present, in addition to the above geological teams, there is Baoding Branch of the Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of the Ministry of Land and Resources (formerly known as the Technical Method Research Team of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of the Ministry of Geology, established in 1965, located in Qiyi Middle Road, Baoding City); (2) General Institute of Metallurgical Survey and Research (including the Survey and Research Institute established in 1979, which was merged into the General Institute after the economic system reform), established in 1969, is a professional team that undertakes the basic survey tasks of national mining and metallurgy construction, and is located in Dongfeng Middle Road, Baoding City; (3) Metallurgical Geophysical Survey Institute, established in 1965, is a national geophysical and geochemical exploration team of metallurgical system, located in han cun Middle Road, Baoding City; ④ Petroleum Geophysical Exploration Bureau, affiliated to China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Company, located in Zhuozhou City; ⑤ Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Survey Brigade of the First Geological Survey Bureau of the former Ministry of Metallurgy, located in Dingzhou City; ⑥ The "543" factory of the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources 1988 moved from Changzhi, Shanxi Province to "July 1st" Middle Road in Baoding City, and was responsible for the printing of national geological and topographic maps; ⑦ sinopec group Survey and Design Institute moved to Qiyi West Road in Baoding from 65438 to 0998; (8) Baoding Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, established in 1987, performs four government functions: mineral resources planning, mining development, geological environment and geological exploration activities.
It is not difficult to see from the above that Baoding is located at the south gate of Beijing, which attracts high-standard geological prospecting units from relevant ministries and commissions all over the country. Over the years, their hard work has made important contributions to the development of the country's mining industry, especially Baoding, and left a glorious page in the history of geoscience in China.