A brief history of the development of engineering consulting industry
As an independent industry, engineering consulting is the product of modern industrialization.
(1) Origin
Engineering consulting first appeared as an independent industry in the construction industry, starting in the second half of the19th century. 18 18 British architect John? The first "Association of Civil Engineers" was established in Smeaton, and the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) was established in 19 13. Since then, the engineering consulting industry has formed and entered the stage of standardized development.
As an independent industry, engineering consulting first appeared in ().
A. Construction, manufacturing, service and mining
[Answer] A.
[Analysis] This question examines the development history of engineering consulting, and the examination questions are relatively simple.
[2007 Zhenti] The world engineering consulting industry has entered the stage of standardized development marked by ().
A.1the industrial revolution in the middle of the 8th century
B/kloc-the emergence of modern industrialization in the second half of the 9th century
C. 19 13 the international Federation of consulting engineers was established.
D. The emergence of modern industrialization in the early 20th century
[answer] c
[Resolution] The content of this question is a sign of the development of the engineering consulting industry.
(2) development
1. The development of international engineering consulting industry has gone through three stages:
(1) individual consultation period;
(2) Partnership negotiation period;
(3) Comprehensive consultation period.
2. Three major changes in the engineering consulting industry. After World War II, three major changes have taken place in the engineering consulting industry:
(1) From professional consultation to comprehensive consultation;
(2) From engineering technical consultation to strategic consultation;
(3) From domestic consultation to international consultation.
Second, the status quo and development of international engineering consulting industry
(A) the status quo and characteristics
1. The engineering consulting industry in developed countries has obvious advantages.
After more than a century of development, the consulting industry in major developed countries has been quite mature and developed, and it also has the characteristics of wide professional fields and large business scope; There are relatively perfect industry regulations; There are many types of institutions and a large number of employees and companies; High technical level and fierce market competition, actively develop overseas business.
In the global market, the American consulting market accounts for 50% of the global market, the British consulting industry has a long history, Germany and France also have a long history, Japan has entered a stage of steady development, and European countries such as Australia have also formed a strong engineering consulting industry.
2. The international engineering consulting market is highly competitive.
Now not only professional engineering consulting companies undertake engineering consulting business, but also construction companies and design and construction companies compete in the consulting market with their strong technical ability and financial strength.
3. The engineering consulting industry in developing countries is on the rise.
With the national liberation, economic independence and rapid development of developing countries, especially the implementation of aid and loan projects by many international financial organizations, the formation and development of consulting industry in various countries have been promoted. * * * Similarities are: although it started late, it developed rapidly, attached importance to cooperation with foreign companies, learned from the experience of developed countries, participated in international organizations' aid and loan projects in China as local consultants, and actively developed international business. Developing countries with rapid development of engineering consulting industry are actively entering the international market. There are consulting industries in India, Vietnam, Malaysia and Nepal.
4. International exchanges and cooperation are increasingly frequent.
International cooperation and exchange make the engineering consulting business develop in the direction of internationalization and standardization. FIDIC regulates consulting engineers and their behaviors through a series of "policy statements" and "moral codes". The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has compiled the Manual of Industrial Feasibility, and both the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have published the User Manual of Consulting Services and its Model Agreement on Consulting Services. All these have greatly promoted the standardized development of engineering consulting industry in various countries, especially provided a technical basis for the development of international business.
(b) National support policies for engineering consulting industry
International engineering consulting industry plays an important role in modern economic and social development. All countries in the world have adopted countermeasures suitable for their own national conditions to support and promote the development of their own engineering consulting industry and overseas business. The specific way is as follows:
1. The state formulates laws and regulations to protect and support the domestic consulting industry.
Because the engineering consulting industry is a new or immature industry, most developing countries have formulated a series of policies to protect their consulting industry, so that it can gain more business opportunities, get exercise and grow. Among them, South Korea began to implement the Law on Promotion of Engineering Consulting Services on 1973, and Brazil adopted the Provisions on Service Contracts for Promoting Domestic Technology on 1964. India stipulates that all its projects (including foreign-funded projects) must involve domestic consulting companies, and foreign consulting companies must obtain the approval of the Indian government when bidding in India.
2. The government encourages and supports the consulting industry to develop overseas in various forms, such as funding, investment, providing technology and information.
Developed countries have strong economic strength and rich experience in foreign business of engineering consulting, but with the development and maturity of consulting industry in developing countries and corresponding protection policies, the market competition of international consulting industry is becoming increasingly fierce. Governments all over the world have taken active measures to help their consulting industry enter the international market.
The United States allocated 2.5 billion yuan in 1973 to support the foreign development of its consulting industry, and set up a special overseas trade development plan.
The British government actively encourages consulting exports and gives financial guarantees and support. There are two starting points for the British government to support consulting companies to actively undertake overseas engineering projects: first, intellectual output can earn back foreign exchange without investment, which is conducive to the national foreign exchange balance; Second, consulting output can drive the export of domestic industrial products and equipment.
The French government's assistance to the consulting industry is mainly indirect support in investment, talent dispatch and information exchange.
The Japanese government implements a "special tax system for technical foreign exchange profits", which gives tax incentives to Japanese enterprises for consulting business abroad and income from buying and selling foreign currency.