Accepting the lessons of the demise of the Tang Dynasty and Fanzhen, the combination system of Fangzhen and Daoism in the late Tang Dynasty was not directly inherited by the Song Dynasty, but a new road with a brand-new concept was designed as a new high-level administrative division. In Song Taizu, when all roads are transferred, the total wealth is distributed and the whole country is divided into thirteen roads. Taizong was appointed as a transfer ambassador for border defense, thieves, criminal proceedings, money valley, honesty and so on, which was divided into fifteen routes throughout the country. Since then, the number of roads has gradually increased and the area has gradually decreased. It was divided into 18 road in Zhenzong and 23 road in Zongshen. Huizong Chongning for four years (1 105), twenty-four roads plus one road. Generally speaking, the area of roads in Song Dynasty is smaller than that of roads in early Bitang, and its division and evolution are shown in the figure. The 18th Road is the oldest road system in Song Dynasty, and the 23rd Road in Yuanfeng is a representative road system. The book Yuan Jiu Feng Yu Zhi was compiled on the basis of these 23 routes. Route 24 divides the capital Kaifeng into Gyeonggi Road. In addition, before the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, 26 roads were short-lived, that is, 24 roads plus Yanshanfu Road and Yunzhong Road. These two roads were rebuilt after the Liao Dynasty died in the late Northern Song Dynasty and sixteen states were acquired. Spinning up and losing, he died of gold with the Northern Song Dynasty. The above 23 routes are subject to the transfer route. If the appeasement route is taken as the standard, Yongxing Army Road and Qin Feng Road (according to statistics, Yongxing Army Road and Qin Feng Road are Shaanxi Road, and Zongshen Xining was five years old (1072), Jingxi Road is divided into southwest Beijing Road and northwest Beijing Road, Huainan Road is divided into east Huainan Road and west Huainan Road, and Shaanxi Road is divided into Yongxing Army Road and Qin Feng Road. By the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), the administrative division of Xining was restored five years ago, namely 18 road. Before it was split up, Yuanfeng customized 23 roads in eight years (1085): Jingdong, JD.COM Dongdong, Southwest, Northwest, East, West, Hedong, Yongxing Army and Qin Feng. At this time, Shaanxi Road was split in two again. In history, the summer harvest of Yuanfeng No.5 Road was in July of Yuanfeng four years, and it should still be No.18 Road. Therefore, according to transshipment, Shaanxi Road still existed at that time, but not necessarily according to Shuaisi Road. See below ...) Three points each, namely Yongxing Army Road, Yanyan Road, Huanqing Road, Qinfeng Road, Xihe Road and Jingyuan Road; Hebei East Road and Hebei West Road are divided into two parts, namely Damingfu Road, Laiguan Road, Zhendingfu Road and Dingzhou Road.
In the early years of the Song Dynasty, the lessons of the separatist regime in the late Tang Dynasty were learned, and the real power of the buffer region was removed. All states are directly under the central government, and our era exists in name only. And divide the whole country into several areas called roads, and each area is responsible for collecting and transferring wealth from all over the country. After transshipment, the authority gradually expanded, and "frontier defense, thieves, criminal proceedings, golden valley and clean government" were all involved, which controlled all local administrative affairs and formed a fragmented situation. Zhenzong (998 ~ 1022) considered that transshipment made the power too heavy, so he set up a supervisor to take charge of judicial supervision, an Fu ambassador to take charge of the military all the way, and a transshipment ambassador to take charge of finance and civil affairs all the way. Therefore, there were three kinds of officials along the way in the Song Dynasty: the transfer envoy (Cao Si for short), the prisoner envoy (Xian Si for short) and the appeasement envoy (Shuai Si for short), collectively referred to as the supervisor.
The diversion in the Northern Song Dynasty was mainly transshipment, which was extremely unstable at first. In the third year of Daodao (997), it was designated as 15, and in the fourth year of Tianxi (1020), it was divided into 18. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), it was designated as Route 23. The 23 roads are JD.COM, Jingxi, Southwest Beijing, Northwest Beijing, Jidong, Jixi, Yongxing Army, Qin Feng, Hedong, East Huainan, West Huainan, Zhejiang, East Jiangnan, West Jiangnan, Jinghu South, Jinghu North, Chengdufu, Zizhou, Lizhou, Kuizhou, Fujian, Guangnan East and Guangnan West Road. Chongning for four years (1 105), with Kaifeng as its capital. In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1 122), Song and Jin made a covenant, stipulating that after the joint destruction of Liao, Jin would return the land of sixteen states in Song Dynasty. So the Northern Song Dynasty presupposed Yanshanfu Road and YunZhongfu Road. Unexpectedly, after Jin destroyed Liao, he failed to keep his promise and only returned to the six countries. Therefore, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was called Route 26, but actually there were only Route 24.
The so-called 18 and 23 roads in the Northern Song Dynasty all refer to transshipment and shunting. The division between Kenji and Shuai Si is different. For example, Hebei transshipment was divided into east and west roads, and Shuai Si was divided into Daming House, Gaoyangguan, Calm House and Dingzhou Road because of the need to defend the Khitan. Kenji is a way.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the need of military defense, the shunt was mainly composed of envoys. 16 Road in eastern Zhejiang, western Zhejiang, eastern Jiangnan, western Jiangnan, eastern Huainan, western Huainan, Beijing-Shanghai in Hunan, Beijing-Shanghai in Hubei, southwest Beijing, Chengdufu, Tongchuan, Kuizhou, Lizhou, Fujian, Guangnandong and Guangnandi. In all the territory south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, it refers to the Anfu envoy, Cao Cao. For example, the two envoys of Zhejiang Anfu were divided into two ways, and Cao Si was merged into one.
There were three kinds of prisons in Song Dynasty, each of which performed its duties. Without concentrating on one person and one department, the government and the state can still report directly to the central government. Therefore, unlike the states in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the provinces after the Yuan Dynasty, the first level does not constitute a local administrative organization, and the state (government) and county two-level system is still implemented.
Shaanxi Road: located at the beginning of Emperor Taizong (about 984). As for Shaanxi Road, Volume III of Yuan Feng Jiu Yu Zhi said: "Shaanxi Road, Taiping Xingguo was divided into Hebei Road and Henan Road in two years, and there was Shaanxi Fuxi Road, which was later merged into one road." Accordingly, Shaanxi Road was originally a road, and Taizong was initially divided into Shaanxi Hebei Road and Shaanxi Henan Road. However, it is impossible to prove when these two roads can meet again. According to the author's search, in the second year, when Taiping Xingguo was divided into Hebei Road in Shaanxi and Henan Road in Shaanxi, transshipment ambassadors were indeed set up separately, but before that, there was no record of Shaanxi Transportation Department. "History of Song Dynasty" Volume 276 "Biography of Zhang Pingchuan": "In autumn (the fourth year of Yongzheng), when I heard about the transshipment in Shaanxi, Ang Lee found that his old life was unfair and died of anxiety." This is the earliest record of transshipment in Shaanxi. According to this record, we can infer that Ang Lee was appointed as a transshipment ambassador four years ago.
Hebei Road, Shaanxi Province: Taizong was placed in Taiping and rejuvenating the country for two years (977). "Long Bian" Volume 18: "(October of the second year of Taiping Xingguo) Shaanxi was transferred to the second division, and Zhang Huan led Shaanxi and Hebei; Dr. Zuo Zanshan Wei Wusheng led Shaanxi and Henan provinces. " In April, 1994, there was the same record in Want to Eat Food, except that Zhang Huan wrote Zhang Huan. As for when these two routes were appointed, Volume 21 of Long Bian said: "At noon (October of the fifth year of Taiping and Xingguo), Zuo sent Wei Wusheng to entrust Dr. You Zanshan, and he was appointed as the transshipment ambassador of Shaanxi North Road. An Deyu's vertical journey is equal to his subordinates selling bamboo and wood privately without dismantling it. " Accordingly, Wei Wusheng stopped the relocation of Hebei Road in Shaanxi at the end of April or early May, and never moved again.
Henan Road, Shaanxi Province: It was the second year of Taizong Taiping (977). See above.
Qingfeng Road: it was settled in Shen Xining for five years (1072). Geography of Song History III: "Shaanxi Road, the first year of Li Qing, was divided into Qinfeng, Jingyuan and Huanqing (1) Yansi Road along the Shaanxi border. In the fifth year of Xining, Tao Minfu and Tong Yuanjun joined forces all the way in Xihe, and established the general manager of Ma Junbu. Xihe, Hehe and other five state armies are one road, and Lao Yanyan and other five roads are connected by thirty-four state armies. Later, it was divided into Yongxing Security Army, Hehe, Fu Shan, Shangjietong Huayao Guoyan Fontaine to celebrate Yongning Week as Yongxing Army, and then turned to Yongxing Army to keep some prisoners in the river house. Fengxiang House, Weizhou and Zhenrong Deshun Army are all roads such as Qin Feng, which has been transferred to Hefengxiang House, where some prisons are located. Yongxing, Yanyan, Huanqing, Qingfeng, Jingyuan and Xihe are still divided into six roads, each with its own strategy and appeasement department. " This record is very accurate. The reason why we think that these roads were put in Ning, JaeHee for five years instead of the first year of Li Qing is because some of the roads in Song Dynasty belong to economic roads and some belong to transshipment roads, which is a problem that few people realize. On the other hand, the documents in Song Dynasty can prove that the roads below Qin Feng did not become transshipment roads until the fifth year of Xining, and each road had its own transshipment department. Cai Yanqing and Hua Yue wrote an inscription in the Collection of Scholars (volume 128): "Pacify Ding Wei, lead the way to prison, and visit the Yasukuni Shrine. In the last six years, Meng En transited to the temple to pay tribute to Jintiandi except Zhi Dai and Qin Feng in Tianzhangge. On the 29 th day of the first month of Song Xining's sixth year, Donglai Cai Yanqing wrote it in Zhongyuan. " Cai Yanqing went to Qin Fengyun as an envoy on the 29th day of the first month of the sixth year of Xining, and his life was definitely five years in Xining.
Jingyuan Road: Shen Xining was settled for five years (1072). See above.
Celebration Road: Set Zongshen Xining for five years (1072). See above.
Yan Yan Road: Set Zongshen Xi Ning for five years (1072). See above.
Xihe Road: Shen Xining was placed in Zongzong for five years (1072). See above. This road needs to be explained that although Shangjingyuan, Huanqing, Yanyan and Xihe have transshipment departments, they have been affiliated with Shaanxi No.1 Road for too long in history, so the transshipment envoys, ambassadors and judges of these four roads are often intermittent, and in most cases there are no ambassadors, only ambassadors or judges. According to the information collected by the author, only Xihe No.1 Road has ever set up a transshipment ambassador, and the other three roads are mostly ambassadors and judges. This also proves that the level of four-way transshipment is different from that of Shaanxi road transshipment.
Deng Jun Road, Yongxing: Shen Xining was settled for five years (1072). "Want to Eat Food" 73 1: "(Yuanfeng) On July 12, three years, Yongxing Army and other roads transported Zhang Qian and Chu Jianzhong to redeem 20 Jin of copper each, and it was improper to take care of Yongxing Hongkou." What needs special emphasis is that Yongxing Army and other roads are by no means Shaanxi Road Transportation Office, but their locations are actually parallel to Jingyuan Road and Huanqing Road. In principle, Shaanxi highway transportation shall prevail.
It is mentioned that "some roads in the Song Dynasty belong to economic roads and some belong to transshipment roads, which is a problem that few people realize", in fact, it also involves the problems we discussed. The so-called strategic arteries here are actually Shuaisi Road and Anfu Messenger Road.