1. In the Song Dynasty of agriculture, a set of effective land reclamation and utilization methods had been formed. Working people adjust measures to local conditions and try their best to expand the area of cultivated land, and polder fields, silt fields, shatian fields, fertile fields, shelf fields, mud fields and lake fields have appeared in the lakes along the river. Taking polder fields as an example, it is drought-resistant and flood-proof, with high yield.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, polder fields were further developed. Zhejiang West Road polder 1400 mu, Dianshan Lake polder alone has hundreds of thousands of mu. In mountainous and hilly areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Sichuan, a large area of terraced fields has appeared, and the distribution of crops has also changed greatly. Rice is not only widely planted in the south, but also spread to the north, which can encourage farmers in Jiangbei States to "plant rice in water without rent". Also introduced from Vietnam, North Korea and other countries "Zhancheng Rice", "Yellow Grain Rice" and other excellent varieties with early maturity, drought resistance and full grain, and the planting area of buckwheat and sorghum has expanded rapidly.
As far as cash crops are concerned, the Song Dynasty was a turning point in the development of cotton planting in China. According to documents, the Li nationality in Hainan Island of China and the Dai nationality in western Yunnan had planted cotton and woven fabrics before or during the Han Dynasty, and the ancestors of the Uighurs planted cotton in Turpan, Xinjiang in the 6th century.
The most famous agricultural work in Song Dynasty is Chen Fu Agricultural Book, which was completed in 1 149. It is a summary of the experience of agricultural production technology accumulated by working people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River since Sui and Tang Dynasties, and reflects the level of paddy field cultivation technology in Tang and Song Dynasties. From the aspects of soil preparation and seedling raising, intertillage weeding technology, field baking, irrigation and so on, China's ancient traditional thought of intensive cultivation was fully realized here.
With the rapid development of horticulture in Song Dynasty, Song Huizong established a "root moon" in Kaifeng, which "does not depend on the difference between land and local conditions". Transplanted "loquat, orange pomelo, orange, litchi wood, golden moth, jade shame, tiger ear, phoenix tail, jasmine, kuna, jasmine and Michelia" from the south. Moreover, a variety of horticultural plants are planted in different areas, and the prototype of a modern botanical garden is formed.
Litchi trees in Cai Xiang, Luoyang Peony in Ouyang Xiu, Tian Peng Peony in Luyou, Chrysanthemum Tree in Liu Meng and Dongxi Tea Experimental Tree in Song Zian not only describe the historical evolution, characteristics, varieties, classification and cultivation methods of various horticultural plants, but also describe the formation and evolution of varieties, which are of certain value in agriculture and biology.
2. Astronomy Due to the needs of agricultural production and calendar making, rulers have always paid more attention to the study of astronomy, and the level of observation has been continuously improved, and the Song Dynasty is no exception.
According to the records in the New Image Law, during the period from 10 10 to106, the Northern Song Dynasty made five large-scale observations on the positions of constant stars, and the results of determining the positions of 28 stars were preserved in the history of the Song Dynasty. The Secret Garden of Lingtai contains 345 stars, which are separated from each other.
The astronomical map of Suzhou stone carvings made in the Southern Song Dynasty 1247 covers an area of 8×2.5 feet, with more than 430 carved stars1247, with the north pole as the center, three concentric circles drawn, representing the Arctic constant circle, the Antarctic constant hidden circle and the equator respectively, and 28 radiation lines representing the longitude of 28 degrees, as well as the ecliptic and the Milky Way. All these achievements are inseparable from the highly developed astronomical observation instruments at that time. Traditional astronomical instruments in ancient China, such as clepsydra, standard watch, armillary sphere, armillary sphere, etc., were most effectively improved in technology and technology in the Song Dynasty.
Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty and Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty put forward the design of reducing the number of rings, and the armillary sphere and the simple instrument are the representative works of this design. Su Song, Han Gonglian and others made a large-scale water transport instrument platform, which used a gear system to keep the instrument moving at a constant speed, consistent with the movement of celestial bodies. It can not only demonstrate the astronomical phenomena, observe them, but also tell the time.
3. The development of geology, minerals and geosciences is characterized by the compilation of geographical works in the form of maps and classics, which are also transitioning to local chronicles. According to the Records of Song History and Arts, there are more than 100 kinds of local chronicles in Song Dynasty, and the local chronicles with maps are called "Tuzhi" or "Tujing". The most famous national history is The Jade Ring of Taiping, which was written in 976-984 and compiled by the music history of the Northern Song Dynasty. The book has 200 volumes, mainly about China and Outland.
Then, the Records of Yuanfeng Jiutian compiled by Cun Wang in the Northern Song Dynasty was written between 1068 and 1085. This book pays attention to "contemporary affairs" and gives little description of its evolution, but gives a detailed description of miles, castle names and mountains and rivers in Shui Ze.
There are more than 20 kinds of county local chronicles in Song Dynasty, many of which have been revised from generation to generation and gradually accumulated, forming a wealth of local chronicles. Due to the frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries during this period, it played a positive role in the development of international trade and cultural exchanges. Many important foreign geographical documents were formed through field visits and hearsay accounts, such as The Journey to the West by Yelu Chucai, Dailing Waidai by Zhou Qufei and Zhufanzhi by Zhao. There are three existing maps of stone carvings in Song Dynasty in An and Suzhou, which are Hua Yi Tu, Yu Ji Tu, Geographical Map and Jiu Qu Shou Ling Tu, which are of great value and characteristics. They are the earliest maps drawn at present, and the rivers and coastlines are accurate, representing the level of surveying and mapping maps in the Song Dynasty. The development of earth science has played an important role in the development and progress of mineralogy and water conservancy construction.
With the development of mining industry in Song Dynasty and the atmosphere of people's on-the-spot investigation of geological phenomena, people's understanding and research on minerals and some geological phenomena have made great progress. 1 133 years, ten thousand degrees of three volumes of Stone Book in the Forest recorded 1 16 kinds of stone products, each of which recorded its origin, mining method, occurrence, luster and quality, reflecting a new level of people's understanding of minerals. It was a book about rock and mineral knowledge that appeared at that time.
4. Medicine In the Song Dynasty, medicine made progress in education, theory, diagnosis and treatment of clinical subjects, materia medica, prescriptions and other aspects, which made China medicine enter a new stage of all-round development.
The rulers of Song Dynasty attached great importance to the revision of various medical books. From 1973 to 1974, Liu Han and Ma Su compiled "Kaibao Materia Medica" (2 1), which included 983 kinds of drugs. 1057, Su Song and others compiled two volumes of Jia You's Materia Medica, including 1082 kinds of drugs, and compiled a illustrated Materia Medica.
There are 32 volumes of "Certified First Aid Materia Medica" edited by Tang Shenwei, which contains more than 65,438+0,700 kinds of drugs, indications of various diseases, food taboos for taking drugs, drug fear, drugs, drugs and stones, etc. Make people have a general understanding of the origin of materia medica and the incompatibility of drugs in past dynasties. Li Shizhen commented in the Ming Dynasty: "... it is a great achievement to make herbs and prescriptions of various families last forever." In the Song Dynasty, Chinese medicine was divided into nine major branches: big room pulse branch, wind and snow branch, acupuncture branch, small room pulse branch, ophthalmology, obstetrics, mouth-tooth-throat branch, sore-swelling-folding-disease branch, and Jin Shu-Banke branch, and the pertinence was greatly strengthened.
There are two things that have to be mentioned in Medicine of Song Dynasty: First, The Record of Imprisonment in Song Poetry is the first systematic forensic work in the history of China; Secondly, Wang's Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Point and Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Point.
5. Mathematics In the various disciplines of science and technology in the Song Dynasty, the development of mathematics was more prominent. Shen Kuo, the greatest scientist in the Song Dynasty, made great contributions to mathematics with his skills of "gap product" and "knowing the circle" (1259), Yang Hui's "Detailed explanation of the algorithm in the nine chapters", Zhu Shijie's "Arithmetic Enlightenment" and "Meeting with Siyuan".
6. Gunpowder The four great inventions of the Chinese nation are the most important parts in the history of human civilization, especially in the history of science and technology. The application and perfection of the three great inventions were completed in the Song Dynasty and put into social practice.
After AD 1258, China's gunpowder weapons were introduced to Arabia, and Europeans obtained gunpowder knowledge from Arabic books. The military use of gunpowder has played a decisive role in the manufacture and application of new weapons, the development of the army, the research of attack and defense, and the consolidation of political power.
7. The appearance of compass is the best proof that social needs promote the development of science and technology. The development of navigation directly stimulates and promotes the progress of magnetic direction finder. Until the Song Dynasty, people made a deep exploration of the method of artificial magnetization and the use of magnetic needles, and made great progress, which led to the invention and wide application of the compass.
The most direct application of compass is navigation, which enables people to sail around the clock and sail freely on the vast sea. Many new routes have been opened, and the voyage has been shortened, which has greatly promoted cultural exchanges and trade between people of all countries. With the rapid development of shipping industry, shipbuilding technology reached its peak in Song Dynasty, and compass played an important role.
8. Movable type printing is the symbol of human civilization, paper is the most effective carrier of words, and printing tells us what is high efficiency. Since the invention of block printing in Tang Dynasty, printing technology has been continuously improved in terms of materials and technology.
In the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing was more developed, reached its peak and was widely popularized. According to Meng Qian Bi Tan, Bi Sheng, a citizen of Song Renzong in Qing Dynasty, invented movable type printing, which is a great pioneering work in the history of printing or civilization in the world. Its basic principle is exactly the same as modern printing.
In addition, the firing of porcelain and civil buildings also developed greatly in the Song Dynasty, with remarkable achievements and unique features.