Among them are Han, Yi, Tibetan, Hui and Qiang. Chengdu, the provincial capital. Sichuan belongs to the southwest inland of China, bounded by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west, with the Three Gorges overlapping in the east, the Bashan Qinling barrier in the north and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau dome in the south, forming a world-famous Sichuan basin. The total area of the province is 488,000 square kilometers. Sichuan is rich in tourism resources, and it has always been said that "the mountains and rivers in the world are in Sichuan", and it has the reputation of "Emei is beautiful in the world, Kuimen is unique in the world, Jianmen is dangerous in the world, and Qingcheng is quiet in the world".
Sichuan, known as Bashu in ancient times, is a big province in the southwest of China, with an area of 485,000 square kilometers and a population of about 86.42 million as of February 3, 2005. Sichuan has a vast territory, rich products and a long history, and has enjoyed the reputation of "Land of Abundance" since ancient times. After the founding of New China, Sichuan entered a new historical development period. After more than 50 years of socialist construction, especially more than 20 years of reform and opening up, Sichuan's economic construction has advanced by leaps and bounds, and its comprehensive economic strength has been continuously enhanced.
Sichuan is a province with a large supply of agricultural products and one of the largest production bases of grain, oil and live pigs in China. The output of cash crops such as rape, sugarcane, tea, citrus and silk ranks in the forefront of the country; Chinese herbal medicine is well-known at home and abroad; Tremella, raw lacquer, bamboo and other products are famous all over the country.
Sichuan is also one of the important industrial bases in China. Among them, metallurgy, mining, chemical industry, machinery, aerospace and electronics industries occupy an important position in the country. A large number of state-owned and private enterprises represented by Panzhihua Iron and Steel Company, Chengdu Aircraft Company, Changhong Group and Hope Group are well-known at home and abroad.
Traffic and communication in Sichuan have developed rapidly. Land, sea and air traffic is becoming more and more developed. Modern communications, such as microwave, optical fiber, satellite, program-controlled telephone, wireless paging, fax and INI networking, are spread all over the province, and a modern transportation communication network has taken shape.
With the establishment of the socialist market economic system, the improvement of various infrastructures and the change of people's ideas, the information market, science and technology market, talent and labor market, capital and financial market, various materials market, service market, tourism and leisure market have also been established accordingly. Especially after the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Sichuan has accelerated the pace of reform and opening up and fully implemented the cross-century development strategy of Sichuan's national economy. Under the guidance of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and the policy of "grasping the big and letting the small", joint-stock system, joint-stock cooperative system and enterprise mergers and acquisitions are being gradually implemented. Remarkable achievements have been made in opening to the outside world in all directions and further expanding investment attraction. The pace of agricultural industrialization has accelerated, commerce and service industries have also developed rapidly, urban construction has accelerated, and people's living conditions and environmental sanitation conditions have been improved to a certain extent, creating conditions for realizing the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the 20 10 long-term goal.
Sichuan is a province with strong comprehensive scientific and technological strength. Scientific research institutions, institutions of higher learning, secondary specialized schools and technical schools, secondary normal schools, vocational high schools and ordinary primary and secondary schools have all developed to a certain scale. Culture and art are unique, and Sichuan Opera, Traditional Opera, Acrobatics and Quyi are well-known at home and abroad. Libraries, cultural centers and museums are all over Sichuan. News industries such as radio and television, newspapers and magazines are booming. Medical institutions can basically meet people's health needs. Environmental protection has achieved fruitful results and gradually embarked on the track of legalization.
economy
Sichuan has developed agriculture and is known as the "Land of Abundance". It is an important producing area of wheat, rice, rape, kenaf, sugarcane, sericulture and fruit in China. The western Sichuan Plateau and the mountainous area are important pastoral areas and forest areas respectively. Bamboo, Grifola frondosa and Chinese herbal medicines, such as Fritillaria cirrhosa, Moschus, Cordyceps, are abundant here. This province is a comprehensive industrial base in Chinese mainland. Chengdu Electric Appliances, Measuring Tools, Pangang, Chuanzhong Oil and Gas Field, Zigong Salt Chemical Industry, Neijiang Sugar Industry, Luzhou and Yibin are all famous for their wine-making industry. Chengdu is the transportation center of Sichuan Province, with attractions such as Wuhou Temple and Du Fu Caotang, and Dujiangyan nearby.
history
More than 2 million years ago, human activities began in Sichuan, and civilization began to appear 25,000 years ago, forming a highly developed ancient Shu civilization represented by Sanxingdui civilization. After the Qin Dynasty ruled Sichuan, Sichuan gradually merged into the Central Plains culture and occupied an important position in the history of China.
Ancient Sichuan civilization
According to archaeological findings, human activities began in Sichuan in the early Paleolithic period more than 2 million years ago. There are four named paleolithic cultural sites in Sichuan. Seven or eight thousand years ago, Sichuan gradually entered the Neolithic Age. Neolithic sites are widely distributed. At present, more than 200 sites have been discovered, the most representative of which are Sanxingdui site in Guanghan, Yingpanliang site in Guangyuan and Lizhou site in Xichang.
About 4~5 thousand years ago, Sichuan entered the ancient legend period, which was similar to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains. At this time, the content of ancient history legends is mainly about the lineage and activities of ancient Sichuan kings, among which Dayu Daojiang, Yi and Changman are famous. Although there is no historical record, archaeological excavations and oral legends of Sanxingdui, Jinsha and Shiqiao prove that Chengdu Plain has entered the slave society at the latest in Shang Dynasty.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the slave regime established by Shu in Chengdu Plain may be related to the "three kings of Shu" in ancient legends-Can Cong, Guan Bai and Yu Fan. About Xia and Shang Dynasties, Shu tribes migrated from this area to Chengdu Plain. After the "three generations of Shu kings", it is equivalent to the establishment of Du Yu Dynasty in the Western Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains. During this period, the capital of Shu moved to Yi Yun (now Pixian County), and Tu Yuchao adopted a hereditary monarchy, which was powerful and covered the whole Sichuan Basin. About equivalent to the early Spring and Autumn Period, Du Yu's Zen was located in Guiling of Shu, which made great contributions to water control, and Guiling established an enlightened dynasty.
Warring States to Three Kingdoms
The enlightened dynasty established its capital in Guangdu (now Shuangliu). At first, its national strength was very strong. Around the 4th century BC, Ming Kai IX began to imitate the ritual and music system of China, and moved the capital from Chengdu to Chengdu. In the ninth year of Qin Huiwen's reign (3 16 BC), the State of Qin attacked Shu from the road and prepared to unify the world.
After Qin captured Shu, Shu and Hanzhong counties were established. Sichuan gradually implemented the Qin system and began to enter the feudal society. During the period from Qin Xiang to Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang (from 227 to 247 years ago), Li Bing served as the magistrate of Shu County and took many important measures to develop Shu State, such as building Dujiangyan and dredging two rivers (now Nanhe and Jinjiang), which made Chengdu Plain increasingly rich and provided important material guarantee for Qin Shihuang to unify China.
After the Western Han Dynasty, Sichuan's society, economy and culture developed rapidly, and its prosperity surpassed that of Guanzhong area, so it was called "Land of Abundance", and its reputation continues to this day. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Wen Weng became the magistrate of Shu County, and founded the first official school in China, Wen Weng Poetry History. Since then, the style of study in central Sichuan has flourished, which can be compared with Qilu area. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Gongsun Shu occupied Yizhou, with the title of "married" and its capital in Chengdu.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yizhou was divided by Ada and his son (189 ~2 14). Later, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, known as "Shu Han" in history (22 1 ~263). The territory of Shu and Han includes most of Chongqing, Sichuan and Yunnan, all of Guizhou and a small part of Shaanxi and Gansu. Form a situation in which Wei, Shu and Wu are divided into three parts. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, ruled the country and greatly developed the social economy of Shu.
Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties
In the first year of Yan Xing, the queen of Shu Han Dynasty (263), Shu was destroyed by Wei. Soon, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, in the third year of Yongxing (306), Li Xiong proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of "Dacheng". In the fourth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (338), Li Xiong's nephew, Li Shou, changed his name to "Han" and was called "Cheng Han" in history. Han Cheng is the earliest established country among the sixteen countries, and its territory covered the Sichuan Basin and some surrounding areas in its heyday.
From the third year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (347 years) to the first year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (58 1 year), Sichuan was incorporated into the territory of Sui Dynasty, and was ruled by eight regimes: Eastern Jin Dynasty, former Qin Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Southern Qi Liang Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty. Due to political turmoil and frequent wars, the social economy is basically at a standstill.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Sichuan's society was stable and its economy entered its heyday. There was a saying that "Yang (now in the south of the Yangtze River) benefited from one thing and two things". During the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took refuge in Shu. Later, many monarchs in the Tang Dynasty took refuge in Shu, such as Tang Dezong, who fled Zhu Qi's rebellion, and Tang Xizong, who fled Huang Chao's uprising.
In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (907), when the Tang Dynasty perished, Wang Jian and Meng Zhixiang successively established the pre-Shu regime and the post-Shu regime in Sichuan, which lasted 18 years and 3 1 year respectively. Both pre-Shu and post-Shu adopted the policy of recuperation, and Sichuan was once the most prosperous area in China because it was not involved in the Central Plains struggle. In the third year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (965), Song Jun destroyed Houshu.
Song Yuan Ming Qing Dynasty
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were many large-scale peasant uprisings in Sichuan, such as Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun. Nevertheless, compared with other parts of the country, Sichuan is relatively stable, which makes the social economy develop continuously and becomes the rear area of resisting gold and Mongolia in Song Dynasty. The half-century-long war in Sichuan at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty caused huge economic losses.
In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (137 1), the Ming Dynasty sent troops to bring Sichuan into the territory of the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang, a peasant uprising soldier, established the "Great West" regime in Sichuan (1644 ~ 1646), with Chengdu as Xijing. For more than 30 years in the early Qing Dynasty, Sichuan was in a state of war until the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1). In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), An Baili Uprising broke out in Sichuan, and it took the Qing court nine years to suppress it.
From the end of Song Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, under the unprecedented war, the population of Sichuan dropped sharply and the economy was depressed. As a result, the imperial court carried out two large-scale immigration movements in the early Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, which was called "Huguang filling Sichuan". The two migration movements have enabled Sichuan, which is sparsely populated, to acquire a large number of laborers, and its social economy has been rapidly restored.