In the process of designing and building the pyramids, the biggest problem faced by Khufu and his builders is how to lift more than 2.3 million stones and boulders weighing 60 tons to the required height.
According to general scientific knowledge, under the engineering and technical conditions at that time, the ancient Egyptians could only carry stones to the pyramids by building ramp passages.
So far, the research direction of pyramid construction mode focuses on the study of ramp. There are many theories to study this kind of pyramid ramp structure, and there is also great controversy. There are three representative ones; (1) straight ramp theory, (2) spiral ramp theory around the outer slope of the pyramid, (3) French architect Jon? Pierre? Wudan's theory of inner spiral slope channel.
However, these theories have serious defects and have not been unanimously recognized by academic circles.
However, a pyramid slope theory must meet the following three necessary conditions if it wants to be recognized by academic circles.
At present, all kinds of ramp theories can not meet these three necessary conditions at the same time, which shows that these theories are not valid. In addition, no traces of slopes were found around the pyramids. "Traceless" means that the ramp you imagined probably doesn't exist at all.
No traces of ramps were found in the arc pyramids in Egypt, the red pyramids and the three pyramids in Giza. Only at the bottom of some small gold pagodas, simple and low small ramp remains were found. The pavement width of these relics also shows that their height stays at the bottom and does not develop upward.
All this shows that the pyramid builders have never built a large ramp passage with a huge amount of work as everyone imagined.
So what kind of ramps did the pyramid builders use?
In fact, the special structure of the pyramid has long provided us with an important clue. The smooth outer surface of the pyramid can be an ideal ramp channel. This should be a very simple and efficient ramp transportation mode summarized by ancient Egyptians through long-term construction experience.
For a long time, when studying the pyramid ramp, our thinking was misled by a so-called limit angle, that is, "the slope of the ramp should not exceed 8". This angle limit is only based on the premise that people pull on the slope.
If the puller is on the horizontal construction platform of the pyramid and pulls the wooden sled with stones on the inclined plane of the pyramid outer cladding with a rope, the slope of 52 is not a problem. Pulling on a horizontal plane can maximize the labor efficiency of human pulling. As long as the pulling force is more reasonable than the sliding force and friction between the wooden sled and the stone, the stone can be pulled to the pyramid.
Based on the analysis and speculation of the internal and external structure of pyramid of khufu and the size of exposed stones, the builders in pyramid of khufu built three different types of special transport ramps according to different heights and sizes of stones.
What needs to be emphasized here is that the construction of these transport ramps has not increased the workload of the pyramids.
Two types of ramps in these three types of ramp channels were cleared and disappeared after completing the task. However, the transport ramp reserved for boulders in the pyramid is still almost intact.
The first form is "bottom slope"; This is a simple low slope with a slope of about 8. The bottom ramp was built with some gravel and sand when the second floor was built.
Starting from the second floor of the pyramid, stones are transported by wooden slideways through these ramps, and the ramps are correspondingly raised and lengthened for each floor of stones. This bottom ramp may be built to the 7th and 8th floors, and it will transport about 15% of the total number of stones.
The reason is that these layers of stones at the bottom of the pyramid are relatively large, so it is more labor-saving and efficient to transport them with low slope. Moreover, the amount of earthwork on the ramp built to this height is not much. The remains of this low slope can often be seen on other smaller architectural relics in Egypt.
The ramp built at the entrance to the north side of the pyramid should be built to a height of about 17 meters. The reason is that there used to be a passage leading to the inside of the pyramid, and large stones needed to be transported to this passage through this ramp.
After the second form of transport corridor was used to transport stones, these bottom ramps were cleared. Is likely to be sent to the pyramid, fill the gap between the rubble, leaving no trace.
The second form is "external inclined slide"; This is a slope slide that uses the slope of the outer layer of the pyramid itself. That is to say, when the inclined plane of white enveloping stone is built on the outer wall of the pyramid, a slope landslide road outside the pyramid is built on the inclined plane of the outer wall with a special shape enveloping stone. The assumed structural form is shown in the figure.
This ramp is perpendicular to the bottom line of the pyramid, and consists of a wooden sled carrying stones back and forth and a middle sliding ramp with stepped stones protruding from both sides. In order to prevent the groove left by wear from being lower than the surrounding inclined plane, the inclined plane of the middle sliding inclined plane can be slightly higher than that of the outer layer of the pyramid. The step stones on both sides are special-shaped stones made by processing the outer sides of the outer stones on both sides of the slide into steps.
Each step stone has 2 or 3 steps protruding from the slope of the pyramid. These step stones are connected up and down, and gradually extend upward, and finally form a "ladder" leading to the top of the pyramid, which becomes a channel for workers to go up and down the pyramid. At the same time, it also plays the role of guiding groove and retaining soil on both sides of the wooden sled loaded with stones, and can also carry out other construction and transportation work on it.
It is reasonable to speculate that there are at least four such "external inclined slides" distributed on the center lines of the four inclined planes of the pyramid, extending to the top of the tower, and eight "ladders" have been built.
The size of this kind of stone is slightly longer than other external stones, which is why we can see that there are dents on the center lines of the four inclined planes of the pyramid.
When the pyramid is built to the top of the tower, the step stones on the outer inclined slideway can also be used as the fixed stones for scaffolding, providing a working platform for placing the last pyramid capping stone. The huge coping "rockfall" should be pulled to the top of the tower through the outer inclined slide in the north (the traction method will be introduced in the following article).
These scaffolding and other appendages were removed one by one after the installation of the stone on the top of the tower. At the same time, remove the steps and slideways protruding from the inclined plane of the step stone layer by layer from top to bottom, and polish them to form a plane with the inclined plane of the surrounding stones to eliminate traces.
Therefore, we can't find these marks on the inclined surface of the outer cladding stone at the top of the Hafra pyramid and the outer surface of the curved pyramid. The construction method similar to this kind of stepping stone should also be suitable for the fixation of "changing the angle of several frames" (mentioned in the fifth part of the serial).
Here, through simple physical knowledge, force analysis and calculation are carried out to demonstrate the rationality of this inference;
From the above formula, it can be concluded that to pull the wooden sled loaded with 2.5 tons of stones, the maximum pulling force needs to exceed 22KN to move upward along the 52 outer ramp from the static state.
For the ancient Egyptians who were engaged in heavy physical labor all the year round, it should be no problem for the average person to exert 500N traction on the horizontal stone pavement. So more than 40 people can pull, and 50 people can easily pull the stone uphill.
The average vertical transportation height of 2.3 million stones used to build pyramid of khufu is 36.6 meters; The average transfer distance of stones on the outer inclined slideway is only 46.6 meters. If a large ramp is built in other ways, although the number of workers pulling stones may be reduced by half, the average distance required for pulling stones will reach more than 500 meters, which is more than 10 times that of using the outer ramp.
That is to say, the comprehensive labor efficiency has been improved by 3-4 times without considering the engineering quantity of building a large ramp, and only 300 people are needed to easily complete the work of carrying stones.
According to reasonable speculation, this mode of transportation can be divided into two stages: above the tower and below the tower.
The first stage: completed by the Tasha quarry transport team. There are 10 teams in this section, each with more than 20 people. Be responsible for transporting the mined stone from the quarry to the external inclined slideway at the foot of the pyramid with a wooden sled, tying the rope lowered from the dragging group on the pyramid construction level to the wooden sled, and then pulling the empty wooden sled lowered from the tower back to the quarry.
Their average distance is about 500 meters, round trip 1000 meters. Assuming that the towing speed is set to 3km/ h and the return speed is 5km/ h, the time required to complete a transportation is about 15 minutes, and 10 team transportation can completely reach the transportation capacity of 1 minute to transport a 2.5-ton stone in 30 seconds.
In other words, the team works 10 hours a day on average, and theoretically can transport 400 stones. Far higher than the minimum standard requirements of 350 yuan every day.
An ancient Egyptian hieroglyph recorded in ancient Egyptian literature was interpreted as "people in quarries can't go to the pyramids". "The quarry transport team is only responsible for transporting from the quarry to the foot of the pyramid, not to the top of the pyramid". Is this another misunderstanding of the hieroglyphic description of ancient Egypt?
The second stage: completed by the transportation team at the construction level of the iron tower. This team has five towing teams, each with about 20 people. On the construction level, three groups (50-60 people) cooperated to drag the wooden sled rope with stones at the foot of the pyramid on its construction platform, and pulled it to the pyramid construction level along the outer inclined slideway.
Then use one of the teams to transport it to the corresponding location along the wall passage. The others sent the last empty wooden sled back to the bottom of the tower by the original road, and then the three groups cooperated to pull new stones. Pull it up repeatedly, transport it in turn, and always keep three groups dragging upwards.
The technical requirements for building this kind of external inclined slideway are not high, and the construction method is relatively simple. More importantly, this form of slope will not increase the workload. On average, each floor and each passage need 4 specially treated stones, and 4 passages have 209 floors. Only 3344 specially treated stones are needed, accounting for less than 5% of the whole pyramid.
The third form is a special ramp for boulders: Khufu used many granite boulders when building the king's mausoleum, and the largest boulder weighed more than 60 tons. How to transport these huge stones is the biggest problem in the process of pyramid construction. Such a heavy boulder can't be transported by the "outer inclined slide".
The passage dedicated to boulders was specially designed and built by ancient Egyptians for transporting these boulders. This megalithic passage is basically intact in the pyramid so far. The passage dedicated to this boulder is the famous Great Pyramid Corridor.
A few years ago, the "mysterious big space" above the big cloister, which was detected by the "scanning pyramid" team that shocked its predecessors, was probably another special passage for the boulder hidden in the pyramid.
(a) the mysterious monastery:
This large cloister is a very special building, built on the ascending passage leading to the king's tomb. The large cloister is 47.85 meters long and 8.5 meters high. The bottom ramp of the large cloister passage is an upward extension of the upward tunnel, with a length of 46.38+02 meters. On both sides, there are inclined stone platforms with a height of 0.52 meters and a width of 0.52 meters, which extend to the horizontal platform in front of the entrance of the king's tomb.
The width between the two walls is 2. 12m, and the height of the two walls is1.6m. Its top is a 7-story inverted trapezoidal overlapping vault structure, each floor is 7.7cm higher than the next one, and the ceiling width on it is1.05m.. There are 26 symmetrical equidistant pits with a length of 0.52m, a width of 0.14m and a depth of 0.18m inside the stone platforms on both sides, and grooves perpendicular to the horizontal plane are also chiseled on the adjacent pit walls, but they are all blocked by limestone.
For a long time, it is generally believed that the purpose of building a large cloister is to connect the passage of the tomb, and to place sealing stones in advance to seal the entrance of the ascending tunnel. However, there are still some questions about its structure.
1, for the above two purposes, the structural size of the large cloister is too large and grand, and the additional structure is complicated. If it's only for placing stones, the width of the inclined mesa on both sides is enough, and two or three overlapping layers can be reduced.
2. The third overlapping layer on the east and west sides of the large cloister has a very obvious rubbing, which runs through the whole cloister from the lower end to the upper end. These marks show that something harder than limestone was rubbed when it moved in parallel on the slope in the big cloister.
Moreover, it can be seen from the traces that this object entered from the lower end, did not block the upper and lower ends of the large cloister, and went out through the entire large cloister tunnel from the upper end. At the same time, it can be judged from the traces that these are two deep traces left by hard friction under very great and stable force.
The King's Tomb is made of granite boulders harder than limestone, and its width is 1.59 meters. The width of the passage here is 1.66 meters, which is just enough to pass. Therefore, it can be reasonably speculated that this trace should be caused by the deviation of these granite boulders in the process of pulling up, or the friction of the protrusions on the boulders used to anchor the ropes.
This is the most direct and powerful evidence that granite boulders were transported to the Great Cloister. It can be seen that another important purpose of building such a grand cloister is; In order to transport the huge stones used to build the king's mausoleum, this special ramp with low angle was built in the pyramid, which can pass through a large triangular wooden slideway with a width of 2 meters and a horizontal length of 7 meters to transport the huge stones used to build the king's mausoleum.
Jon, a French architect who once put forward the theory of internal spiral slope passage, said that the large cloister could become a huge stone transportation passage. Pierre? Mr. wudan once put forward a similar theory, suggesting that there might have been a wooden sleigh with a boulder of more than 20 tons in the corridor, which was verified by computer simulation experiments. However, his theory is limited to the assumption that it is designed and built as a space for the counterweight device to move up and down when lifting the boulder.
Through the above analysis and speculation based on the structural characteristics and traces of the large cloister, we can draw the conclusion that the design of the large cloister is mainly aimed at anti-theft facilities and transportation channels of boulders. It takes full account of:
(1) Pre-set the space for plugging the plug in the ascending tunnel and the structural requirements for lowering the plug through the mechanism.
(2) The large space and structural requirements of sledges used for transporting boulders,
(3) It is necessary to set up a wooden passage from the sloping desktop on both sides to transport the Pharaoh's remains and funerary objects sealed with stones in advance.
The structural size of the large cloister basically meets the above requirements, and it is just right and very accurate. It embodies the superb and admirable design ability of pyramid of khufu designers.
In order to transport stones through the corridor, it is necessary to build a temporary transport corridor from the outside of the tower to the bottom of the corridor. On the cross-sectional structure of the pyramid, the ceiling of the queen's tomb and the lower end of the corridor are connected in a straight line, and then they can be connected to the entrance to the north of the pyramid. The slope of this line is about 8 degrees.
It is speculated that in the early days, this passage built by ancient Egyptians was used to transport 4-5 tons of limestone and more than 30 tons of ceiling boulders to build the Queen's Tomb. After the queen's tomb was built, the big cloister was also built. With the construction level of pyramids and the rise of large cloister buildings, this temporary passage has become a V-shaped gap.
At this time, the lower end of the large cloister is always open and connected with the bottom ramp on the north side of the pyramid through a temporary transportation channel, forming a direct transportation ramp from outside the pyramid to the construction site of the king's tomb.
Through this passage, limestone for building a large cloister, granite for building a tomb stone wall, granite sarcophagus placed in the king's tomb, hanging sealing stone for sealing the entrance of the king's tomb, and sealing stone for sealing the ascending passage in advance were transported.
After that, the upper and lower ends of the large cloister were blocked with limestone fine stones by overlapping method, and then the V-shaped gap on the north side of the pyramid was filled up layer by layer.
(2) The newly detected "mysterious space" and the mystery of the inverted V-shaped triangular megalithic arch at the entrance of the pyramid;
2017165438+12 October, the "scanning pyramid" team composed of Japanese and French scientists published a paper in the journal nature, and published a major discovery that shocked the Egyptian archaeological community. Announced the use of cosmic ray imaging technology, different? The sub-detector explored pyramid of khufu and found two hollow structures in the pyramid of khufu.
A huge hollow structure is located in the upper part of the great corridor in the depths of pyramid of khufu, 50 to 70 meters high from the bottom of the pyramid and at least 30 meters long. The structure seems to be consistent with the big corridor.
The other is just behind the inverted V-shaped boulder at the entrance of pyramid of khufu, which is 7 to 23 meters high from the bottom of the pyramid/kloc-0. Height 1 to 3m, width 1 to 2m, 0.7-2m away from the pyramid surface, which looks like a corridor.
So is there any connection between the existence of these two mysterious spaces that have been proved by modern technology and the way the pyramids were built?
Based on the known information, this paper makes a detailed analysis and research on the relationship between the existence of these two mysterious spaces and the way of pyramid construction, and makes reasonable inferences to explain the rationality and necessity of their existence.
As mentioned above when introducing the mystery of the Great Cloister, the granite boulders that built the king's mausoleum were brought up through the transportation ramp of the Great Cloister. As we know, the decompression chamber structure above the king's tomb uses 63 granite boulders, and the inverted V-shaped triangular decompression ceiling above uses 22 single-layer slabs with sloping roofs.
Refer to the inverted "V" triangular ceiling structure at the north entrance of the pyramid, with a span of 3 meters and two layers of boulder sloping roof beams and slabs.
Then, as the core structure of the pyramid, in the decompression structure system of the king's tomb with a span of more than 5.23 meters, the most critical part is the adoption of at least two-story boulder inclined roof beam-slab structure.
This requires that before the ceiling of the king's tomb is capped, the number must reach 107, and each boulder weighing 40-60 tons must be transported to a corresponding height of more than 48.8 meters and placed layer by layer.
Therefore, it is necessary to build an extension ramp with a vertical height of more than 20 meters and a slope length of more than 40 meters on the south wall of the king's tomb. It is also necessary to build at least six terraces and triangular roofs with the same height as each decompression chamber, which can be used to place 107 boulders in advance, and to place boulders for masonry at the same height.
Remove the ramp after all the boulders are sent up, then put the sarcophagus into the tomb, build a stone wall structure on the north side of the tomb, place all the sealing stones, cover the tomb, and then pull the boulders back to the top of the tomb layer by layer to build a decompression chamber and a shed roof.
This scheme makes the whole project extremely complicated, which requires very high construction technology and management level, and requires very complicated engineering investigation and construction, which greatly improves the difficulty of the project and sharply increases the engineering quantity, which will greatly affect the project progress.
However, it will be much easier for them to solve this problem if they open a boulder transportation ramp similar to the big cloister and reach the ceiling height of the decompression chamber. The whole decompression chamber construction project can continue to be carried out layer by layer as planned with the extension of the solitary stone special passage, and the construction survey and management will become relatively simple.
This is also the rationality and necessity of the need to build another tunnel dedicated to boulders. Moreover, the "mysterious big space" discovered this time is about 70 meters from the ground, which is consistent with the height of the triangular inclined ceiling stone above the decompression chamber.
According to these factors, it can be boldly and reasonably speculated that the "mysterious passage" on the big cloister is probably another passage dedicated to boulders, and it is an inclined space with a structure similar to that of the big cloister, which is a replica of the transportation passage on the slope of the big cloister.
This passage should be built together with the slope of the outer stone on the north side of the pyramid while filling the V-shaped gap. It has been built to the ceiling height of the triangular sloping roof above the king's tomb. The granite boulders used in the decompression chamber above the ceiling of the King's Tomb and the Liang Shi with a triangular inclined ceiling should be transported through this "mysterious space" channel.
The inclination of this passage is between 26 and 28, and its length can reach 1 10 meter. The lower end is at the bottom of the original V-shaped notch, behind the huge sealing stone under the inverted V-shaped triangular vault at the entrance of the pyramid, which is another "mysterious small space" found in this exploration.
The inverted "V" double-layer double-slope triangular structure at the entrance to the north of the pyramid has always been a puzzling place. Looking at its exposed structure, we can find that the entrance of the descending passage of the pyramid is obviously exposed under the huge blocking stones, which can't be built for anti-theft camouflage.
The argument that the protective structure is built to protect the entrance of the downward tunnel from collapse is even more untenable, because the tunnel with a width of only 1.05 meters only needs thicker stone lintels to bear the pressure on it.
The 80-meter-long walls in the pyramid are covered with horizontal Liang Shi. Therefore, this structure has nothing to do with protecting the tunnel entrance, and should have other special uses. This time, the detection results provide a crucial clue to solve this mystery.
This structure is very similar to the ceiling structure of the Queen's Tomb of the Great Pyramid, aiming to disperse the pressure on it and protect the "mysterious small space" behind the boulder.
The width between the stone walls on both sides supporting these top stones is about 3 meters, which is more suitable for manipulating wooden sledges carrying huge stones inside.
It can be inferred that the "mysterious small space" behind the boulder should be a small horizontal transportation tunnel connecting the lower end of the special transportation passage for the boulder in the "mysterious big space" and the transportation passage on the outer bottom slope of the pyramid.
After the decompression chamber on the king's tomb was completed, the builders filled and blocked the lower part of this small tunnel and the huge stone transportation passage in the "mysterious space" with stones. Part of the upper space may be reserved as a decompression space for the large corridor below.
When plugging a small horizontal transport tunnel, it may be because it is difficult to place heavy stones at the height under the ceiling, leaving some small space.
This inference is based on the detection results published by the international research team of "Scanning Pyramid" 20 17, which is a very reasonable explanation, which also makes the inference of the special passage for megalithic more perfect.
From the above, it can be seen that the inference of the three ramp forms built and used in the pyramid construction process completely conforms to the three necessary conditions for the establishment of the ramp theory.
This method is also very scientific and practical, and it can be realized under the technical conditions at that time. This is also complementary to the archaeological conclusion that "more than 20,000 people completed the construction of the pyramids in more than 20 years".
The ancient Egyptians used their genius wisdom to create an extremely ingenious, extremely simple and effective construction method, which was completely beyond all our imagination. It's amazing!
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Seeing this, many people may think that the above inference is absurd, especially the experts and scholars who have conducted in-depth research on pyramid construction methods.
The reason for this is traction!
Pulling a 60-ton boulder on a slope of 26 requires about 400KN of traction. According to the traction of 0.5KN for one person, at least 800 people are needed. But it is impossible to arrange so many people to pull boulders on the pyramid, and it can only be achieved by traction devices. But in our inherent knowledge, it is impossible for ancient Egypt to have such traction facilities.
So what methods did the ancient Egyptians use? Do they really have traction equipment that can pull 60 tons of boulders?
Answer: Yes! In ancient Egypt, there used to be heavy traction equipment to pull boulders. This is a major new discovery that subverts previous theories in the history of pyramid research!
In the next episode "Uncovering the Mystery of Stone Handling in pyramid of khufu", this amazing new discovery will be introduced in detail.
Stay tuned! **
Next episode preview:
Completely and thoroughly uncover the eternal mystery of the Egyptian pyramids: Part VIII
This is the second heavy and confidential article since the publication of the series, and it is also the most crucial mystery in the pyramid mystery.
Stay tuned!