Next generation mobile communication technology
Mobile communication is a miracle in the development of human society. In December 2004, the total number of global (cellular) mobile communication users reached more than 1.7 billion, exceeding the number of fixed communication users with a century-old development history. In the past 10 years, mobile communication technology has completed the transition from first-generation analog communication technology to second-generation digital communication technology, and is currently in the process of transitioning from its peak state to third-generation (3G) mobile communication technology.
Currently, developed countries in the world have invested in the development of third-generation and next-generation mobile communication standards, technologies and products.
——3G mobile communications: The three major standards approved by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T) for 3G are Europe's WCDMA, Qualcomm's CDMA2000 and China Datang Telecom's TD-SCDMA. 3G has been commercialized in more than 30 countries around the world.
——Enhanced 3G (Enhanced 3G): In order to overcome the shortcomings of 3G technology that cannot well support services such as streaming media, the International Telecommunications Union has been formulating enhanced 3G technology standards. Experts predict that enhanced 3G technology will enter commercial use.
——4G (or Beyond 3G): Research on the next generation of mobile communications, the so-called Beyond 3G (hereinafter collectively referred to as Beyond 3G) technology, is a hot topic internationally. Beyond 3G has higher speeds and better spectrum utilization. The European Union, Japan, South Korea and other countries have begun research on the 4G framework, and it is expected that Beyond 3G technology will be commercialized after 2010.
The total number of China Mobile users has reached 334 million, ranking first in the world. The overall technical level is in sync with the international level and is in the transition period from the second generation to the third generation. my country's 3G mobile communication technology has the ability to achieve industrialization. The TD-SCDMA standard proposed by my country's Datang Telecom in May 2000 has become one of the three major standards officially adopted by the International Telecommunications Union. In addition, with the support of the national "863" plan, research on Beyond 3G technology has been carried out, and it is expected that this technology will be commercialized after 2010.
Beyond 3G technology is of great significance to my country's economic and social development and national defense construction. Delphi expert survey statistics show that my country's R&D level lags behind leading countries by about five years. Through independent development or joint development, independent intellectual property rights may be formed in the next five years. A group of high-tech communication equipment manufacturing companies, represented by Huawei and ZTE, keep up with the international forefront in research and development of third-generation mobile communication equipment (3G), break the monopoly of foreign companies on high-tech communication equipment, and begin to participate in international The formulation of communication standards, the development of core technologies with independent intellectual property rights, the ability to participate in international competition, and the opportunity to achieve leapfrog development of technology and industry.
China's next-generation network system
Next-generation network (NGN) generally refers to the Internet, mobile communication networks and fixed phones with IP as the core and capable of supporting voice, data and multimedia services. Converged network of communication networks.
Countries around the world and international communications standardization organizations are actively carrying out research and development work on next-generation networks. The International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) are all committed to the research of next-generation network systems. At present, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and the European Union have launched next-generation Internet research plans to comprehensively carry out research and development of various core technologies.
Our country has made great progress in the research of next-generation networks. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, the 863 Program built major projects such as the "China High-Speed ??Information Demonstration Network" (CAINONET) and the "China High-Speed ??Interconnection Research Test Network NSFCNET" supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Currently, soft switching based on NGN has begun Research on the application of technology in mobile and multimedia communications. Companies such as ZTE and Huawei have also launched NGN solutions based on soft switching; in terms of next-generation Internet research, high-end routing switches launched by ZTE, Harbor Networks, etc. can be applied to the construction of national backbone IP networks, as well as large and medium-sized broadband IP metropolitan areas. Network core backbone and convergence. Domestic companies have also begun to design high-end packet switching custom ASIC chips themselves.
Our country has become one of the few countries that can provide a full range of data communication equipment.
Next-generation network technology plays a decisive role in promoting the development of high-tech in our country, as well as in transforming and upgrading our country's traditional industries, and is crucial to national security. Generally speaking, my country's Internet technology follows the development of foreign countries, lacks systematic research on technology selection, and has gone through some detours. There is still a large gap with foreign countries. Regardless of the size of network users, network applications, network technology or network products, there is still a lot of room for development. From an overall perspective, we should seize the opportunity to carry out research, application testing, key technology research and product development of China's next-generation network system. It cannot be like the first generation of the Internet, where the technology and standards are all foreign, causing hidden dangers to national security.
Nanoscale chip technology
Currently, the development of integrated circuits still follows "Moore's Law", that is, its integration level and product performance double every 18 months. According to the device characteristic size Paths to shrink, increased silicon size, increased chip integration, and design technology optimization continue to evolve.
Since the 1990s, global integrated circuit manufacturing technology has been upgrading at an accelerated pace. The current mainstream technology for mass production of CMOS integrated circuits in the world is 130nm, and some technologically advanced chip manufacturing companies such as Intel are already using 90nm for high-performance chip production. In 2005, the American AMD Company began mass production of 90nm high-performance chips, and the international development of 65nm technology has also been successful. With the upgrade of 130nm to 90nm technology, taking into account the expansion of production scale and cost reduction, most companies will use 12-inch instead of 8-inch silicon substrates, which will also lead to a large number of updates of semiconductor equipment.
The rise of some advanced integrated circuit manufacturing companies in my country in recent years has significantly narrowed the gap between domestic integrated circuit manufacturing process technology and the international advanced level, but the overall level is still 2 to 3 generations behind that of advanced countries. . At present, the annual design capabilities of my country's integrated circuit design companies have exceeded 500 types, and the mainstream design level has reached 180nm. 130nm technology is under development, and the research and development of 90nm technology has also begun. From the perspective of industrial development, my country's integrated circuit industry has initially formed an integrated circuit industry consisting of more than a dozen backbone chip production enterprises, more than a dozen key packaging factories, more than 20 design companies that have begun to take shape, and several key material and special equipment and instrument manufacturers. Industrial groups, design, chip manufacturing, and packaging industries are booming. The new progress made by research institutions and enterprises represented by the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in CPU research and development indicates that my country has strong capabilities in integrated circuit design and has further narrowed the gap with the international advanced level. At present, most of my country's chip industry is concentrated in low-end transportation, communications, banking, information management, petroleum, labor security, identity recognition, anti-counterfeiting and other fields. IC card chips have always accounted for about 20% of the overall chip market.
The future of IC will be an era of nano-manufacturing technology, and nano-chip technology is the key for our country to catch up with the world. Its success will be an important milestone in the development history of our country's IC industry and the driving force for sustainable development. Experts believe that development should be prioritized.
Chinese information processing technology
Chinese information processing technology, including Chinese characters and ethnic minority scripts, is a fusion of Chinese linguistics and computer science and technology. It is a discipline related to linguistics, It is a marginal interdisciplinary subject connected with computer science, psychology, mathematics, cybernetics, information theory, acoustics, automation technology and other disciplines.
With the development of the Internet, Chinese information processing technology has penetrated into all aspects of social life. In 1994, Microsoft began to enter the Chinese software market. Microsoft's WORD squeezed the domestic WPS out of the market, and then the Chinese version of Windows squeezed the domestic Chinese Star. Microsoft relies on its strong advantageous position to make domestic Chinese information processing software difficult to develop. The Chinese versions of Windows, Office, etc. occupy most of the Chinese software market, causing Chinese information processing to gradually lose its special status.
After 20 to 30 years of hard work, my country's Chinese information processing, including basic processing technologies such as Chinese encoding, fonts, input, display, and output, has been put into practical use, and is now gradually getting rid of "word processing" "stage is in a period of rapid development to a more advanced stage. Research on technologies including Chinese text recognition machines and handwritten text recognition, speech synthesis, speech recognition, language understanding and intelligent interfaces has made progress.
Technologies such as Chinese full-text retrieval, content management, intelligent search, and machine translation between Chinese and other texts are also being developed and developed, and have made great progress. Companies such as Lenovo, Founder, Sitong, Hanwang, and Huajian have emerged. .
With China's accession to the WTO and the gradual expansion of exchanges with other countries around the world and the advent of the network information age, Chinese information processing technology has become increasingly important. Its improvement in automation level will greatly promote our country's science and technology, national economy and society. development, and at the same time enable the culture of the Chinese nation to gain new development in the information age. In the future, R&D investment and policy preferences for Chinese information processing technology should undoubtedly be strengthened.
Human Functional Genomics Research
The Human Genome Project launched at the end of the 20th century is recognized as a milestone in the history of life sciences. Its scale and significance exceeds the Manhattan atomic bomb project and the Apollo moon landing. plan. With the completion of the complete sequence determination of more than 50 biological genomes, including the human genome, rice genome, and other important microorganisms, international genomic research has entered a new stage of functional genomics.
Functional genomics has become the forefront of international research in the 21st century and represents a new stage of genetic analysis. It uses the information and products provided by structural genome to develop and apply new experimental methods, and by comprehensively analyzing the functions of genes at the genome or system level, biological research shifts from the study of a single gene or protein to multiple genes or proteins. Systematic research on proteins is carried out at the same time. After the static base sequence of the genome is clarified, it is transferred to the study of dynamic biological functions of the genome. Thousands of papers on functional genomics have been published since 1997, many of which have been published in internationally renowned publications such as Cell, Nature, and Science.
Currently, functional genomic research focuses on four aspects: First, research on gene sequencing technology. It is expected that sequencing technology will continue to develop in the next few years, especially some important improvements that will be directly used in functional genome research; the second is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SNP haplotype research established on this basis. ; The third is the study of the rules of genome orderly expression. It mainly includes in-depth identification of genes, gene expression and transcriptome research, protein and proteome research, metabolic network and metabolic molecule research, gene expression regulation research, etc.; the fourth is computational biology and systems biology research.
In recent years, with the funding of the national “863” program and major national science and technology projects, functional genomics research in my country has made a series of progress. The Chinese nation accounts for 1/5 of the world's population and has rich family resources of genetic diseases, which is a favorable factor for the development of functional genomic research in my country. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, my country participated in the International Proteome Project and the International Human Genome Haplotype Map Project, completed the task of the chromosome 21 region in the project with high quality and on time, and established and improved the Chinese nation's genome and important diseases. The construction of a database of gene SNPs and their haplotypes has resulted in the publication of a number of high-level academic papers in first-class international magazines, the application of a number of national patents, the collection and preservation of a number of valuable genetic resources, and the preliminary establishment of a genetic resource database. Collection network and resource information database collection and management system, established a number of national bases, trained a team, established a number of technology platforms. However, overall, the number of original innovations in functional genome research and application in my country is relatively small, and it is still unable to provide sufficient knowledge and products for the development of the medical biotechnology industry.
——Functional genomic research. Focus on plant functional genome research, human functional genome research, and important pathogenic microorganisms and special microorganism functional genome research;
——Proteomics research. Proteomics is a new field that is still in its early stages of development and there are still many difficulties to be overcome. Our country should choose distinctive fields to carry out research;
——Biological information technology. Our country's research focus should be on the construction of biological information databases, the development, processing, utilization of biological information and parallel processing of biological information;
——Biochip technology and products. A miniature biochemical analysis system built on the surface of a solid chip through microprocessing technology and microelectronics technology to achieve accurate, fast, and large-information detection of cells, proteins, DNA, and other biological components. Commonly used biochips include gene chips, protein chips, biochemical reaction chips, and sample preparation chips. The main features of biochips are high throughput, miniaturization and automation.
Our country's biochip research keeps up with the international forefront. It will have a revolutionary role in promoting my country's life science research, medical diagnosis, and new drug screening. It will also make great contributions to my country's population quality, agricultural development, and environmental protection.
Experts believe that my country’s R&D level in human functional genomics research is about five years behind leading countries. If we attach great importance to it and make full use of our country’s existing technological and resource advantages, our country may achieve human functional genomics research in the next 10 years. A leap forward in functional genomics research.
Proteomics research
With the successful implementation of the Human Genome Project, known as the "Bible" for deciphering human life, the strategic focus of life sciences has shifted to elucidating the overall function of the human genome. Targeted functional genomics. As the "executor" of life activities, proteins have naturally become a new research focus. Proteomics, which is characterized by studying the complete set of proteins possessed by a cell, tissue or complete organism, has naturally become the "mainstay" of functional genomics and constitutes the strategic commanding heights of functional genomics research.
The main content of current proteomics is to establish and develop proteome research techniques and methods and conduct proteome analysis. In order to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the analysis process, large-scale sample processing robots are also used in this field. The entire research process includes sample processing, protein separation, protein abundance analysis, protein identification and other steps.
Since the term proteome was coined in 1995 to the present, proteomics research has developed by leaps and bounds. my country's proteome research is also developing rapidly and has achieved many meaningful results. Chinese scientists have made important achievements in major diseases such as liver cancer and comparative proteomics research. With the funding of the "973" program, my country has begun research on two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome separation, image analysis technology and proteome identification mass spectrometry technology.
How to seize the opportunity when international proteomics research has just started and quickly enter the international forefront of proteomics research is an important issue in the development direction of life science research in my country.
At present, our country has a good R&D foundation in this field and is only about 5 years behind advanced countries. Proteomics is at the forefront of science. Experts suggest that research should be carried out in conjunction with my country's current genome research and other fields with my country's characteristics or advantages. Instead of repeating or following existing international work, we should go our own way. It is possible to achieve success in the next 10 years. Major scientific breakthrough.
Biopharmaceutical technology
Biopharmaceuticals are called the "first wave" of biotechnology, and its attractive prospects have aroused the attention of governments, scientific and technological circles, and business circles around the world. focus on.
In the past 30 years, global biotechnology has made remarkable achievements. According to the analysis of the 18th and 19th Global Biotechnology Annual Reports published in 2004 and 2005 by the famous American consulting firm Ernst & Young, the global biotechnology industry revenue in 2003 reached US$41 billion. Currently, more than 190 biotechnology products have been approved for listing, stimulating investors' interest in biotechnology stocks and financing.
In the past 20 years, my country's pharmaceutical biotechnology industry has made great progress. According to statistics from the "China Biotechnology Development Report 2004", my country has 25 kinds of genetically engineered drugs and genetically engineered vaccines with independent intellectual property rights. There are 9 kinds of drugs on the market. Recombinant human ω-interferon nasal spray received national clinical research approval in April 2003 and can be used for prevention of large-scale high-risk groups. However, overall there is still a big gap compared with the world's advanced level. The sales revenue of pharmaceutical biotechnology products only accounts for about 7.5% of the total sales of the pharmaceutical industry.
In order to accelerate the development of my country's biopharmaceutical technology, the focus of future research and development is:
——Biotechnology drugs (including vaccines) and preparation technology. Focusing on the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of major diseases and difficult diseases such as nervous system, immune system, endocrine system and tumors that endanger people's health, apply technologies such as genetic engineering, cell engineering, fermentation engineering and enzyme engineering to develop monoclonal antibodies, genetic engineering drugs, Antisense drugs, gene therapy drugs, soluble protein drugs and genetically engineered vaccines expand the field of new pharmaceutical products;
——High-throughput screening technology. At present, many foreign pharmaceutical companies have adopted high-throughput screening as the main means of discovering lead compounds.
A typical high-throughput screening mode screens 1,000 compounds at a time, while ultra-high-throughput screening can screen more than 100,000 compounds per day. As analysis capacity increases, analytical detection technology, liquid handling and automation, continuous flow and information processing will become the focus of future high-throughput screening technology research;
——Preparation of natural drug raw materials. At present, it has been found that humans suffer from more than 30,000 diseases, 1/3 of which rely on symptomatic treatment. Very few people can be cured, and most people lack effective treatment drugs. In the past, synthetic drugs were mostly used. With the advancement of science and technology, people's awareness of self-care has increased, and the pursuit of natural drugs is increasing day by day. Currently, countries around the world are strengthening the research and development of natural medicines.
Bioinformatics research
In the research of life sciences, computers are used as tools to store, retrieve and analyze biological information, and to obtain, process and store biological information related to genome research. , distribution, analysis and interpretation - bioinformatics has developed rapidly since its emergence in the 1980s. On the one hand, its research is the collection, organization and service of massive data; on the other hand, it is the use of these data to discover new patterns.
Specifically, bioinformatics uses genomic DNA sequence information analysis as the source to find the coding regions representing proteins and RNA genes in the genome sequence; at the same time, it elucidates information about the large number of non-coding regions that exist in the genome. In essence, decipher the laws of genetic language hidden in DNA sequences; on this basis, summarize and organize data on transcription profiles and protein profiles related to the release and regulation of genomic genetic information, thereby understanding the laws of metabolism, development, differentiation, and evolution. . In addition, bioinformatics also uses the information in the coding region of the genome to simulate the spatial structure of proteins and predict protein functions, and combines this information with the physiological and biochemical information of organisms and life processes to elucidate their molecular mechanisms and ultimately conduct protein analysis. , molecular design of nucleic acids, drug design and personalized healthcare design.
The development of bioinformatics has organically connected genomic informatics, protein structure calculation and simulation, and drug design. It will lead to biology, physics, mathematics, computer science and other sciences. The integration of cultures has created a number of new interdisciplinary subjects.
Scientists generally believe that the first few years of this century were an era of brilliant results in human genome research and an era of vigorous development of bioinformatics. It is predicted that the global market value of biological information will reach 40 billion US dollars by 2005.
my country’s bioinformatics research started relatively early. In the late 1980s, domestic scholars reported computer analysis of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily in Nature. At present, many universities and research institutions have also established bioinformatics centers or research institutes. Various original databases, mirror databases and secondary databases have also been gradually established. At the same time, our country has also established relevant workstations and network servers to achieve the same goal. With network connections to major international genome databases and research centers, we have developed computational tools for nucleic acid, protein structure, and functional analysis, as well as protein three-dimensional structure prediction, parallel high-throughput gene splicing, and gene prediction based on group theory methods. kind of software. Chinese scholars also used self-developed computer cloning programs to carry out large-scale EST data analysis, established a series of new algorithms and technologies for genome sequence analysis, and published a series of papers in famous domestic and foreign scientific magazines, achieving remarkable results. Notable progress has been made, especially in the prediction of the number of genes in the human genome, which has achieved results that are quite consistent with the current experimental facts, and has been generally recognized internationally.