To enter, you can press the pause key after turning on the computer, and then press the corresponding key when prompted. Usually the del key
Time/System Time time/system time
Date/System Date date/system date
Level 2 Cache secondary cache
System Memory system memory
Video Controller video controller
Panel Type LCD screen model
Audio Controller audio controller
Modem Controller Modem
Primary Hard Drive
Modular Bay module bay
Service Tag
Asset Tag asset tag
BIOS Version BIOS version
Boot Order/Boot Sequence boot sequence (the order in which the system searches for operating system files)
Diskette Drive floppy disk drive
p>Internal HDD internal hard drive
Floppy device floppy device
Hard-Disk Drive
[hide]USB Storage Device USB storage device
CD/DVD/CD-RW Drive
CD-ROM device Optical drive
Modular Bay HDD modular hard drive
Cardbus NIC Cardbus bus network card
Onboard NIC onboard network card
Boot POST The level of hardware check when performing power-on self-test (POST): set to "MINIMAL" (default setting) to automatically boot The check is only performed if the BIOS is upgraded, the memory module is changed, or the previous POST was not completed. Set to "THOROUGH" to perform a full set of hardware checks during power-on self-test.
Config Warnings warning settings: This option is used to set whether to alarm when the system uses a lower voltage power adapter or other unsupported configurations. Set it to "DISABLED" to disable the alarm, and set it to "ENABLED" to enable it. Alarm
Internal Modem Internal Modem: Use this option to enable or disable the internal Modem. When disabled, the Modem is not visible in the operating system.
LAN Controller Network Controller: Use this option to enable or disable the PCI Ethernet controller. When disabled the device is not visible in the operating system.
PXE BIS Policy/PXE BIS Default Policy
PXE BIS Policy: This option controls how the system handles (Boot Integrity Services (BIS)) authorization requests when there is no authentication. The system can accept or reject BIS requests. When set to "Reset", BIS will be reinitialized and set to "Deny" the next time the computer is started.
Onboard Bluetooth
Onboard Bluetooth Device
MiniPCI Device
Mini PCI Device
MiniPCI Status
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Mini PCI Device Status: Use this option to enable or disable the onboard PCI device when installing a Mini PCI device
Wireless Control
Wireless Control: Use this option to Set the control method of MiniPCI and Bluetooth wireless devices. When set to "Application" the wireless device can be enabled or disabled through applications such as "Quickset", hotkeys are not available. When set to "/Application" the wireless device can be enabled or disabled via applications such as "Quickset" or hotkeys. When set to "Always Off" the wireless device is disabled and cannot be enabled in the operating system.
Wireless
Wireless devices: Use this option to enable or disable wireless devices. This setting can be changed in the operating system via the "Quickset" or "" hotkey. Whether this setting is available depends on the Wireless Control setting.
Serial Port
Serial Port: This option can avoid device resource conflicts by reassigning port addresses or disabling ports.
Infrared Data Port
Infrared data port. Use this setting to avoid device resource conflicts by reassigning port addresses or disabling ports.
Parallel Mode
Parallel mode. Control whether the computer parallel port works in "NORMAL" (AT compatible) (ordinary standard parallel port), "BI-DIRECTIONAL" (PS/2 compatible) (bi-directional mode, allowing two-way communication between the host and peripherals) or "ECP" (Extended Capabilities) Ports, extended function ports) (default).
Num Lock
Num Lock. Set whether the digital light (NumLock LED) lights up when the system starts. Set to "DISABLE" to keep the digital light off, and to "ENABLE" to light up the digital light when the system starts.
Keyboard NumLock
Keyboard NumLock: This option is used to set whether to prompt keyboard-related error messages when the system starts.
Enable Keypad
Enable keypad: Set to "BY NUMLOCK" to enable the numeric keypad when the NumLock light is on and no external keyboard is connected. Set to "Only By Key" to keep the embedded keypad disabled when the NumLock light is on.
External Hot Key
External Hot Key: This setting allows you to use the keys on an external PS/2 keyboard in the same way as using the keys on your laptop. If you use an ACPI operating system, such as Win2000 or WinXP, keys cannot be used with a USB keyboard. Keys are only available from USB keyboards in pure DOS mode. Set to "SCROLL LOCK" (the default option) to enable this feature, and to "NOT INSTALLED" to disable it.
USB Emulation
USB emulation: Use this option to use USB keyboard, USB mouse and USB floppy drive in operating systems that do not directly support USB. This setting is automatically enabled during BIOS startup. When this feature is enabled, the simulation continues when control is transferred to the operating system. Disabling this feature turns off the emulation when control is transferred to the operating system.
Pointing Device
Pointing Device: When set to "SERIAL MOUSE", the external serial mouse is enabled and the integrated touchpad is disabled. When set to "PS/2 MOUSE", if an external PS/2 mouse is connected, the integrated touchpad will be disabled. When set to "TOUCH PAD-PS/2 MOUSE" (default setting), if an external PS/2 mouse is connected, you can switch between the mouse and the touchpad. The changes take effect after the computer restarts.
Video Expansion
Video Expansion: Use this option to enable or disable video expansion, adjusting the lower resolution to a higher, normal LCD resolution.
Battery
Battery
Battery Status
Battery Status
Power Management
Power Management
Suspend Mode
Suspend Mode
AC Power Recovery
AC Power Recovery: This option can reset the AC power adapter The computer's response when plugged back into the system.
Low Power Mode
Low Power Mode: This option is used to set the power used when the system sleeps or shuts down.
Brightness
Brightness: This option can set the brightness of the display when the computer starts. The default setting is half when the computer is powered on. The default setting is maximum when the computer is powered by the AC power adapter.
Wakeup On LAN
Wakeup on LAN: This option setting allows the computer to wake up from sleep state when the network signal is connected. This setting has no effect in standby state. Can only be woken from standby in the operating system. This setting is only effective when the AC power adapter is connected.
Auto On Mod: Note that if the AC power adapter is not connected properly, this setting will not take effect. This option allows you to set the computer's automatic power-on time. You can set the computer to automatically power on every day or only on working days. The settings take effect after the computer is restarted.
Auto On Time: This option can set the time when the system automatically turns on. The time format is 24-hour format. Type a value or use the left and right arrow keys to set the value. The settings take effect after the computer is restarted.
Dock Configuration
Docking Status
Universal Connect universal interface: If the operating system used is WinNT4.0 or earlier, this Invalid setting. If you regularly use more than one Dell docking device and want to minimize the initial time it takes to dock, set to "ENABLED" (the default setting). If you want the operating system to generate a new system settings file for each new docking device connected to the computer, set this to "DISABLED".
System Security System Security
Primary Password Master Password
Admin Password
Admin Password
Hard-disk drive password(s) Hard drive password
Password Status Password Status: This option is used to lock the system password when the Setup password is enabled. Set this option to "Locked" and enable Setup Password to prevent system passwords from being changed. This option can also be used to place passwords disabled by the user on system startup.
System Password System Password
Setup Password Setup Password
Post Hotkeys Self-test hotkeys: This option is used to specify the screen during power-on self-test (POST) The hotkey (F2 or F12) shown on the
Chassis Intrusion
Chassis Intrusion: This option is used to enable or disable the chassis intrusion detection feature. When set to "Enable-Silent", if chassis intrusion is detected during startup, no warning message will be sent. When this option is enabled and the chassis cover is open, this field will display "DETECTED".
Drive Configuration
Drive Settings
Diskette Drive A: If a floppy drive is installed in the system, use this option to enable or disable the floppy drive
Primary Master Drive The first main drive
Primary Slave Drive The first slave drive
Secondary Master Drive The second main drive
Secondary Slave Drive Second Slave Drive
IDE Drive UDMA UDMA-capable IDE drives: Use this option to enable or disable DMA transfers through the internal IDE hard disk interface.
Hard-Disk drive Sequence Hard-Disk drive sequence
System BIOS boot devices System BIOS boot sequence
USB device USB device
Memory Information Memory Information
Installed System Memory System Memory: This option displays the size and model of the memory installed in the system
System Memory Speed ??
Memory Speed: This option displays The speed of the installed memory
System Memory Channel Mode Memory Channel Mode: This option displays the memory slot settings.
AGP Aperture AGP area memory capacity: This option specifies the memory value allocated to the video adapter. Some video adapters may require more memory than the default amount.
CPU information CPU information
CPU Speed ??CPU speed: This option displays the running speed of the central processor after startup
Bus Speed: Displays the processor bus Speed
Processor 0 ID Processor ID: Displays the type and model number of the processor
Clock Speed ??Clock frequency
Cache Size Cache value: Displays the processor's Second level cache value
Integrated Devices(LegacySelect Options) Integrated devices
Sound sound settings: Use this option to enable or disable the audio controller
Network Interface Controller
Network Interface Controller: Enable or disable the integrated network card
Mouse Port: Use this option to enable or disable the built-in PS/2 compatible mouse controller
USB Controller USB Controller: Use this option to enable or disable the onboard USB controller.
PCI Slots PCI slot: Use this option to enable or disable the onboard PCI card slot. When disabled, all PCI cards are unavailable and cannot be detected by the operating system.
Serial Port 1 Serial Port 1: Use this option to control the operation of the built-in serial port. When set to "AUTO", if two devices are used on the same port address via a serial port expansion card, the built-in serial port automatically reassigns the available port addresses. The serial port uses COM1 first and then COM2. If both addresses have been assigned to a port, the port will be disabled.
Parallel Port: The built-in parallel port can be configured in this field
Mode mode: When set to "AT", the built-in parallel port can only output data to the connected device. When set to PS/2, EPP or ECP mode, the parallel port can input and output data. The three modes use different protocols and maximum data transfer rates. Maximum transfer rate PS/2
What does BIOS control?
What does BIOS control?
Friends who are familiar with computers all know the concept of BIOS, and we often hear it Come to the words that veterans repeat when solving system faults: "Clear the CMOS first" or "Enter the BIOS default settings" and so on. In the eyes of ordinary people, BIOS seems to be the small, boxy chip on the motherboard and the blue menu displayed when the computer is turned on. What special meaning does it have for users? Is it a patent reserved for experts or maintenance engineers? How does a computer start working? Hope that by reading this article, you can get an answer.
BIOS internal structure
Sample Text For the personal computers we use every day, the BIOS used is not exactly the same, and is provided by three manufacturers: Award, Phoenix and AMI. (Note: Award has been acquired by Phoenix and is actually a company). Judging from the current situation of motherboards, most of them use Award BIOS or products based on the Award BIOS kernel improvement (there are relatively few products using AMI BIOS, and Phoenix BIOS is mainly used in notebook computers and many foreign brand machines). Some of the BIOS knowledge and structures introduced in this article only focus on Phoenix-Award, which has the highest market share.
Take the common Award 2Mbit CMOS address structure as an example. The area from FFFF to FFFC is used to store the 16Kbit Boot Block (startup module), followed by 8Kbit plug-and-play extended system configuration data. ESCD area, 4Kbit processor microcode and 4Kbit DMI data area. FFF8 to FFF6 are the decompression engine area. The instructions here can release the large-capacity code and information in the area after FFF6, such as manufacturer logo, OEM data, etc. The last part is where the BIOS main program is placed. Usually these programs are the BIOS upgrade files with the bin suffix that we download from the Internet.
Main functions of BIOS
The motherboard BIOS controls many important tasks such as system startup, compatibility between components, and program management. As long as the power switch is pressed to start the host, the BIOS will begin to take over all the self-test work of the motherboard. The system will first check the various internal devices through the POST (Power On Self Test) program (this process will be described in another chapter below). expression). Usually a complete POST self-test will include testing the CPU, basic memory, extended memory above 1MB, ROM, motherboard, CMOS memory, serial and parallel ports, display card, soft and hard disk subsystem and keyboard. Once problems are found during the self-test, The system will give a prompt message or sound a warning siren.
Then the BIOS searches for floppy drives, IDE devices and their startup sequences according to the startup sequence saved in the system CMOS settings, reads the operating system boot record, and finally hands over system control to the boot record, and finally completely transitions to the working state of the operating system. .
In addition to basic startup functions, BIOS also has functions such as hardware interrupt processing, system design management, and program requests. The operating system's management of peripheral devices such as hard drives, optical drives, keyboards, and monitors is directly based on the BIOS system interrupt service program, which is a programmable interface between software and hardware in the PC system. When the computer is turned on, the BIOS will assign an interrupt number to the CPU and other hardware devices. When an operation command using a certain hardware is executed, it will use the corresponding hardware according to the interrupt number to complete the command's work, and finally jump back to the original state according to its interrupt number. Similarly, BIOS can also send and receive instructions through specific data ports to implement software applications to operate hardware.
The system management function of BIOS is the most familiar to everyone, which is usually referred to as BIOS settings. The BIOS program will call the records stored in the CMOS RAM part. The user can see the basic situation of the system through the display, including information such as CPU frequency, IDE driver, ACPI power management and password settings. As the author said at the beginning, this part of the information is stored in RAM based on battery power alone. As long as the power is off for a period of time or the CMOS is artificially connected to a high level signal (jumper short-circuited), any modified The settings will no longer exist.
How does BIOS work?
With the above basic knowledge as a basis, readers should have a certain understanding of BIOS. The next question is, how does the BIOS that controls the PC hub work? In view of the complexity of this process, let us list several key points in BIOS operation and conduct a brief analysis. It needs to be stated in advance that the BIOS running codes introduced below are unified into hexadecimal. Interested friends can buy a Debug card (commonly known as Port 80 card) on the market to query and observe.
To put it simply, BIOS startup will go through several cyclic processes of detection, command, and execution. Of course, the CPU also needs a warm-up process before entering BIOS control. Take the P4 system as an example. If we explain it according to the PC startup process, the sequence is as follows: first, the host power supply starts to supply power, the CPU receives a voltage signal from the VR (voltage regulation system), and then after a series of After the logic unit confirms the CPU operating voltage, the motherboard chip receives a command to "start" the work and resets the CPU. The first job after the CPU "wakes up" is to read the initialization instructions in the BIOS. After a series of checks on the status of the CPU (2 checks) and memory (640KB base module), the BIOS will complete the initial preparation of the circuit slice, disable the video, parity and DMA circuit slices, and start the CMOS timer . Subsequently, the BIOS program will gradually check whether the CPU is the same as the default settings, whether the DMA is faulty, display channel testing, etc. Once a fault occurs, a buzzer will sound an alarm. However, these steps are performed quietly in the background, and we cannot see any information on the screen.
In the above flow chart, the several steps of the boot module work are clearly shown. When the CPU is officially started, POST (Power-On Self Test) enters the memory detection stage. Once the basic memory detection fails, the system will freeze and report an error for a long time; if everything goes well, the BIOS will continue to POST. , check other BIOS main programs and extension programs in the CMOS. Until these tasks are completed and the system enters the regular process, basic information such as time and date, BIOS version model, CPU frequency, memory capacity, etc. will be displayed on the monitor. After the BIOS boots the IDE device and I/O device, the next process is left to the operating system to continue.
The BIOS generally works like this during the computer startup process. In fact, it is much more complicated than what we have introduced. Any small error in the middle step will cause the system to fail to start or crash, and improper BIOS settings will also cause hidden dangers to the system. Experienced veterans can judge the fault by the sound when the BIOS starts up, while ordinary users can understand which stage POST is stuck at by checking the error detection signal of the Debug card. Let's take the Award BIOS as an example. If the Debug card displays FF and C0 when starting up, it means that the CPU self-test has not passed. You should power off and check the processor status. If C1, C3 and other numbers are displayed, it is very likely that there is a problem when the BIOS detects the memory; The system self-test has passed 2D, and there is a crisp "beep" sound, indicating that the system has passed the graphics card test. At this time, the screen also begins to appear on the display. Knowing the components where the failure may occur, we can ultimately determine the source of the problem through replacement and solve the problem smoothly.
The BIOS must also be protected
In addition to the compatibility issues of hardware devices, the BIOS may also face dangers from external factors such as viruses and incorrect erasures. If the BIOS cannot work, the entire computer will be damaged. Also paralyzed.
Many motherboard manufacturers use special designs to increase the reliability of BIOS. Some use Dual BIOS dual modules. Once one module fails, the system can be booted from the other module through jumper settings, and then the damaged module can be repaired. Since the Boot Block area is an important data block in the BIOS, manufacturers design the Boot Block into a block-type BIOS structure and reserve an area in the BIOS chip, which stores the most important startup information in the BIOS system. The default value of the latest refresh program is not to update the BIOS Boot Block during refresh. Such a motherboard can be easily recovered even if the refresh fails.
If you encounter a BIOS refresh failure, you can also use hot-swapping to replace the damaged chip, provided that you can find a chip with the same capacity as the original BIOS. Players with hands-on skills can also use their brains on the pins of the BIOS chip, because most CMOS chips are in 32-pin DIP packages, and their pin arrangements and functions are basically the same. The write operation of the chip is generally controlled by the level change of the write enable pin. Only after the high level of 12V or 5V is adjusted to a low level, the data can be written to the chip. According to this principle, as long as this pin is disconnected from the circuit and remains at a high level, that is, in the "read" state, no matter whether it is a virus or a misoperation, the data in the chip will not be rewritten. However, this method has certain risks. It is not suitable for all BIOS chips, and it is easy to lose the motherboard warranty. You must be cautious.
When it comes to BIOS, most novices know little about it and dare not try it easily. They seem to be born with a fear of "blue screens". More often than not, even many veterans are afraid of it. It is impossible to distinguish the difference between BIOS settings and CMOS settings, so before writing the FAQ, Long Ge felt it was necessary to explain these two concepts clearly in order to achieve twice the result with half the effort.
BIOS is the abbreviation of Basic Input/Output System in English, and its original meaning is "Basic Input/Output System". What we usually call BIOS actually refers to a software solidified in ROM, which is responsible for the lowest and most direct hardware control and the original operation of the computer; it is used to manage the startup of the machine and the control and control of important hardware in the system. Driver and provide base-level calls for high-level software.
CMOS is the abbreviation of "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor" in English, but the CMOS we often refer to refers to a readable and writable memory chip on the motherboard, also called "CMOS RAM". CMOS RAM is a random access memory that has the characteristic of erasing memory after a power outage. People have thought of using an external battery to maintain its stored content.
Generally speaking, the process of adjusting BIOS parameters through the software solidified in ROM BIOS is called BIOS settings, and the process of debugging CMOS parameters through the "standard CMOS settings" in BIOS settings is called CMOS settings. What we usually call CMOS settings and BIOS settings are just simplified terms, which cause confusion between the two concepts to a certain extent.
How to enter the BIOS setup program
Analysis: Although there are not many manufacturers that design and produce BIOS in the world, the designs of some brand machines and compatible machines are different, so enter the BIOS setup The methods are also different.
Q&A: Most of the keys to enter the BIOS settings have been set to "DEL" or "ESC", but some BIOSes are F10 or F2, and some of the more special BIOSes need to be operated according to their prompts. .
The problem that the machine cannot run the operating system normally
1. Bios Rom checksum error－System halted
Analysis: An error was found during the BIOS information check and the computer could not be booted.
Answer: This situation is more difficult, because it is usually caused by an error in refreshing the BIOS, or it may be that the BIOS chip is damaged. In any case, the BIOS needs to be repaired.
2． CMOS battery failed
Analysis: There is no CMOS battery.
Q&A: Generally speaking, the CMOS is out of power. Just replace the lithium battery on the motherboard.
3. CMOS checksum error－Defaults loaded
The key to enter CMOS SETUP in the BIOS model
Screen prompts
There is AMI Del key or Esc key
AWARD Del key or Ctrl key + ALt key + Esc key is available
MR Esc key or Ctrl key + ALt key + Esc key is not available
Quadtel F2 key is available
COMPAQ upper right of the screen When the cursor appears in the corner, press the F10 key None
AST Ctrl key + ALt key + Esc key None
Phoenix Ctrl key + ALt key + S key None
hp F2 key
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How to enter the BIOS of various brands of laptops
IBM (press F1 during cold boot, some new models can be started by pressing F1 during restart)
1.ThinkPad 315ED
After turning on the computer, when you see the ThinkPad logo on the screen, quickly press the F2 key to enter the BIOS.
2.ThinkPad 365X/XD series
ThinkPad 380 series
ThinkPad 560 series
ThinkPad 600 series
ThinkPad 755 series
ThinkPad 760 series, 765 series
ThinkPad 770 series
For the above series of notebooks, you can hold down the F1 key when turning on the computer , until the Easy Setup screen appears on the screen.
3.ThinkPad 240 Series
ThinkPad 390 Series
ThinkPad 570 Series
ThinkPad i Series 1400
ThinkPad i Series 1200
ThinkPad A Series
ThinkPad T Series
ThinkPad X Series
ThinkPad R Series
After turning on the computer, when you see the ThinkPad logo on the screen, quickly press the F1 key to enter the BIOS.
HP (press F2 when starting and restarting)
SONY (press F2 when starting and restarting)
Dell (press F2 when starting and restarting) )
Acer (press F2 when booting and restarting)
Toshiba (press ESC and then F1 when cold booting)
Compaq (boot to the upper right corner when Press F10 when the cursor is flashing, or press F10 when booting)
Fujitsu (press F2 when starting and restarting)
Most domestic and Taiwanese brands (when starting and restarting) Press F2)
IBM (press F1 during cold boot, some new models can be started by pressing F1 during restart)
HP (press F2 during startup and restart)
SONY (press F2 when starting and restarting)
Dell (press F2 when starting and restarting)
Acer (press F2 when starting and restarting)
Toshiba (press ESC and then F1 when booting coldly)
Compaq (press F10 when the flashing cursor appears in the upper right corner after booting, or press F10 when booting)
Fujitsu (Press F2 when starting and restarting)
Most domestic and Taiwanese brands (Press F2 when starting and restarting)
For notebooks of different IBM models, enter the BIOS hot The keys are also different. The author below lists the relevant hotkeys for entering the ThinkPad BIOS setup program:
1.ThinkPad 315ED
After turning on the computer, when you see the ThinkPad logo appearing on the screen, press quickly The F2 key can enter the BIOS.
2.ThinkPad 365X/XD series
ThinkPad 380 series
ThinkPad 560 series
ThinkPad 600 series
ThinkPad 755 series
ThinkPad 760 series, 765 series
ThinkPad 770 series
For the above series of notebooks, you can hold down the F1 key when turning on the computer , until the Easy Setup screen appears on the screen.
3.ThinkPad 240 Series
ThinkPad 390 Series
ThinkPad 570 Series
ThinkPad i Series 1400
ThinkPad i Series 1200
ThinkPad A Series
ThinkPad T Series
ThinkPad X Series
ThinkPad R Series
After turning on the computer, when you see the ThinkPad logo on the screen, quickly press the F1 key to enter the BIOS.