Leopard 2 Main Battle Tank
Klaus Murphy ag
Klaus Murphy ag
Klaus Murphy Co., Ltd. and Krupp Mark Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd..
Klaus-Maffei AG and Krupp AG
produce
Germany (1950), Netherlands (450) and Switzerland (380)
abstract
As soon as the Leopard 1 main battle tank was put into production, Porsche was awarded the contract to further develop the Leopard 1 tank to improve its operational efficiency. When the 1967 contract expires, Germany and the United States are already jointly developing the MBT-70 tank. The joint development plan does not allow any country to engage in its own tank development.
However, Germany has developed new components to improve the performance of Leopard 1 tank, some of which create conditions for the development of new tanks. 1968, Klaus Murphy won a contract worth 25 million Deutsche marks to manufacture two prototypes of new tanks. This new tank is similar to the later production of Leopard 1A3/ Leopard 1A4 tank. It is equipped with improved fire control system, different stabilizers, new engines and transmission devices, as well as 1 105mm linear bore tank gun, 1 7.62mm parallel machine gun and 1 7.62mm anti-aircraft gun.
1969, when the MBT-70 tank jointly developed by Germany and the United States was still in the prototype development stage, Germany developed an Eber test tank using MBT-70 tank components, and Klaus Murphy made two prototypes. Then, on this basis, a new type of test tank named Keiler was developed.
1970 MBT-70 tank plan fell through, and Germany made a decision to develop Leopard 2 tank. During the period of 1972 ~ 1974, Klaus Murphy manufactured 16 car body and 17 turret, both equipped with Renk transmission of MBT-70 tank and MTU diesel engine.
10 prototype is equipped with Rheinmetall 105mm line-bore guns, and the rest are equipped with Rheinmetall 120mm smooth-bore guns. Both chassis vehicles are equipped with liquid-gas suspension devices, but in the end, high-strength torsion bar suspension devices with friction dampers are adopted. Various types of fire control systems were installed on the prototype, among which 1 prototype also installed 1 20 mm remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun on the top of turret. 1972 to 1974 carried out the technical test of the component system on the prototype, and then carried out the military test. 1975 conducted the winter test in Canada in February and March, and 1975 conducted the tropical desert test in Yuma proving ground in the United States in April and May. 1975 conducted the winter test in Canada in February and March, and 1975 conducted the tropical desert test in Yuma proving ground in the United States in April and May. The prototype test of Leopard 2 tank is as follows:
The driving test road is 345,365,438+0 km, and the undulating road is 27,472 km.
Engine testing * * * 49 MB873 engines were tested, of which 23 were tested on the bench and 26 on the truck. Before 1975, the test time of the total platform was 30000h, and the longest test time of a single engine was 2 400h. Three 400 h driving tests were carried out according to NATO test standards, and 4327h durable driving tests were carried out on undulating ground.
Transmission device test: HSWL 354 hydro-mechanical comprehensive transmission device test 4 1 set, including bench test 1 set and loading test 40 sets. The bench test ran for 8000h, the longest test lasted for1200 h, the loading test journey was 158000 km, and the longest driving test distance was 18400 km. Side drives and drives were tested together, and 85 side drives were trial-produced.
Mobile Equipment Testing 16 The prototype is equipped with different types of mobile equipment, and repeated tests are conducted according to the specified items. The balance elbow, load-bearing wheel and suspension system were repeatedly tested. 10 year running performance test of single friction damper is 69,000 kilometers. Turret test1March 1973 ~1February 1975, the turret and weapon system were tested. Nine prototypes were used to test120mm smoothbore gun and fire control system, and105mm rifled gun and fire control system, and used for 15 153h, of which 4755h was used for turret equipment120mm gun and 65,438 was used for turret equipment/kloc-.
The shooting test was conducted in February 1972 ~ 1975. * * 3,742105mm shells and 1667120mm shells were fired.
1974, the United States and Germany signed a memorandum of understanding on the standardization of their tank development plans, which was revised in 1977, including the standardization of tank components in the two countries. Standardized components include engine, transmission device, gunner's telescopic sight, night vision equipment, fire control system, crawler and main weapons.
In order to meet the needs of the United States, Germany made another tank called Leopard 2AV (called Simple Leopard 2 in the United States). Tanks are equipped with different fire control systems and turrets, and the car body is gap composite armor, and there are many other improvement projects affected by 1973 Middle East War. Total * * * manufactured two car bodies and three turrets, and delivered 1 complete Leopard 2AV tank and 1 chassis vehicle to the United States in September, 1976 for comparison test with XM 1 tank prototype. However, the United States chose one of its two competing models-Chrysler XM- 1 tank instead of this tank. However, the United States decided to use the 120mm smoothbore gun of Rheinmetall of Germany on the improved M 1A 1 tank.
1977, Germany selected Klaus Maffei as the main contractor and signed the contract for mass production of Leopard 2 tanks. In the 1800 order, Krausmaffey produced 990 vehicles, and the remaining 8 10 vehicles were manufactured by Krugman.
The first pre-produced Leopard 2 tank was delivered to the German Bundeswehr for army training at the end of 1978. At the beginning of 1979, three more vehicles were delivered. 1June, 979, Klaus Murphy delivered the first production Leopard 2 tank in Munich. By the end of 1982, the annual output will reach 300 vehicles.
The German 1800 Leopard 2 tank was ordered to be produced in five batches:
The first batch of 380 vehicles, 1979, was not equipped with thermal imaging sight in the development stage, but the installation position and interface were reserved for the reflector. In order to ensure the use of troops, the car is equipped with PZB200 low-light sight.
The second batch of 450 vehicles started production on 198 1, equipped with thermal imaging sights, and some parts and system performance were improved. Externally, the crosswind sensor is cancelled, the height of the captain's periscope is increased (increased by 5cm), the external communication interface is added at the left rear side of the turret to facilitate communication with passengers outside the car, and the size of the three-proof ventilation bucket is increased.
The third batch of 300 vehicles started production on 1983, and its standards are basically the same as the second batch.
The fourth batch of 300 vehicles started production on 1984. A new SEM80/90 car radio is adopted. The radio antenna is short, and a 1 support frame is added for gunners, which is convenient for gunners to aim and shoot.
The fifth batch of 370 vehicles, 1985, started production, equipped with digital computer, ballistic program, shooting simulator interface for training and automatic fire extinguishing and explosion suppression system.
The cost of the first three batches of Leopard 2 tank is 5 1 100 million Deutsche Mark, and the total cost of the five batches is 9.2 billion Deutsche Mark.
1987101On October 30th, the German government approved a new order plan for 150 Leopard 2 tanks, 55% of which were produced by Klaus Murphy and the rest by Krupp Mark. 1988 1 The first newly ordered Leopard 2 tank was delivered, and then Klaus Murphy produced it at the rate of 5 cars per month, and Krupp Mark produced it at the rate of less than 5 cars per month. These 150 Leopard 2 tanks will replace the improved 150 Leopard 1A4 tanks shipped to Turkey. In addition, another new order for 100 Leopard 2 tanks will be approved soon to supplement the vacancy of 250 Leopard 1A4 tanks shipped to Turkey. 100 Leopard 2 tanks, 65 are produced by Klaus Murphy and 35 by Krupp Mark.
The first batch of 1800 Leopard -2 tanks owned by the Germans are returning to the factory for overhaul, and the temporary low-light-level night vision device is replaced by a thermal imaging sight integrating sight and ranging. Thermal imaging sight has become the standard equipment of the second batch and subsequent batches of Leopard 2 tanks. Other changes in the second batch of Leopard 2 tanks include canceling the crosswind sensor, improving the exhaust grille, and modifying the cover of the tool storage box and the control tower.
The fifth batch of Leopard -2 tanks use new paint patterns, digital fire control computer movement and fire suppression and explosion suppression systems.
design feature
I. Overall arrangement
The tank body adopts gap composite armor, which is divided into three compartments: the cockpit is in the front of the car body, the battle cabin is in the middle and the power cabin is in the back.
The driver is located at the right front of the car body, with 1 single hatch cover and 3 observation periscopes, among which the 1 periscope in the middle can be replaced with passive night vision periscope. The space on the left side of the cockpit stores shells.
The turret is above the middle of the car body, the conductor and gunner are on the right, and the loader is on the left. There is a 1 big tail cabin behind the turret, which can store some shells; There are two hatch covers at the top of the turret, one on the right is the captain hatch cover and the other on the left is the loader hatch cover; There are 1 windows for supplying ammunition on the left side of the turret.
Second, the weapon system
1. Main weapons
The tank is equipped with a 120mm smoothbore gun developed by Rheinmetall Company, with a barrel length of 5.3m, made of electroslag remelted steel, and equipped with a heating jacket and an air extraction device. The designed bore pressure is 7 10m Pa, and the actual bore pressure is 500m Pa (5500kg f/cm2). The barrel is manufactured by self-tightening technology, and the surface of the inner bore is chrome-plated and hardened, which improves the fatigue strength, wear life and corrosion resistance of the barrel. The barrel life is 650 rounds (standard kinetic energy bomb).
The weight of the whole gun system with shield is 4290 kg, without shield is 3 100 kg (including barrel, hot sheath, pumping device and bolt), and the weight of barrel is 13 15kg. The maximum recoil distance is 370mm, and the general recoil distance is 340 mm.
2. Ammunition
120mm smoothbore gun is equipped with two kinds of ammunition: tail stabilized armor-piercing projectile and multi-purpose armor-piercing projectile. There are 42 rounds in the car, of which 27 rounds are stored in the front of the car on the driver's left, and 15 rounds are stored in the rear cabin of the turret.
DM 13 armor-piercing projectile with stable tail is the main model of 120mm gun, which is composed of projectile, detachable stock and semi-combustible steel bottom shell. The missile body consists of a sleeve, a tail wing, a missile core and a towing device installed at the bottom of the missile body. The core diameter is 38mm, and the length-diameter ratio is 12: 1. The bullet core is a tungsten bullet core with a steel sleeve outside. The initial velocity of armor-piercing projectile is about 1650m /s, and the maximum effective range is 3500m m.
DM 12 multi-purpose armor-piercing projectile has dual functions of armor-piercing and killing. The initial velocity is 1 143 m/s, the missile is a tail-stabilized missile, and the short tail is extruded by aluminum alloy. After surface heat treatment, it can bear the bore pressure of more than 500 meters Pa. Adopt piezoelectric fuze; The ignition device was improved, the original single-hole primer was changed into porous primer, and a radial hole was opened around it, which shortened the ignition time from 22ms to 5 ms
The semi-combustible cartridge case is made of inert fiber, nitrocellulose, diphenylamine and resin, and contains propellant, primer and corrosion inhibitor lining. In order to prevent the ink cartridge from moisture and microbial erosion, the ink cartridge is coated with an oil film.
DM23 is the second generation of German armor-piercing projectile with stable tail, which was adopted in 1983. Its monolithic tungsten-nickel alloy core has a diameter of 32 mm and an aspect ratio of 14: 1.
DM33 projectile is the third generation armor-piercing projectile with stable tail, which has a larger aspect ratio, but it has not been put into production so far.
The ammunition of this tank is the same as that of American M 1A 1 tank.
3. Fire control system
The fire control system is a comprehensive system composed of mechanical, optical, hydraulic and electronic components. Because of the image stabilization sight, the hydraulic servo system of the gun follows the sight. The integrated system is usually called the command ceremony fire control system. Because it is a light and stable sight and is equipped with a position and speed complex circuit, it has the advantages of easy stability and high shooting accuracy to moving targets.
The captain has a 1 round hatch cover that opens backwards and a periscope that can observe 360 degrees. There is a 1 PERI-R 17 stable main periscope in front of the hatch cover, with 2 times and 8 times magnification.
The gunner has 1 stable EMES 15 periscope with double magnification function, including laser rangefinder and thermal imaging device. The thermal imager installed on the EMES 15 sight can make the gun aim at and shoot the disguised target at night or in bad weather. The gunner also has 1 auxiliary FERO-Z 18 telescopic monocular night vision device with a magnification of 8 times. At night, the commander observes the battlefield with a thermal imaging sight, which is connected with the gunner's EMES 15 sight. The image of EMES 15 sight can be transmitted to the commander's PERI-R 17 sight, so that the commander can also see the same image as the gunner. In addition, the conductor can also control the RPP 1-8 detection system through the computer-controlled test bed, and automatically monitor the work of the fire control system. The mirror of gunner EMES 15 binocular stabilized three-in-one main sight is bidirectional, the magnification of daytime channel is 12×, and the field of view is 5.
The prototype tank uses the EMES 12 stereo and laser rangefinder made by Zeiss, and the production car uses the yttrium aluminum garnet laser rangefinder patented by Hughes Company of the United States, which is used in combination with the EMES 15 gunner's main sight. The maximum measuring distance of laser rangefinder is 9990 meters, and the accuracy is 10 meter. The data of the measured distance, fire preparation and the selected bomb type are displayed in the lower part of the gunner's line of sight. The fire control computer was developed from the FLER-H hybrid computer of AEG- Teller Fincken Company to a digital electronic computer installed on the fifth batch of Leopard 2 tanks. The computer can calculate the aiming angle and lateral advancing angle of the gun, and the parameters involved include target distance, vehicle inclination, target moving direction, crosswind and trajectory data. After calculating these parameters, the fire control computer sends control information to the weapon servo system, and the weapon servo system aims the weapon at the sight line of gunner EMES 15 or captain PERI-R 17.
The gunner also has a 1 observation periscope installed on the top of the turret, and the loader has a 1 monocular observation periscope.
4. Auxiliary weapons
There are two kinds of auxiliary weapons. One is MG3A 1 7.62mm parallel machine gun of Rheinmetall Company, which is installed on the left side of 120mm gun, and the firing rate is 1200 rounds per minute. The other is the MG3A 1 7.62mm anti-aircraft machine gun installed on the ring bracket of the hand hatch cover, which is used for air defense, with high and low shooting range of-10 ~+75.
The tank carries 4754 7.62 mm machine guns, of which 2000 are stored in turrets.
Third, the propulsion system
1 engine
The tank is equipped with MB873Ka-50 1 engine developed by MTU Company. It is a four-stroke 12-cylinder V-type 90-angle water-cooled pre-combustion chamber supercharged intercooled diesel engine with a power of1103 kW (1500 HP) at 2600 rpm.
The engine has the characteristics of high power per unit volume, good low-speed torque characteristics, good fuel economy and good startability. Compared with MB838 engine used in Leopard 1 tank, the average effective pressure is increased from 0.8 1MPa(8.3kgf/cm2) to1.07 MPa (10.9 kgf/cm2), and the displacement is increased from 37? 4L increased to 47? 6L, the rotating speed is increased from 2200r/min to 2600r/min, so the power is increased from 6 100 kW (830 HP) to103 kW (1500 HP), an increase of 87%. On the other hand, by reducing the size of intake pipe, fuel injection pump and cylinder head, and improving the oil pan and other components, the structural size of the engine is more compact. The unit volume power of the engine is increased from 388kW /m3 (528kW /m3) of MB838 to 543kW/m3 (738kW/m3), and the specific gravity is reduced from 3. 1kg/m3 (2.3kg/ hp) to 2.04kg/kw (1.5kg/). Therefore, the acceleration performance of Leopard 2 tank is very good, and it only takes 7 seconds to accelerate from zero to 32 km/h, but the cooling system consumption of annular radiator is 162 kW (220 HP), which is higher than other tanks.
gearing
The tank adopts HSWL 345 hydraulic mechanical transmission device developed by Renke Company, which is one of the technical achievements of MBT-70 tank jointly developed by Germany and the United States.
The transmission device consists of hydraulic torque converter, reversing gear, planetary transmission mechanism, hydraulic-hydraulic steering gear, hydraulic brake and confluence planetary row.
The hydraulic torque converter is a two-stage turbine integrated torque converter with a maximum torque variation coefficient of 2? 5, can automatically close the bolt.
The reversing mechanism consists of three bevel gears, two planetary rows and two brakes, and the driver controls the vehicle to move forward or backward.
The planetary transmission mechanism consists of three planetary rows, three brakes and 1 disc clutch. With the reverse gear mechanism, four forward gears and four reverse gears can be obtained, but only two reverse gears are used.
The steering device is a hydraulic-hydraulic composite double-flow differential regeneration mechanism. The function of hydraulic coupling is to increase the steering torque on the zero axis, and the hydraulic steering mechanism realizes stepless adjustment of each steering radius. When in neutral, all the power of the starter is transmitted through the hydraulic-hydraulic steering mechanism to realize in-situ steering.
The maximum power absorption capacity of the hydraulic brake is 5147 kw (7,000 HP), and together with the mechanical brake, it constitutes the braking system of Leopard 2 tank, with the maximum braking torque of 24.5 kn m (2,500 kg f m), which can stop the 55t Leopard 2 tank from the driving state of 65km/h within 3.6s s. ..
3. Mobile devices
The tank is suspended by torsion bar, and there are 7 load wheels, 4 idler wheels, 1 rear drive wheel, 1 front inducer wheel and 1 track adjuster on both sides of the car body. The suspension device includes 14 high-strength torsion bar, 10 friction damper and 10 hydraulic limiter. The dynamic travel of the load-bearing wheel is 350mm, and the static travel is176 mm.
New plate friction dampers are installed at the first, second, third, sixth and seventh load wheels, and the absorption capacity of 10 friction damper is 61kn m. Cylindrical hydraulic limiters are also installed at these load wheels, each weighing 1 1.5kg. When the load wheel moves upward at a speed of 2.94m/s, the total absorption function of 10 hydraulic limiter is 65438.
The tank adopts the 570A double-pin crawler developed by Deere Company, with the track plate width of 635mm and the pitch of183.5mm. The plate body is provided with replaceable rubber pads, and the pin ears are provided with rubber sleeves. The service life of the track is 6400 km, and the service life of the rubber pads is 1600 km. The track adjuster is mechanical.
Fourth, the protection system
1. Armor protection
The design of the tank puts the survival intensity of the crew at the top of the 20 requirements. The car body and turret are equipped with gap composite armor. The front end of the car body is pointed and a thick side skirt is added. There are three toolboxes at the front of both sides of the car body, which can play the role of skirts and improve the protection ability of the front arc area. The turret has a low profile and good elasticity. The problem of preventing secondary effect after being photographed is considered in the design. The ammunition to be fired is stored in the rear cabin of turret, and the ammunition is separated from the combat cabin by airtight partition.
2. Three-proof device
The tank adopts collective protective three-proof ventilation device, which is installed in the armor plate on the left side of the chassis, which is convenient to maintain and the air filter can be replaced from the outside.
3. Fire extinguishing system
The first four batches of Leopard 2 tanks were not equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system. 1985, Germany installed a fire extinguishing and explosion suppression device for the passenger compartment of the fifth batch of production Leopard 2 tanks produced by Graviner Company in Britain.
4. Smoke bomb launcher
There are 1 group of smoke bomb launchers at the two rear parts of the turret, with 8 launchers in each group.
Model evolution and variant car
1. Dutch Leopard 2 tank
1March, 1979, the Netherlands ordered 445 Leopard 2 tanks to be delivered in 1982 ~ 1986 to replace 369 centurion main battle tanks and 130 AMX- 13 light tanks, with a contract value of 265438. The Dutch industrial sector participated in the production of spare parts with about 60% of the contract value, 278 vehicles were assembled by Klaus Murphy, and 167 vehicles were assembled by Krugman.
The first batch of four Leopard -2 tanks produced by Germany for the Dutch army were manufactured in the middle of 198 1 year. The batch supply began in July 1982, and the delivery volume reached 10 in June 1982+0, and finally arrived in July/kloc.
This tank is basically the same as the second and third production Leopard 2 tanks of the German army. The main difference is that the Dutch Leopard 2 tank is equipped with a 7.62mm machine gun from Belgian FN company. Smoke bomb launchers are installed at the rear of both sides of the turret, and six launchers are a group; Equipped with driver's low-light night vision goggles, radio and in-car communication equipment made in the Netherlands.
1983, the 4th1armored brigade of the German Royal Dutch was equipped with this tank for the first time. The Dutch Army also ordered 20 Leopard 2 tank driver training vehicles.
2. Swiss Leopard 2 tank
The Swiss Army announced in August 1983 that after evaluating the performance of Leopard 2 and M 1 tank, it chose Leopard 2 tank and ordered 380 tanks at one time, of which the first 35 were supplied by Klaus Murphy and the rest were produced by Switzerland according to the license. The first batch of 35 vehicles delivered by 1987 were used for training, and the first tank battalion was equipped with Leopard 2 tanks in 1988+ 10.
The main contractor approved to produce Leopard 2 tanks in Switzerland is travers, and the assembly plant is the federal construction engineering company in Thun. NAW manufactures engines, SLM manufactures transmissions, and 60 ~ 70% of the parts will be made in Switzerland. Switzerland produces Leopard 2 tanks at the rate of 6 vehicles per month.
The Swiss Leopard 2 tank is similar to the German Leopard 2 tank, but equipped with Swiss radio and vehicle communication equipment, Swiss side-by-side machine guns and anti-aircraft machine guns. Switzerland also decided to install an automatic fire extinguishing and explosion suppression system for the cabin of Grevino Company in the UK.
3. Leopard 2 driving training car
The German Army and the Dutch Army each ordered 22 Leopard 2 driving training vehicles, which are basically the same as the Leopard 2 tank, except that the turret was replaced by an observation tower, and the weight was similar to that of the standard Leopard 2 tank.
4. Leopard 2(BPz3) armored rescue vehicle
Porsche and Krupp Mark are developing a new type of Leopard 2 armored rescue vehicle using the chassis of Leopard 2 tank, which is called Bergepanzer 3. See the section "Armored rescue vehicles and maintenance vehicles" for details.
operating characteristic
(The fifth batch of products)
Model leopard 2
Four crew members
Total combat weight is 55 150kg.
Unit power 20 kW/ton
Unit pressure 8 1.4 kpa
Train attendant
Artillery striker 9.668 meters
Gun back 8.498 meters
Car width
3.700m with apron
3.540m, without apron
High car
2.480 meters from the top of the turntable.
2.807 meters from the top of the control tower
The height of the fire line is 2.0 10/0m.
Height from bottom to ground
0.540 meters ahead
0.490 m behind
The track width is 635 mm.
The track center distance is 2.785 meters.
Crawler landing length
4.940 meters on the left
Right side 4.920 meters
The top speed of the expressway is 72 kilometers per hour.
The maximum off-road speed is 55 km/h.
0-32 km/h acceleration time 7 seconds
Fuel reserve 1200 liters
The maximum road trip is 550 kilometers.
Deep water wading
Unprepared 1.00 m
Get ready for 2.35 meters
The dive depth is 4.00 meters.
Climbing degree 60%
Rolling gradient 30%
Climb the vertical wall1.10m high.
This ditch is 3.00 meters wide.
Minimum turning radius in situ
engine
MTU of production company
Model MB873Ka-50 1
12V water-cooled multiple fuels
Turbocharged intercooled engine
Power/speed1103kw/2600rpm
gearing
Production company Renk
Model HSWL 354
Hydraulic machinery type
Number of forward/reverse gears 4/2
Steering gear type: hydraulic-hydraulic compound, double-flow differential type.
Suspended torsion bar
Main gun caliber/model/type 120mm/Rh 120-L44/ sliding bore
Caliber/model/type/quantity Parallel weapon 7.62mm/MG3A 1/ machine gun/1.
Caliber/model/type/quantity of air defense weapon is 7.62mm/MG3A 1/ machine gun/1.
The total number of smoke bomb launchers is 2×8.
No hot smoke
Ammunition base
42 shells
4750 rounds of 7.62 mm machine gun bullets
The initial velocity of armor-piercing projectile is1650 m/s.
Turntable Drive Mode Electro-hydraulic/Manual
The rotating range of the turret is 360.
The captain's override control includes
Artillery pitch range -9 ~+20.
The maximum pitching speed of the gun is 9.5°/s s.
The maximum rotation speed of the turntable is 49 rpm.
Gun stabilizer
High and low direction
Horizontal orientation
Fire control system command ceremony
Rangefinder model EMES 15 (three-in-one)
Ballistic computer type digital electronic computer
Captain's sight model PERI-R 17
The model PERI-R 17 of the captain's night vision device is connected with the gunner's EMES 15.
Type/model of gunner sight and two-way independent stability /EMES 15
Gunner night vision device model EMES 15 (integrated day and night)
Gunner auxiliary sight model/type FERO-Z 18/ single barrel
Night vision thermal imaging
Armor structure type
Body scavenging compound
Turret gap compound
The three preventive measures are
The fire extinguishing and explosion suppression system includes
No photoelectric alarm or countermeasure equipment.
The electrical system voltage is 24V.
Number of batteries/voltage/capacity: 8/12V/ 125Ah.
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