What is the main body and core content of China science and technology administration system?

I. Reform of China's science and technology management system Science and technology management refers to a series of organizational activities such as planning, decision-making, command, execution and supervision of various science and technology enterprises closely related to social public interests by government science and technology administrative organs according to national science and technology policies and laws and regulations. Its purpose is to rationally allocate all kinds of scientific and technological resources, promote the development of scientific and technological undertakings, generally improve the scientific and technological level of the whole society, and realize the national scientific and technological development goals. The administrative system of science and technology, referred to as science and technology system for short, is the general name of the organizational structure, management system and system of science and technology activities. Generally speaking, the scientific and technological system is determined by a country's political, economic system, cultural tradition and scientific and technological development level. After the founding of New China, China has established a highly centralized administrative mode of science and technology that is compatible with the planned economic system. 1At the end of the 1970s, after the implementation of reform and opening up in China, the state's highly centralized science and technology administration model has obviously failed to adapt to the new economic and social development situation. Therefore, after several years of pilot preparation, the reform of science and technology system was officially launched from 1985. Over the past 20 years, with the deepening of China's economic system reform, China's scientific and technological system reform has made great achievements. First of all, the original highly centralized planning management mode was broken, the situation of disconnection between science and technology and economy was obviously changed, the commercialization mechanism of technological achievements was established, and the role of technology market in scientific and technological operation and resource allocation was significantly enhanced. Secondly, after the system reform, China's scientific and technological work has formed a strategic pattern facing the main battlefield of economic construction, high-tech research, high-tech industry and basic research, and corresponding new scientific and technological development plans have been implemented at all levels. Thirdly, the reform of scientific research institutions has achieved remarkable results. More than 80% of the country's scientific and technological strength has been invested in the main battlefield of economic construction, serving economic and social development in various forms. Technology development institutions have basically embarked on the road of operating according to the market mechanism and developing independently, which has enhanced the vitality and vitality of R&D and innovation. Basic research institutions and social welfare scientific research institutions have also been strengthened. In the reform of science and technology system, the awareness of enterprises to establish their own scientific research institutions or join forces with scientific research departments, increase investment in science and technology, and rely on scientific and technological progress to enhance market competitiveness has gradually increased. At the same time, a large number of private science and technology enterprises have emerged in the joint of science and technology and economy, becoming an important force in the development of science and technology industry. The rural science and technology management and extension service system has been continuously improved and expanded, and rural science and technology work has also flourished. A series of laws and regulations, such as the Technology Contract Law, the Patent Law, the Law on Scientific and Technological Progress and the Law on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements, have been promulgated one after another, which has made scientific and technological management begin to enter the track of legalization and standardization. Two. Problems in China's science and technology administration Since the reform and opening up, China's science and technology system reform has closely focused on promoting the combination of science and technology and economy, aiming at strengthening scientific and technological innovation and promoting the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, focusing on adjusting the structure and transformation mechanism, and has taken a series of major reform measures and made important breakthroughs and substantial progress. However, we should also see that there are still many incongruities between China's current scientific and technological system and the socialist market economic system and the requirements of the great development of economy and science and technology. (A) enterprises have not really become the main body of technological innovation, and their independent innovation ability is not strong. On the whole, the scientific and technological work of enterprises has not been paid due attention and strengthened as a whole. Research and development, technology introduction, digestion and absorption, and enterprise technological transformation have not yet been organically combined. (2) The scientific and technological forces in all aspects are self-contained, scattered and repetitive, and the overall operation efficiency is not high, especially in the field of social welfare. The traditional government organization structure in China is a two-dimensional model of compartmentalization and a matrix structure of vertical hierarchy and horizontal function. The administrative organization system of vertical hierarchy consists of several vertical hierarchies, and the whole organizational structure forms a pyramid. The administration of science and technology is carried out in strict accordance with the administrative affiliation. The scientific and technological activities of scientific research institutions, universities and enterprises belong to the vertical management of their respective administrative departments, and there is no horizontal connection between scientific research and production. (3) The macro-management of science and technology is decentralized, and the allocation mode and evaluation system of science and technology resources cannot meet the requirements of the new situation of science and technology development and the transformation of government functions. The pressure, motivation and vitality of relying on scientific and technological progress for economic construction are not strong enough, and the mechanism of combining science and technology with economy needs to be further established and improved. (4) The mechanism for encouraging outstanding talents and encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship is still not perfect. The role of some scientific and technological personnel has not been fully brought into play. Aging of personnel, aging of knowledge, brain drain, unreasonable structure and layout of scientific and technological teams, unreasonable flow of talents, and generally low treatment of scientific and technological personnel are all problems that need to be solved urgently and are difficult to solve properly at the moment. These problems have seriously restricted the improvement of the country's overall innovation ability. Third, the development direction of science and technology administration in China (1) supports and encourages enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation. Market competition is an important driving force for technological innovation, and technological innovation is the fundamental way for enterprises to improve their competitiveness. With the deepening of reform and opening up, enterprises in China are playing an increasingly important role in technological innovation. It is necessary to further create conditions, optimize the environment, deepen reform, and effectively enhance the motivation and vitality of technological innovation in enterprises. First of all, we should give play to the guiding role of economic and technological policies and make enterprises the main body of R&D investment. Encourage enterprises, institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes (institutes) to establish various technical innovation joint organizations to enhance their technological innovation capabilities. Secondly, it is necessary to reform the support mode of science and technology plan and support enterprises to undertake national R&D tasks. The national science and technology plan should reflect the major scientific and technological needs of enterprises more and attract more enterprises to participate. In areas with clear market application prospects, an effective mechanism should be established for enterprises leading organizations, universities and research institutes to participate in the implementation. Third, improve the technology transfer mechanism and promote enterprise technology integration and application. On the reform and development of China's science and technology administration system □ Zhang Lina Development Forum FAZHAN FAZHANLUNTAN202008 No.01/207 Building a new socialist countryside is an important decision and strategic move that benefits hundreds of millions of farmers. Undoubtedly, this is a long-term and arduous systematic project, which must be led by the government and actively participated by all parties. As far as the leading role of the government is concerned, it is not administrative intervention during the planned economy period. In 2006, the "No.1 Document" of the Central Committee clearly pointed out that in promoting the construction of new countryside, we should pay attention to actual results and not engage in formalism; Do what you can, and don't blindly compare; The proceedings should be democratic and cannot be forced; It is necessary to highlight the characteristics and not insist on uniformity; Need guidance and support, not to replace others. In other words, in the new rural construction in the new period of our country, the functions and functions of the government are mainly manifested in economic regulation, market supervision, public management and social services. Others just need to be handed over to the market and farmers themselves. Only in this way can the government "do something and not do something", neither absent nor offside. 1. Designing a system conducive to the development of agriculture, rural areas and farmers From the specific national conditions of China and the universal laws of economic and social development around the world, we can change the face of rural areas not only by the accumulation of agriculture itself, nor by the allocation of resources by the market, but also by the government's leadership and relevant institutional arrangements, so that investment will be more inclined to agriculture, rural areas and farmers. On the one hand, the government needs to design corresponding institutional rules that are beneficial to agriculture, rural areas and farmers; On the other hand, governments at all levels need to actively implement the overall policies and measures of the party and the state on the construction of new countryside. First, the system design of public investment. The construction of new countryside is a huge systematic project, which needs a lot of public investment. Although rural funds are generally lacking, we can consider introducing market mechanism to attract social funds to build new countryside, but the infrastructure in the construction of new countryside, such as roads, communications, energy, water and electricity, public health and activity places, harmless treatment of garbage and feces, education, health, culture and sports, etc. From a national perspective, governments at all levels are the most important investors in the construction of new countryside, but for underdeveloped areas, the central government should focus on transfer payments to enhance the investment capacity of the central and western regions in the construction of new countryside. Of course, whether it is local government investment or central government investment, in the case of relatively limited financial resources, effective system design is the key to improve investment efficiency. There is an urgent need to design and innovate the rural social security system, which focuses on expanding rural public goods and services, providing a financial management system with necessary support for agricultural and rural development, and safeguarding the interests of the masses such as minimum living security, old-age care and medical care. Secondly, we should strive to build a long-term mechanism to promote agriculture through industry and bring rural areas through cities. Coordinating urban and rural areas is the inevitable requirement of China's economic and social development, and it is also the basic premise and guarantee of China's new rural construction. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also put forward: "Take the road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, establish a long-term mechanism to promote agriculture through industry and bring rural areas through cities, and form a new pattern of integration of urban and rural economic and social development." Therefore, we must adhere to the policy of "giving more, taking less and giving more". On the one hand, it is necessary to adjust the pattern of national income distribution, so that the state financial expenditure, capital construction investment and credit investment will support rural construction more than in the past, strengthen farmland capital construction with small water conservancy facilities as the focus, strengthen the construction of flood control, drought relief system, and strengthen rural roads, drinking water, biogas, power grid, communications and other infrastructure and human settlements. On the other hand, according to the principle that industry feeds back agriculture and cities support rural areas, we should reshape the financial system and smooth the channels for the smooth flow of related factors from non-agriculture to agriculture and from cities to rural areas. Discussion on the role of government in the construction of new countryside □ Jin Zhilong Song Fang's intellectual property incentive mechanism and intellectual property trading system. Vigorously develop all kinds of science and technology intermediary service institutions that serve enterprises, and promote knowledge flow and technology transfer between enterprises, enterprises and institutions of higher learning and research institutes (institutes). Finally, we should speed up the construction of modern enterprise system, enhance the internal motivation of technological innovation of enterprises, create a good innovation environment, and support the technological innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. (2) Deepen the reform of scientific research institutions and establish a modern scientific research institute (institute) system. Scientific research institutions engaged in basic research, cutting-edge technology research and social welfare research are important forces in China's scientific and technological innovation. It is the hope of developing China's scientific and technological undertakings to build a high-level research team that stably serves the national goals and is committed to the scientific and technological undertakings. With the goal of improving innovation ability and focusing on perfecting mechanism, we will further deepen the reform of management system and accelerate the construction of a modern scientific research institute (institute) system with clear responsibilities, scientific evaluation and order. Strengthen the construction of scientific research institutions in accordance with the responsibilities entrusted by the state, establish a scientific and technological investment mechanism that stably supports the innovation activities of scientific research institutions, and also establish an operating mechanism that is conducive to the original innovation of scientific research institutions. The research of independent topic selection is very important for scientific research institutions to improve their original innovation ability, cultivate talent teams, and establish an effective mechanism for open cooperation of scientific research institutions. (3) Promoting the reform of science and technology management system. In view of the outstanding problems in macro-management of science and technology in China, to promote the reform of science and technology management system, the key points are to improve the national science and technology decision-making mechanism, strive to eliminate institutional obstacles, strengthen overall coordination among departments, localities, departments and localities, and between the military and civilians, and effectively improve the ability to integrate scientific and technological resources and organize major scientific and technological activities. Establish and improve the national scientific and technological decision-making mechanism. Improve the national major scientific and technological decision-making procedures and form a standardized consultation and decision-making mechanism; Establish and improve the national macro-coordination mechanism for science and technology. Establish science and technology policy as the basic position of national public policy, and form a policy system of coordinated interaction between national science and technology policy and economic policy according to the goal of promoting scientific and technological innovation and enhancing independent innovation ability; Reform the science and technology evaluation system. The evaluation of science and technology projects should embody the principles of justice, fairness, openness and encouraging innovation, and create conditions for all kinds of talents, especially young talents, to stand out. Note: This article is supported by the project of China Ouyang Xiong Fei School of Administration.