The last Great Wall in China's history was built in the Ming Dynasty, which is located at the southernmost tip of the Great Walls in previous dynasties. Along this Great Wall, the Jiubian area centered on Liaodong, Zhen Ji, Fu Xuan, Datong, Shanxi (also known as Sanguan Town or Taiyuan Town), Yansui Town (also known as Yulin Town), Ningxia, Guyuan and Gansu is the approximate scope of the Great Wall Cultural Belt in Ming Dynasty. The formation and evolution of the Great Wall Cultural Belt in Ming Dynasty is a summary of the special political and economic development of the Great Wall Cultural Belt since Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and also the final form of the development of the Great Wall Cultural Belt in China. The process can be roughly divided into three stages: first, the period from the founding of Hongwu to the civil reform (1368- 1449), the formation and development stage of the production-oriented cultural belt with the development of war economy as its basic content. Second, from the change of civil engineering to the harmony of Qin Long (1449- 157 1), a consumption-oriented cultural belt with economic war consumption as the main development stage. Thirdly, the formation and development stage of the cultural exchange belt with ethnic trade as the main content is from Qin Long to Chongzhen (157 1- 1644). The rise of the Great Wall Cultural Belt has brought about new development of the Great Wall Cultural Belt. There are various types of "horse markets" in Jiubian area along the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty, among which there are more than 70 recorded and more than 50 available for investigation. These markets were mainly established in the late Ming Dynasty, especially after "Qin Long He Yi". Not only has the variety and quantity of "horse market" surged, but the nature of the market has also changed. The "people's market" that people interact with each other has replaced the "official market" and occupied the main position. Since then, in the Great Wall, "the fields are getting longer every day, the merchants are getting better and better, and the border people are beginning to understand the joy of life". By the end of the Ming Dynasty, "for 60 years, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and merchants gathered, no different from the Central Plains". The development of the Great Wall Cultural Belt has entered a new historical period. As a specific type of cultural region, there has been a trend of integration with the Central Plains cultural region.
The cultural belt of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, interwoven by various factors, evolved with the tortuous development of the relationship between Mongolia and China, from the production-oriented cultural belt with the war economy as the core in the early Ming Dynasty to the deformed military consumption-oriented cultural belt in the middle Ming Dynasty, and then to the exchange-oriented cultural belt with ethnic trade as the main content in the late Ming Dynasty, and finally developed into a new cultural belt with simultaneous development of agriculture, animal husbandry and commerce and integration into the whole China culture. In the relationship between Ming and Mongolia, the development of economic relations restricts the change of political relations, which determines the evolution and characteristics of the Great Wall cultural belt. Economic development needs politics to adapt to it. The civil market trade between Ming and Mongolia, which benefited both China and foreign countries, broke through the unequal tribute trade of official patents and was the mainstream of economic relations at that time. When this mainstream is hindered by politics and policies of Ming and Mongolia, war breaks out; When this mainstream adapts to the Tonggong trade, economic prosperity will replace the war disaster. However, in the feudal society with low productivity, the agricultural court often stood on the position of small-scale farmers' natural economy and adopted a policy of exclusion and isolation for nomadic economy. In the early Ming Dynasty, the rulers inherited the traditional policy of stationing troops and guarding the border since Qin and Han Dynasties, drawing walls to set up dangers and stationing troops and guarding the border, thus forming a systematic border administrative facility in the Ming Dynasty, thus showing the tortuous development of Mongolia-China relations, which is manifested in the development process of "blockade-anti-blockade-mutual market".
The history of economic and cultural development on both sides of the Great Wall since Qin and Han Dynasties shows that there must be some trade between these two regions and two societies to reflect their fundamental economic relations. Especially in the Ming dynasty, "the economy needs to combine nomadic Mongolians and farming Han Chinese in a trading system that can't be completely cut off by imperial bans." However, the emergence of truly equal and mutually beneficial ethnic trade in history has gone through a long and difficult process. When the former imperial court was unable to subdue many nomadic tribes, there was a "pro-gift transaction", that is, the peasant court married the princess to the nomadic monarch in exchange for temporary border peace with money and goods; When the power of the current dynasty developed enough to conquer the surrounding nomadic peoples, nomadic monarchs accepted the titles of the Central Plains Dynasty and paid tribute to them in exchange for a large number of materials and gold and silver awards from the Central Plains court, thus forming a "tribute trade" from thick to thin; However, in terms of the choice of war, defense and peace, the Central Plains imperial court more often claimed to be a celestial empire, and adopted the strategy of both war and defense against nomadic people, cutting off all trade exchanges, which was enough for nomadic people to take the means of war plunder. Under the big goal that enterprises plan to March into the Central Plains, they first rob agricultural materials, or force them to import agricultural materials into the grassland, thus forming a "war plunder trade" with nothing. When the two sides lost in the war, the illegal smuggling of border people was unstoppable, or the hostile situation between the two sides eased after the war, "peaceful mutual market" came into being. 10
The peaceful trade between farmers and herdsmen along the Great Wall had sprouted before the Ming Dynasty, such as "the later Han Dynasty traded with Wuhuan, the northern Khan and Xianbei", the Sui and Tang Dynasties traded with Turks and Uighurs "set up markets along the border", "set up markets with gold and silk", and the Song and Qidan "set up markets to exchange needed goods", and so on. 105438+05766686436 This trade system, which is beneficial to both China people and foreigners, has been generally established and prospered for 50 or 60 years, making the ethnic trade in agriculture and animal husbandry and even all ethnic relations undergo epoch-making changes. In the late Ming Dynasty, the national trade market along the Great Wall generally showed an upward trend, which first played a key and decisive role in the development of the Great Wall itself. It is precisely because of the development of the Great Wall Belt itself that the long-term internal and external confrontation and impermanence between the two sides of the Great Wall ended, thus laying the foundation for the reunification of northern China in the Qing Dynasty. My book "National Trade Market along the Great Wall in the Late Ming Dynasty" has a special discussion on this.
Throughout the history of the ethnic trade market along the Great Wall in the late Ming Dynasty, we can see that the rise of ethnic mutual trade among people ended the struggle inside and outside the Great Wall in the middle and early Ming Dynasty, which brought about the rapid development of the Great Wall economy and provided a prerequisite for the great integration of agriculture and animal husbandry and the realization of the dual integration of agriculture and animal husbandry culture. On this basis, the Great Wall Cultural Belt developed and played a transitional role, transferring the Central Plains culture to Saibei. It is precisely because of this in-depth ethnic integration that the "inner edge" of the Qing Dynasty disappeared. It can be seen that the economic relationship between ethnic groups is the mainstream of the relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry, and ethnic trade, especially the ethnic trade of equality and mutual benefit among the people, is the mainstream of this mainstream. If economic prosperity is the basis of eliminating national opposition and differences, then the prosperity of national market is the basis of foundation and the concrete embodiment of exchange function. If we emphasize the martial arts of emperors and generals unilaterally and ignore the decisive role of economic power, especially market function, in the development of ethnic relations, it will be impossible to clarify the development process of agriculture and animal husbandry culture on both sides of the Great Wall in China's history, and it will not be conducive to us to learn from history and improve the current ethnic policy.
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