How to maintain and transplant Taxus chinensis?

The protection of local cultivated artificial seedling \x0d\ Taxus chinensis has been highly valued internationally, but the strong market demand still brings long-term and lasting pressure to the survival of endangered Taxus chinensis. According to reports, Taxus plants in China. Meili Forest Park will do its best to protect wild resources and cultivate artificial seedlings. At present, the local government will cooperate with Fudan University and other relevant scientific research institutions on introduction, propagation and seedling raising. At present, more than 70 mu of seedling base has been initially built, and nearly 20,000 seedlings of Taxus chinensis have been artificially cultivated, which will exceed 654.38+10,000 in three years. According to the person in charge, the base will take artificial cultivation measures to develop Taxus resources in the early stage, and then use the artificially developed Taxus resources to extract paclitaxel after expanding the planting area to occupy the international taxol market. \x0d\ The State Forestry Administration has a clear instruction on the current "Taxus chinensis project": "Taxus chinensis is a first-class protected tree species in China, with good ecological benefits and extremely high economic value. The state supports the vigorous construction of yew forests within an appropriate scope, and encourages all sectors of society to participate in afforestation and greening in various forms such as contracting, leasing, auction and joint-stock cooperation. " At present, the development goal of the yew industry in Weihe Forestry Bureau is: the resource reserve is the first in the world, and the seedling output is the first in the world. Therefore, the "yew project" is not only an urgent life-saving project, but also a great sunshine cause that benefits mankind. \x0d\ Compared with other countries in the world, Taxus resources in China account for more than half, but the demand for paclitaxel in the world is far from enough. Since the US Food and Drug Administration (FAD) approved paclitaxel as a drug for the treatment of advanced cancer in 1992, the excessive logging of wild yew resources in China has become increasingly serious, and the wild yew resources have been seriously damaged. Moreover, many biological characteristics of wild yew restrict the development of natural communities. According to statistics, the annual incidence of cancer in the world is more than 654.38+million. If 0.006%~0.06% paclitaxel is extracted, it will consume 700 ~ 654.38+0000 tons of yew bark every year. Even if all the bark of yew in the world is collected completely, it can only maintain short-term needs. Moreover, the methods of synthetic or chemical taxol are still in the laboratory stage. Therefore, it is urgent to expand and develop Taxus resources artificially and establish a timber forest base for Taxus medicinal raw materials. \x0d\ Jiangsu Hodo Group Co.,Ltd. Co., Ltd. began to cultivate Taxus cuspidata artificially on 1997, and obtained the national patent. Now, more than 30 million strains of Taxus cuspidata have been planted artificially. \x0d\ Several propagation methods of Taxus cuspidata seedlings at present \x0d\ 1. Pre-cultivation method \x0d\ Preservation of Taxus cuspidata resources and rapid propagation of seedlings are the solutions to Taxus cuspidata timber forest. \x0d\ When raising seedlings of Taxus chinensis seeds, it is necessary to keep the storage mode of seeds, mix sand seeds or control the temperature, which has a good effect on sprouting after overwintering and breaking the dormancy habit. Rub the seed coat before sowing, soak it in warm water and treat it with drugs and hormones. Shading after emergence is the key to raising seedlings. It can prevent the seedlings from being burned at high temperature, keep them moist and have a light transmittance of 40%. The emergence rate of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus mairei can reach 70~80%, and the emergence temperature should be higher than 65438 05 degrees. \x0d\ The dynamic growth of seedlings is as follows: the plant height and stem diameter of seedlings grow slowly two years before emergence, and the plant height generally grows about 10CM in one year, but grows faster after transplanting for one year. In 3-5 years, the annual increase can reach 20-30cm. \x0d\ 2。 Tissue culture and breeding of Taxus chinensis \ x0d \ Tissue culture utilizes the totipotency and clonality of plant cells. The tender stems, needles, bark, cambium, aril and embryo of Taxus plants are used as culture plants. \x0d\ ( 1)。 Excellent varieties of Taxus cuspidata, such as excellent organs of Taxus cuspidata (with high taxol content), were selected as explants, inoculated in culture medium, and a large number of tissue culture seedlings were obtained in the laboratory after callus formation, rooting and seedling bud formation. After substrate transplanting, seedling hardening and epidemic prevention, it became a production seedling. \x0d\ (2)。 The proportion of late and early callus formation of Taxus chinensis is different among different species and different plants of the same species. At the same time, it is related to explant type, sampling place and season, lighting conditions, culture medium types and other factors. Taxus cuspidata, Taxus mairei and Taxus yunnanensis can all form callus on the induction medium. However, due to the different species and plants of Taxus chinensis, the formation situation is also different. X0d study showed that hydrolyzed complex protein (CA) could promote the callus growth of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus mairei to some extent, but the concentration greater than 0.5% was not conducive to the formation and accumulation of paclitaxel. When the concentration of \x0d\ is greater than 1%, it can promote callus healing and form new growth points without affecting the accumulation of paclitaxel. Comparatively speaking, 2 and 4 days are also beneficial to the formation of callus and can also improve the induction rate. Callus in 2-day and 4-day culture medium is bright, large and soft, which is easy to induce callus of Taxus chinensis. However, other medium additives, such as cell suspension culture, B5 medium and carbon source sucrose, can also increase the content of paclitaxel. However, glucose in high-yield sucrose will inhibit the synthesis of paclitaxel. At the same time, galactose is of great significance to promote cell growth. \x0d\ GIBSON's research shows that cell suspension culture, callus growth and paclitaxel content formation are better in the dark than in light. \x0d\ No matter what species and parts are used for tissue culture, middle layer cells (the surface cells contain a lot of starch granules, the central cells are seedless, and tubular molecules are easy to differentiate) should be selected. This is conducive to the formation of cell filaments between cells, thus forming a large cell mass, which is conducive to the signal transmission of small substances between cells. Therefore, the cells of Taxus chinensis exist in the form of cell clusters, producing functional cell bodies, promoting the regionalization of cell clusters and cell functional differentiation, which is the premise for Taxus chinensis to produce metabolites. \x0d\ 3。 Artificial cuttage propagation of Taxus chinensis \x0d\ The best cuttage propagation of Taxus chinensis is tender branches in spring and hard branches in autumn. Generally, low shed shading treatment should be done when cutting. Generally, the survival rate of cutting can reach more than 70%. Conventional cutting is only about 3%~20%. Shading rate is not less than 60%. Cutting media should be carefully rooted. At the beginning, the humidity should be kept at about 75~85% intermittently. Avoid water loss caused by strong wind. \x0d\ Generally speaking, the factors that affect the survival rate of cutting are: tree age, temperature, concentration of chemicals, substrate, season, humidity, varieties and other human factors. According to the data, the highest survival rates of several kinds of yew are: Taxus cuspidata 95%, Taxus mairei 95%, Taxus yunnanensis 90% and Taxus China 86%. \x0d\ In the first year of rooting, cuttings grow slowly on the ground, but take root quickly and have developed lateral roots. After transplanting in the second year, further shading treatment and seedbed management are needed. Ensure the corresponding environmental conditions and accelerate the growth. The growth rate is the fastest in summer and slower in winter and spring. Pay attention to the change of temperature at this time. Long-term drying can lead to growth inhibition or sudden death. However, after the seedlings of Taxus chinensis are strong in the seedbed, the survival rate of afforestation is very high. It rarely dies and grows rapidly. "x0d" logging is the most effective way to solve the shortage of Taxus resources and accelerate the construction of Taxus medicinal forest. \x0d\ knowledge of maintenance of Taxus bonsai \x0d\ 1, Maintenance of Newly-purchased bonsai It is best to spray 800 times 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves of newly-purchased Taxus bonsai every three or four days, generally before 10: 00 am or around 4: 00 pm, and gradually reduce it to once a month after three or four consecutive sprays. \x0d\ 2。 "Lighting requirements" Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, which is suitable for indoor display, but attention should be paid to proper shading in summer, and it is not suitable for placing in a room with a peep show. \x0d\ 3。 "Soil selection" Taxus chinensis should be planted in loose, humus-rich, fertile and slightly acidic soil (PH=5~6.5). \x0d\ 4。 "Water requirement" The surface of the basin soil is slightly yellow and white, and the leaves are slightly curled. Pot soil doesn't need watering, just spraying leaves. When the soil in the basin turns white, it is necessary to water it. Pay attention to one-time watering to make the basin soil fully absorb water. \x0d\ 5。 The three elements of "soil fertility" plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth of flower branches; Phosphate fertilizer can promote the formation of flowers and fruits; Potassium fertilizer can promote the growth of stems and roots. Because the newly bought Taxus bonsai has already used the prepared nutrient soil, it is not necessary to apply fertilizer within 3 months, and it can be applied every 2 to 3 months in the future. Cake fertilizer is the best fertilizer. Pay attention to the operation along the basin edge when applying fertilizer to avoid touching the root of bonsai. \x0d\ "flowerpot selection \" The flowerpot should be appropriately large, and several holes should be punched at the bottom of the flowerpot, mainly to enhance the water permeability and air permeability of the flowerpot. \x0d\ 6。 "Requirements for Transplanting and Changing Pots" After purchasing bonsai for half a year, the seedlings gradually grow up and the roots are developed. In order to ensure its normal growth, users are advised to transplant and change pots. When changing pots, it is best to break the old pots to avoid destroying the original soil balls, and slowly move them into new pots, and water the roots to ensure survival. \x0d\ 7. Pruning Bonsai If the withered yellow leaves at the lower part of the bonsai fall off seriously, it may be that the lower branches are too dense, and several branches need to be pruned. Pruning can be arbitrary, so it can be trimmed into umbrella, tower, circle and other shapes. The newly bought Taxus bonsai above No.3 will damage part of the root system when transplanted from the planting base to the flowerpot, resulting in the imbalance of nutrient supply between the root system and the branches and leaves. When the leaves are still curly and dry under the condition of moist soil, it is best to trim the branches and leaves of bonsai properly to reduce the excessive consumption of nutrients by branches and leaves and restore the growth of roots. \x0d\ 8。 "Pest control" In the hot and dry season, individual young yew trees will suffer from leaf blight and bacterial blight, which can be controlled by spraying 1% Bordeaux solution. \x0d\ 9。 The protection of local artificial seedlings \x0d\ Taxus chinensis has been highly valued internationally, but the strong market demand still brings long-term and lasting pressure to the survival of endangered Taxus chinensis. According to reports, Taxus plants in China. Meili Forest Park will do its best to protect wild resources and cultivate artificial seedlings. At present, the local government will cooperate with Fudan University and other relevant scientific research institutions on introduction, propagation and seedling raising. At present, more than 70 mu of seedling base has been initially built, and nearly 20,000 seedlings of Taxus chinensis have been artificially cultivated, which will exceed 654.38+10,000 in three years. According to the person in charge, the base will take artificial cultivation measures to develop Taxus resources in the early stage, and then use the artificially developed Taxus resources to extract paclitaxel after expanding the planting area to occupy the international taxol market. \x0d\ The State Forestry Administration has a clear instruction on the current "Taxus chinensis project": "Taxus chinensis is a first-class protected tree species in China, with good ecological benefits and extremely high economic value. The state supports the vigorous construction of yew forests within an appropriate scope, and encourages all sectors of society to participate in afforestation and greening in various forms such as contracting, leasing, auction and joint-stock cooperation. " At present, the development goal of the yew industry in Weihe Forestry Bureau is: the resource reserve is the first in the world, and the seedling output is the first in the world. Therefore, the "yew project" is not only an urgent life-saving project, but also a great sunshine cause that benefits mankind. \x0d\ Compared with other countries in the world, Taxus resources in China account for more than half, but the demand for paclitaxel in the world is far from enough. Since the US Food and Drug Administration (FAD) approved paclitaxel as a drug for the treatment of advanced cancer in 1992, the excessive logging of wild yew resources in China has become increasingly serious, and the wild yew resources have been seriously damaged. Moreover, many biological characteristics of wild yew restrict the development of natural communities. According to statistics, the annual incidence of cancer in the world is more than 654.38+million. If 0.006%~0.06% paclitaxel is extracted, it will consume 700 ~ 654.38+0000 tons of yew bark every year. Even if all the bark of yew in the world is collected completely, it can only maintain short-term needs. Moreover, the methods of synthetic or chemical taxol are still in the laboratory stage. Therefore, it is urgent to expand and develop Taxus resources artificially and establish a timber forest base for Taxus medicinal raw materials. \x0d\ Jiangsu Hodo Group Co.,Ltd. Co., Ltd. began to cultivate Taxus cuspidata artificially on 1997, and obtained the national patent. Now, more than 30 million strains of Taxus cuspidata have been planted artificially. \x0d\ Several propagation methods of Taxus cuspidata seedlings at present \x0d\ 1. Pre-cultivation method \x0d\ Preservation of Taxus cuspidata resources and rapid propagation of seedlings are the solutions to Taxus cuspidata timber forest. \x0d\ When raising seedlings of Taxus chinensis seeds, it is necessary to keep the storage mode of seeds, mix sand seeds or control the temperature, which has a good effect on sprouting after overwintering and breaking the dormancy habit. Rub the seed coat before sowing, soak it in warm water and treat it with drugs and hormones. Shading after emergence is the key to raising seedlings. It can prevent the seedlings from being burned at high temperature, keep them moist and have a light transmittance of 40%. The emergence rate of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus mairei can reach 70~80%, and the emergence temperature should be higher than 65438 05 degrees. \x0d\ The dynamic growth of seedlings is as follows: the plant height and stem diameter of seedlings grow slowly two years before emergence, and the plant height generally grows about 10CM in one year, but grows faster after transplanting for one year. In 3-5 years, the annual increase can reach 20-30cm. \x0d\ 2。 Tissue culture and breeding of Taxus chinensis \ x0d \ Tissue culture utilizes the totipotency and clonality of plant cells. The tender stems, needles, bark, cambium, aril and embryo of Taxus plants are used as culture plants. \x0d\ ( 1)。 Excellent varieties of Taxus cuspidata, such as excellent organs of Taxus cuspidata (with high taxol content), were selected as explants, inoculated in culture medium, and a large number of tissue culture seedlings were obtained in the laboratory after callus formation, rooting and seedling bud formation. After substrate transplanting, seedling hardening and epidemic prevention, it became a production seedling. \x0d\ (2)。 The proportion of late and early callus formation of Taxus chinensis is different among different species and different plants of the same species. At the same time, it is related to explant type, sampling place and season, lighting conditions, culture medium types and other factors. Taxus cuspidata, Taxus mairei and Taxus yunnanensis can all form callus on the induction medium. However, due to the different species and plants of Taxus chinensis, the formation situation is also different. X0d study showed that hydrolyzed complex protein (CA) could promote the callus growth of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus mairei to some extent, but the concentration greater than 0.5% was not conducive to the formation and accumulation of paclitaxel. When the concentration of \x0d\ is greater than 1%, it can promote callus healing and form new growth points without affecting the accumulation of paclitaxel. Comparatively speaking, 2 and 4 days are also beneficial to the formation of callus and can also improve the induction rate. Callus in 2-day and 4-day culture medium is bright, large and soft, which is easy to induce callus of Taxus chinensis. However, other medium additives, such as cell suspension culture, B5 medium and carbon source sucrose, can also increase the content of paclitaxel. However, glucose in high-yield sucrose will inhibit the synthesis of paclitaxel. At the same time, galactose is of great significance to promote cell growth. \x0d\ GIBSON's research shows that cell suspension culture, callus growth and paclitaxel content formation are better in the dark than in light. \x0d\ No matter what species and parts are used for tissue culture, middle layer cells (the surface cells contain a lot of starch granules, the central cells are seedless, and tubular molecules are easy to differentiate) should be selected. This is conducive to the formation of cell filaments between cells, thus forming a large cell mass, which is conducive to the signal transmission of small substances between cells. Therefore, the cells of Taxus chinensis exist in the form of cell clusters, producing functional cell bodies, promoting the regionalization of cell clusters and cell functional differentiation, which is the premise for Taxus chinensis to produce metabolites. \x0d\ 3。 Artificial cuttage propagation of Taxus chinensis \x0d\ The best cuttage propagation of Taxus chinensis is tender branches in spring and hard branches in autumn. Generally, low shed shading treatment should be done when cutting. Generally, the survival rate of cutting can reach more than 70%. Conventional cutting is only about 3%~20%. Shading rate is not less than 60%. Cutting media should be carefully rooted. At the beginning, the humidity should be kept at about 75~85% intermittently. Avoid water loss caused by strong wind. \x0d\ Generally speaking, the factors that affect the survival rate of cutting are: tree age, temperature, concentration of chemicals, substrate, season, humidity, varieties and other human factors. According to the data, the highest survival rates of several kinds of yew are: Taxus cuspidata 95%, Taxus mairei 95%, Taxus yunnanensis 90% and Taxus China 86%. \x0d\ In the first year of rooting, cuttings grow slowly on the ground, but take root quickly and have developed lateral roots. After transplanting in the second year, further shading treatment and seedbed management are needed. Ensure the corresponding environmental conditions and accelerate the growth. The growth rate is the fastest in summer and slower in winter and spring. Pay attention to the change of temperature at this time. Long-term drying can lead to growth inhibition or sudden death. However, after the seedlings of Taxus chinensis are strong in the seedbed, the survival rate of afforestation is very high. It rarely dies and grows rapidly. "x0d" logging is the most effective way to solve the shortage of Taxus resources and accelerate the construction of Taxus medicinal forest. \x0d\ knowledge of maintenance of Taxus bonsai \x0d\ 1, Maintenance of Newly-purchased bonsai It is best to spray 800 times 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves of newly-purchased Taxus bonsai every three or four days, generally before 10: 00 am or around 4: 00 pm, and gradually reduce it to once a month after three or four consecutive sprays. \x0d\ 2。 "Lighting requirements" Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, which is suitable for indoor display, but attention should be paid to proper shading in summer, and it is not suitable for placing in a room with a peep show. \x0d\ 3。 "Soil selection" Taxus chinensis should be planted in loose, humus-rich, fertile and slightly acidic soil (PH=5~6.5). \x0d\ 4。 "Water requirement" The surface of the basin soil is slightly yellow and white, and the leaves are slightly curled. Pot soil doesn't need watering, just spraying leaves. When the soil in the basin turns white, it is necessary to water it. Pay attention to one-time watering to make the basin soil fully absorb water. \x0d\ 5。 The three elements of "soil fertility" plant growth are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth of flower branches; Phosphate fertilizer can promote the formation of flowers and fruits; Potassium fertilizer can promote the growth of stems and roots. Because the newly bought Taxus bonsai has already used the prepared nutrient soil, it is not necessary to apply fertilizer within 3 months, and it can be applied every 2 to 3 months in the future. Cake fertilizer is the best fertilizer. Pay attention to the operation along the basin edge when applying fertilizer to avoid touching the root of bonsai. \x0d\ "flowerpot selection \" The flowerpot should be appropriately large, and several holes should be punched at the bottom of the flowerpot, mainly to enhance the water permeability and air permeability of the flowerpot. \x0d\ 6。 "Requirements for Transplanting and Changing Pots" After purchasing bonsai for half a year, the seedlings gradually grow up and the roots are developed. In order to ensure its normal growth, users are advised to transplant and change pots. When changing pots, it is best to break the old pots to avoid destroying the original soil balls, and slowly move them into new pots, and water the roots to ensure survival. \x0d\ 7. Bonsai Pruning If the withered yellow leaves at the lower part of the bonsai fall off seriously, it may be that the lower branches are too dense, and several branches need to be pruned. Pruning can be arbitrary, so it can be trimmed into umbrella, tower, circle and other shapes. The newly bought Taxus bonsai above No.3 will damage part of the root system when transplanted from the planting base to the flowerpot, resulting in the imbalance of nutrient supply between the root system and the branches and leaves. When the leaves are still curly and dry under the condition of moist soil, it is best to trim the branches and leaves of bonsai properly to reduce the excessive consumption of nutrients by branches and leaves and restore the growth of roots. \x0d\ 8。 "Pest control" In the hot and dry season, individual young yew trees will suffer from leaf blight and bacterial blight, which can be controlled by spraying 1% Bordeaux solution. \x0d\ 9。 Because the climate in the north is dry and there is little rain, water can be used when the surface is dry, and it should be poured thoroughly at one time, especially in summer. When the air in the north is dry, the leaves are prone to water shortage and drooping, and the appearance of the leaves is not full, it is necessary to spray water on the leaves from bottom to top with a small watering can (it can be sprayed every day in summer). Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, which is suitable to be placed indoors, but it is not suitable to be placed at the air outlet of air conditioner or next to heating, otherwise it will increase the evaporation of water in the leaves of Taxus chinensis, and it is easy to dehydrate the branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis quickly, resulting in curly and dry leaves. \x0d\ 10, Taxus bonsai should not be watered with tea. In particular, the water quality in Beijing is hard and high in alkali, so it must be used for watering and spraying at the end of the day. Because the climate in the north is dry and there is little rain, you can water the soil when it is dry, and pay attention to watering it once, especially in summer. When the air in the north is dry, the leaves are prone to water shortage and drooping, and the appearance of the leaves is not full, it is necessary to spray water on the leaves from bottom to top with a small watering can (it can be sprayed every day in summer). Taxus chinensis is a shade-loving plant, which is suitable to be placed indoors, but it is not suitable to be placed at the air outlet of air conditioner or next to heating, otherwise it will increase the evaporation of water in the leaves of Taxus chinensis, and it is easy to dehydrate the branches and leaves of Taxus chinensis quickly, resulting in curly and dry leaves. \x0d\ 10, Taxus bonsai should not be watered with tea. In particular, the water quality in Beijing is hard and high in alkali, so it must be used for watering and spraying at the end of the day.