Hydrogen peroxide (*) (explosive) This product is controlled by the public security department according to the Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals, but the low-concentration medical hydrogen peroxide solution is not controlled. English name: hydrogen dioxide, hydrogen peroxide
h？ o？
relative molecular mass
34.0 1
shop
Stored in a cold plastic bottle with micropores in the bottle mouth.
use
Oxidant. Bleach. Determination of calcium, cobalt, copper, manganese, titanium, vanadium, ammonium and chromic acid by drop analysis. Organic synthesis.
safety measure
Leakage: quickly evacuate the personnel in the leaked and polluted area to a safe area, isolate them and strictly restrict access. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and acid-proof overalls. Cut off the source of leakage as much as possible to prevent it from entering confined spaces such as sewers and flood discharge ditches. Small amount of leakage: absorbed by sand, vermiculite or other inert substances. It can also be washed with plenty of water, diluted and put into the wastewater system. A large number of water leaks: build a dike or dig a pit to accommodate; Spray water to cool and dilute steam, protect field personnel, and dilute the leakage into nonflammable substances. Pump it into a tank car or a special collector with a pump, and recycle it or transport it to a waste disposal site for treatment.
Fire extinguishing method
Combustibility: nonflammable, but combustion-supporting. Lower explosion limit (%): 12. Upper explosion limit (%): 19. Ignition temperature (℃): 6 15. Maximum explosion pressure (MPa): 0.490. Extinguishing agent: water, atomized water, dry powder and sand. Precautions for fire fighting: Firefighters must wear full-body fire protection and gas protection suits. Move the container from the fire to an empty place as much as possible. Spray water to keep the container cool until the fire goes out. If the container in the fire changes color or the safety pressure relief device sounds, it must be evacuated immediately.
Emergency treatment
Inhalation: leave the scene quickly and go to a place with fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If you have difficulty breathing, give oxygen. If breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. See a doctor. Eating by mistake: drink plenty of warm water, induce vomiting and seek medical attention. Skin contact: take off contaminated clothes and rinse with plenty of running water. Eye contact: lift the eyelid immediately and rinse it thoroughly with plenty of flowing water or normal saline for at least 15 minutes. See a doctor.
Edit the structural composition of this paragraph
English name: hydrogen peroxide chemical formula: h? o？ CASNo.: 7722-84- 1einecs RegistrationNo.: 23 1-765-0 Molecular formula: H? o？ Molecular structure: O atoms are bound by sp3 hybrid orbitals, and the molecules are polar molecules with valence of * * *. Relative molecular weight: 34.01h.o. The mass ratio of the two elements is1× 2:16× 2 = 2: 32 =1:16h-o-o bond angle is 96 degrees and 52 minutes.
Edit the physical properties of this paragraph.
Appearance and properties: the aqueous solution is colorless and transparent, with a faint special smell. Pure hydrogen peroxide is a light blue oily liquid. Main ingredients: industrial grade is 27.5% and 35%. Reagent grades are often divided into 30% and 40%. Melting point (℃):-0.89℃ (anhydrous) Boiling point (℃): 152. 1℃ (anhydrous) Refractive index: 1.4067(25℃) Relative density (water =1):/. Insoluble in benzene and petroleum ether. Structure: H-O-O-H has no chirality. Because o in -O-O- is not the lowest oxidation state and unstable, it is easy to disconnect the hydrogen ions contained in the solution. Peroxide radicals will generate hydroxide ions under the action of hydrogen ions, and the concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than that of hydroxide ions. Toxicity LD50 (mg/kg): 700 mg/kg subcutaneously in rats. Danger of explosion: this product is combustion-supporting and highly irritating. It is easy to explode when mixed with heavy metals.
Edit this experiment
1. Take 5ml5% of 5% hydrogen peroxide solution in the test tube, and put the wooden strips with Mars into the test tube, so that the wooden strips will not re-ignite. 2. Take 5ml5% of 5% 5% hydrogen peroxide solution in the test tube, heat it, and then put the wooden strips with Mars into the test tube, so that it is difficult for the wooden strips to re-ignite. Note: At this time, there is not much water vapor in the test tube, but the oxygen concentration is low. 3. Take 5ml5% of 5% 5% hydrogen peroxide solution in the test tube, add a small amount of manganese dioxide, and then put the wooden strip with Mars into the test tube, and the wooden strip will be rekindled. As a catalyst, manganese dioxide reacts with hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and water. 4. Chemical equation: 2H? o？ ==MnO？ == 2H？ O + O？ ↑ Supplement: MnO? Catalytic principle and the reason for the decline of catalytic efficiency after long-term use: H? o？ + MnO？ ==== H？ O + MnO？ (δH & lt； 0) 2MnO？ = =δ= = 2MnO？ + O？ ↑ Side reaction: MnO? + H？ o？ = =δ= = Mn(OH)？ ↓+ O？ = Mn (oh)? = =δ= = MnO+H？ O Because hydrogen peroxide is a weak electrolyte, there are hydrogen peroxide molecules in hydrogen peroxide, and manganese dioxide directly reacts with hydrogen peroxide molecules to generate manganese hydroxide and oxygen. Because of exothermic reaction, manganese hydroxide is decomposed by heat to produce manganese oxide and water, and manganese oxide has no catalytic effect on hydrogen peroxide, so after a period of reaction, the amount of catalyst decreases and impurities increase, so the catalytic efficiency decreases!
Edit the molecular structure of this paragraph.
Hydrogen peroxide is a polar molecule with polar and nonpolar bonds. Its structural formula is H-O-O-H, and its electronic form is H: O: O: H.
Edit the chemical characteristics of this paragraph
acid-base
h？ o？ It is a binary weak acid with acidity.
oxidizability
It has a strong oxidizing property. o？ + 2KI + 2HCl ==== 2KCl + I？ + 2H？ O 2Fe2+ + H？ o？ +2H+= = = 2fe 3 ++ 2H？ Oh? o？ + H？ S ==== S↓+ 2H？ Oh? o？ +So? ==== H？ So what? Note: Under acidic conditions, H? o？ Is the reduced product of h? O, the reduction product is the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate under neutral or alkaline conditions.
Things.
reducing power
2KMnO？ + 5H？ o？ + 3H？ So what? ==== 2MnSO？ + K？ So what? + 5O？ ↑+ 8H？ O 2KMnO？ + 3H？ o？ ==== 2MnO？ + 2KOH + 3O？ ↑+ 2H？ Oh? o？ + Cl？ ==== 2HCl + O？ Note: h? o？ Oxidation products of o?
unstable
Hydrogen peroxide can decompose at room temperature to produce oxygen and water (slow decomposition), and the reaction can be accelerated after heating or adding catalysts such as manganese dioxide, copper sulfate, hydrogen iodide, lead dioxide, ferric chloride and catalase in organisms for 2 hours? o？ ==MnO？ == 2H？ O + O？ ↑ 2H？ o？ = =δ= = 2H？ O + O？ ↑ 4、H？ o？ How to preserve H? o？ Keep it in a brown bottle, away from light and in a cool place. 5、H？ o？ The purpose of this product is disinfection, bactericide, bleaching agent and dechlorination agent, pure H? o？ It can also be used as oxidant for rocket combustion.
Edit this electrolytic reaction
Electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide will produce ozone and water, and water will produce hydrogen and oxygen. The chemical equation of step-by-step reaction is 1. 3H？ o？ = = electrolysis == 3H? O + O？ Write two, two hours? O == electrolysis == 2H? ↑ + O？ ↑ The total reaction chemical equation is: 6H? o？ = = electrolysis ==6H? ↑ + 2O？ ↑ + 3O？ ↑ Note: The color of ozone generated for the first time is orange.
The main purpose of editing this paragraph
There will be oxidation or reduction under different conditions. It can be used as oxidant, bleaching agent, disinfectant and dechlorination agent, and can be used for rocket fuel, organic or inorganic peroxide, foam plastic and other porous substances. Medical hydrogen peroxide (about 3% or less) is a good disinfectant. About 35% of industrial use is used for bleaching, as a strong oxidant, dechlorination agent, fuel and so on. Military grade 99%, mainly used for space attitude control engines and manned spacecraft, but also for military satellites, launch vehicles and anti-ballistic missile experiments, so that O? Raw materials.
Edit this paragraph health hazards
serious
Inhalation: Steam can irritate eyes, nose and throat. Skin contact: it will cause tingling and temporary whitening, and it will recover after washing for 2-3 hours, and the residue will cause redness and blistering. Eye contact: the possibility of serious injury and blindness. It may take a week or more for this symptom to appear. If swallowed, it will hurt the stomach and throat, and may lead to esophageal and gastric bleeding. Electrolytic hydrogen peroxide solution
long-term
Inhalation: Causes chronic respiratory diseases. Skin contact: causes skin diseases. Eye contact: causes eye diseases. Main symptoms: irritation, skin tingling, temporary whitening, redness, blistering, eye diseases and stomach bleeding. When it is corrosive injury, it can lead to blindness, tissue necrosis and pulmonary edema in severe cases.
Edit the hazard characteristics of this paragraph.
Explosive strong oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide itself does not burn, but it can react with combustible substances to release a lot of heat and oxygen, causing fires and explosions. Hydrogen peroxide is most stable at pH 3.5 ~ 4.5, easily decomposed in alkaline solution, and can also be decomposed under strong light, especially short-wave radiation. When heated to above 100℃, it began to decompose rapidly. It forms an explosive mixture with sugar, starch, alcohol, petroleum products and other organic substances, which can explode under the action of impact, heat or electric spark. When hydrogen peroxide comes into contact with many inorganic compounds or impurities, it will decompose rapidly and lead to explosion, releasing a lot of heat, oxygen and water vapor. Most heavy metals (such as iron, copper, silver, lead, mercury, zinc, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, etc. ) and its oxides and salts are active catalysts, and dust, cigarette ash, carbon powder and rust can also accelerate decomposition. Hydrogen peroxide with concentration over 74% can cause gas explosion in a closed container with proper ignition source or temperature. Emergency treatment: quickly evacuate the personnel in the leaked and polluted area to a safe area, isolate them, and strictly restrict access. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and protective clothing. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Prevent it from flowing into confined spaces such as sewers and flood discharge ditches. Small amount of leakage: absorbed by sand, vermiculite or other inert substances. It can also be washed with plenty of water, diluted and put into the wastewater system. A large number of leaks: damming or digging holes to contain them. Spray water to cool and dilute steam, protect field personnel, and dilute the leakage into nonflammable substances. Pump it into a tanker or a special collector, and recycle it or transport it to a waste disposal site for treatment.
Edit the function of this paragraph
Hydrogen peroxide is a liquid with two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms in each molecule, which has strong permeability and oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used in medicine to clean wounds and locally resist bacteria. The latest research shows that hydrogen peroxide is not only a medical product, but also an excellent beauty product. Facial skin is in direct contact with the external environment and is often polluted by bacteria and dust. In addition, the dirt formed by sweat glands and sebaceous glands of the skin itself can easily induce acne, dermatitis, boils and other diseases, thus affecting the beauty of the skin. Applying hydrogen peroxide to the skin can not only remove the dirt on the skin, but also directly enhance the activity of surface cells, inhibit and oxidize the deposition of melanin, and make the skin delicate and elastic. Operation method: After washing your face with facial cleanser, apply a towel to your face with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 minutes each time, 1 time every day, and 10 day is a course of treatment. Pay attention to avoid hydrogen peroxide entering eyes during operation. If you use hydrogen peroxide for beauty, you must ask the dermatologist for advice in advance. It is quite dangerous to whiten directly with hydrogen peroxide. Although it will make the skin white in a short time, it will cause strong irritation to the skin after a long time, which may seriously burn the epidermis and make the skin rough and blister. In addition, hydrogen peroxide can also brighten hair color. For women with long hair, it can be directly applied to the skin twice a day after hair removal, so that the hair that grows later will not turn black and thick, but will become soft and yellow. Hydrogen peroxide used to be one of the components of the second hair dye (oxidant), but it was harmful to human body, so it has been eliminated. In addition, in the laboratory, hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide are often mixed to produce oxygen. Chemical equation of oxygen production by hydrogen peroxide;
Edit side effects of this paragraph
Hydrogen peroxide, commonly known as hydrogen peroxide, is a colorless and tasteless liquid. When added to food, it can decompose and release oxygen, and has the functions of bleaching, antisepsis and deodorization. Therefore, some businesses prohibit soaking hydrogen peroxide in the production process of some foods that need whitening, such as beef tenderloin and jellyfish, shark's fin, shrimp, hairtail, squid, canned fruit, flour products, etc., to improve the appearance of products. A few food processing units soak and bleach moldy dry aquatic products in hydrogen peroxide and then resell them, or to eliminate the blackness, congestion and mildew spots on the surfaces of dead chickens, ducks or pigs, soak and bleach these raw materials in high concentration hydrogen peroxide, and then add artificial pigments or nitrite for sale. Hydrogen peroxide can cause cancer by forming epoxide with starch in food, especially digestive tract cancer. In addition, industrial hydrogen peroxide contains toxic and harmful substances such as arsenic and heavy metals, which seriously harms consumers' health. According to its toxicity test report, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and WHO (World Health Organization of the United Nations) stipulate that hydrogen peroxide is only used as an emergency measure to preserve milk. China's "Hygienic Standard for the Use of Food Additives" also stipulates that hydrogen peroxide can only be used in milk in limited quantities, and only in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, and no residue can be found in other foods.
Edit the factors affecting hydrogen peroxide bleaching in this paragraph.
Factors such as concentration, temperature, time and PH value are the main conditions of chemical reaction. In the process of hydrogen peroxide bleaching, the relationship between these factors should be clarified in order to formulate a reasonable process.
concentrate
The reasonable concentration of hydrogen peroxide bleaching should be based on the principle that it can not only achieve a certain whiteness and remove cottonseed hulls, but also minimize fiber damage. Practice has proved that the relationship between fabric whiteness and hydrogen peroxide concentration is not directly proportional. When the steaming process is adopted, the concentration is controlled at 3-5g/L, which can meet certain whiteness requirements. The higher the concentration is, the whiteness does not increase much, but it is easy to damage the fiber. Therefore, the concentration of steaming process is generally 3-5g/L, and the thin fabric is lower. The specific determination depends on the equipment used, bleaching method, fabric thickness, desizing and scouring conditions and bath ratio. In order to reduce the damage to the fiber as much as possible, the concentration should be low, and measures should be taken during scouring to obtain higher whiteness.
temperature
Temperature is directly related to the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide. Under the condition of certain concentration and time, the decomposition consumption of hydrogen peroxide on fabric increases with the increase of temperature, so the bleaching effect of fabric increases with the increase of decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide on fabric. When the temperature reaches 90- 100℃, hydrogen peroxide can be decomposed by 90%, and the whiteness is the best. But when the temperature is 60℃, the decomposition rate is only about 50%.
time
The determination of hydrogen peroxide bleaching time is related to temperature. If the cold bleaching method is adopted, it will be stacked at room temperature for about 10h, but the high-temperature steaming bleaching time can be greatly shortened. The consumption rate of hydrogen peroxide reaches 70% after steaming 15 minutes, and reaches 90% after steaming for 45-60 minutes, which tends to be balanced. It can be seen that the steaming time of 45-60 min is enough.
Alkaline reagent
In conventional bleaching, the PH value of bleaching solution is 10.5~ 1 1, but adding water glass can't meet the requirements. Therefore, alkaline reagents are needed to adjust the PH value. The most commonly used alkaline agent is caustic soda, the dosage of which is1-2g/L. It is an activator, which can promote the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to generate hydrogen peroxide ions and has bleaching effect. Under the condition of PH value of 10.5~ 1 1, hydrogen peroxide decomposes at a medium speed to achieve the purpose of bleaching. However, in the short process of desizing and scouring and bleaching, the dosage of caustic soda is high, and caustic soda not only adjusts the PH value, but also has the functions of desizing and scouring and bleaching. This makes the bleaching bath unstable and accelerates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which not only wastes hydrogen peroxide, but also may lead to fiber degradation and brittle damage of fabrics. In order to control the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide, as mentioned above, suitable stabilizers should be added to decompose hydrogen peroxide according to the process requirements, and the balance between decomposition and stability should be achieved. This is the "controlled hydrogen peroxide bleaching process" with the help of stabilizers. This process can not only achieve better fabric whiteness and impurity removal effect, but also cause great damage to fibers.
Edit the preparation method of hydrogen peroxide in this paragraph.
Air electrode for producing alkaline hydrogen peroxide and preparation method thereof
The invention belongs to the field of preparing inorganic compounds by electrochemical methods. The invention relates to a quinone-containing air electrode for industrial preparation of alkaline hydrogen peroxide and a preparation method thereof. The multi-component electrode group of the invention is assembled by unit polar plates, each pair of electrodes consists of a cathode plate, an air cathode carbon core containing quinone, an ion exchange diaphragm, a plastic support net and an anode plate, the upper and lower ends of an electrode working area are provided with a fluid distribution chamber and a collection chamber, the fluid inlet is provided with a throttling hole, and the multi-component electrodes are connected in series through a limited dipole, so that the plastic hose of the anode for circulating alkaline water is extended to more than 5 meters. According to the invention, alkaline hydrogen peroxide can be prepared under the condition of directly using low-pressure air, and satisfactory working indexes are obtained, and the defect that the electrode is saturated with alkaline water and fails does not exist. A quinone-containing air electrode for producing alkaline hydrogen peroxide is characterized in that each pair of electrodes consists of an anode plate, a plastic net, a cation diaphragm and a quinone-containing air cathode; The upper and lower ends of the electrode working area are provided with a distribution chamber for fluid to enter and a collection chamber for fluid to discharge; The fluid inlet is provided with a throttle hole; Multi-component electrodes are connected in series through limited dipoles; The plastic hose for circulating alkaline water at the anode inlet and outlet is lengthened and then connected to the liquid collecting main pipe; The multi-component electrode group is assembled by unit plates.
Neutralizing sodium peroxide aqueous solution with phosphoric acid
The invention relate to that field of preparation of inorganic compounds, in particular to a method for prepare hydrogen peroxide from a cathode product sodium peroxide aqueous solution obtained in a patent application with the application number of 87 1 03988. Neutralizing sodium peroxide aqueous solution to pH 9.0 ~ 9.7 with phosphoric acid or sodium dihydrogen phosphate to generate Na? HPO？ And h? o？ Can you say Tina? HPO？ And h? o？ Cooling the aqueous solution to +5 ~-5℃ to make most of the Na? HPO？ With Na? HPO？ 10H？ O hydrate is formed, and then it will contain Na? HPO？ 10H？ O separate the mixture of hydrate and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to separate hydrate, and then it will contain a small amount of Na? HPO？ Evaporation and fractionation of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to obtain about 30% H? o？ Products. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Po. Neutralizing sodium peroxide aqueous solution to 9.0 ~ 9.7 to generate Na? HPO？ And h? o？ ② make an aqueous solution of Na? HPO？ And h? o？ Cooling the aqueous solution to +5 ~-5℃ to make most of the Na? HPO？ With Na? HPO？ 10H？ O hydrate precipitation, (3) Na? HPO？ 10H？ O hydrate and aqueous hydrogen peroxide mixture are separated so that Na? HPO？ 10H？ O crystallization of a small amount of sodium? HPO？ (4) Separation of Na? HPO？ The aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is evaporated in an evaporator to obtain an aqueous solution containing H? o？ And h? O steam, and Na containing hydrogen peroxide? HPO？ The concentrated salt solution flows out from the bottom and returns to the neutralization tank; (5) contains h? o？ And h? O's steam is fractionated in a fractionator under reduced pressure, about 30%H? o？ Products.
Electrolytic sulfuric acid
Hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 95% can be obtained by electrolyzing 60% sulfuric acid and then hydrolyzing it.
2-ethylanthraquinone method (EAQ)
At present, the main method of industrial scale production is 2-ethylanthraquinone (EAQ). 2-ethylanthraquinone reacts with hydrogen at a certain temperature and pressure to generate 2- ethyl hydroanthraquinone, and 2- ethyl hydroanthraquinone reacts with oxygen at a certain temperature and pressure to generate 2-ethylanthraquinone and hydrogen peroxide (H? o？ )-.Precautions for storage and transportation: It belongs to the first-class inorganic acid corrosive product. This product should be stored in a cool, clean and ventilated warehouse. The temperature of the warehouse shall not exceed 30℃ to avoid sunlight. The container should be tightly covered, but the ventilation holes should be unblocked to prevent dust from blocking, and the dust can easily decompose and deteriorate. Keep away from heat sources and kindling, and do not mix with organic matter or metals such as iron, copper and chromium and their salts. Wear work clothes, masks and gloves when handling. If contact with skin by mistake, rinse with water; if contact with eyes, rinse with warm water. This product should not be stored for a long time, so the inspection should be strengthened at ordinary times, and the leaking barrel should be replaced in time. If smoke is found on the stow-wood, the smoking stow-wood should be removed from the warehouse immediately or put out with water. Fire can be put out with water, sand or carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.
Laboratory methods:
Can dilute sulfuric acid and treasure be used in the laboratory? Or Na? o？ Preparation of hydrogen peroxide by reaction: abalone? + H？ So what? = = = = Basso? ↓+ H？ o？ Na？ o？ + H？ So what? + 10H？ O ==== Na？ So what? 10H？ O + H？ o？ The filtered solution contains 6~8% H? o？
Edit the wonderful use of hydrogen peroxide in this paragraph.
When clothes are stained with potassium permanganate, 84 disinfectant cannot be soaked, and only hydrogen peroxide can be removed. You can use it without taking precautions.
Edit the valence of hydrogen peroxide in this paragraph.
h？ o？ Medium, o? Is an independent unit, that is, two O atoms * * * use a pair of electrons. Because they are the same element, the electrons between the two O atoms are evenly matched and impartial. Therefore, for O, this pair of electrons is zero-valent, and the other pair of electrons are combined with two H atoms respectively, and the electrons are biased towards these two O atoms, so the group synthesized by these two O atoms presents -2 valence.