Time
From the 196s to the mid-19th century.
region
western Europe and north America.
British industrial revolution
Britain is the birthplace of the industrial revolution. The British industrial revolution began in the 176s and was basically completed in the 184s. It is no accident that the industrial revolution began in Britain, which has profound political, socio-economic and scientific and technological preconditions.
Reasons for its rise:
The British bourgeois revolution in the mid-17th century overthrew Britain's feudal autocracy and established a constitutional monarchy based on the alliance between the bourgeoisie and the land aristocracy, thus becoming the first country in the world to establish bourgeois political rule. The bourgeoisie used the state power to accelerate the implementation of policies and measures to develop capitalism, which promoted the rapid formation of various preconditions for the industrial revolution.
the bourgeoisie has accumulated huge wealth through large-scale foreign plunder and the national debt system and consumption tax policy implemented at home, providing necessary monetary funds for the industrial revolution; The large-scale enclosure movement provided a large number of "free" labor and a broad domestic market for the industrial revolution.
The vigorous development of workshop handicraft industry has trained a large number of skilled workers with rich practical experience, creating conditions for the invention and application of machines; The development and achievements of natural science, especially Newton's mechanics and mathematics, laid a scientific theoretical foundation for the emergence of machines.
The booming workshop handicraft industry has accumulated rich production technology knowledge and increased output, but it still cannot meet the expanding market demand. As a result, a revolution in the means of production is coming to the fore.
the industrial revolution first appeared in the cotton textile industry with the most developed handicraft industry in the workshop. In 1733, the mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, which greatly improved the weaving speed, and cotton yarn was suddenly in short supply. In 1765, the weaver Hargreaves invented the Jenny Spinning Machine, which greatly increased the output of cotton yarn. The appearance of "Jenny spinning machine" first triggered a chain reaction of inventing machines and carrying out technological innovation in the cotton textile industry, which opened the prelude to the industrial revolution. Since then, mule machines, water looms and other machines have appeared in the cotton textile industry. Soon, in many industrial sectors, such as coal mining and metallurgy, there were also machine production.
with the increase of machine production, the original power such as animal power, water power and wind power can no longer meet the needs. In 1785, the improved steam engine made by Watt was put into use, which provided more convenient power and was quickly popularized, greatly promoting the popularization and development of machines. Thus, human society entered the "age of steam".
with the gradual replacement of manual operation by machine production in industrial production, a new production organization form-factory appears.
around 184, the production of large machines in Britain had basically replaced the factory workers, and the industrial revolution was basically completed. Britain became the first industrial country in the world.
the expansion of the industrial revolution
Although other European countries also have outstanding and capable workers and people with the spirit of invention, these countries lack the capital, labor and market needed to develop the machinery industry, and the political and cultural conditions to ensure the development of capitalist economy.
In 1789, the Great Revolution broke out in France, which abolished the privileges of the feudal ruling class and cleared the way for capitalist industrialization. After Napoleon came to power, he attached great importance to the development of science and technology, which created conditions for the industrial revolution in France (from the end of 17th century to the beginning of 18th century to the middle of 19th century). Since then, Germany, the United States, Japan and other countries have also joined the ranks of the industrial revolution, and by the end of the 19th century, these countries have completed the industrial revolution.
the influence of the industrial revolution
the economic field: the productivity has been greatly improved.
the capitalist economy has developed rapidly.
the industrial structure has changed.
political field: it was the east that began to be subordinate to the west.
some important inventions before and after the industrial revolution. Inventors invented
In p>1712, an Englishman, Thomas Cowman, obtained a patent for a slightly improved steam engine.
In p>1764, James Hargreaves spun Jenny's spinning machine.
In p>1778, Joseph Bram flushed the toilet.
In p>1796, Seinfeld lithography.
In p>1797, Henry Moz.
in p>1781, james watt improved the Niukaomen steam engine. Modern steam engine molding
Fulton steamship in p>187
Trevyshak Kearney boiler in p>1812
Stephenson steam locomotive in p>1814
Han David miner's lamp in p>1815
Lian Feiabain Lancashire boiler in p>1844
The transformation of industrial revolution to society
The transformation of industrial revolution to society. The unexpected development of productive forces, the factory system replacing the great changes in handicraft workshop, shows a new look of capitalist social mechanism and drives the rapid evolution of the whole society. Over the past few decades, the economic system with agriculture and rural areas as the main body has become an economic system with industry and cities as the main body, which has changed people's lives and the economic and geographical situation of the country on a large scale. The rise of new cities, the improvement of old cities, the general trend of population flowing from rural areas to cities, the trend of the country moving towards an urbanized society, and the phenomenon that the industrial output value far exceeds the agricultural output value, etc., all make ordinary people and politicians in their situation greatly surprised, sad and happy, but they can only adapt and make up their minds.
this comprehensive and profound social change is, in the final analysis, the expression of human society's transition from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. The latter is more challenging than the former, showing the spirit of creation and enterprising, and struggling to compete. With irreversible momentum, it has changed people's traditional customs, value orientation and even the criteria for choosing a job. In the process of this social transition, accompanied by serious exploitation and oppression, the situation of "several happy families and several sad families" is very clear. As a result, the social structure and class structure have changed and combined into some new social interest groups. Among them, the most important is, of course, the formation of the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat.
compared with the bourgeoisie composed of businessmen in the workshop and handicraft period, the industrial bourgeoisie has stronger enterprising spirit and consciousness of seeking development in free competition. Its achievements based on the industry that uses machines are far from being comparable to those of the old bourgeois. The ability of industry to transform agriculture, the capacity of absorbing free labor, the influence on the whole society and the competition in the international market all make capitalism play a leading role in the trend of world history and rapidly change the contrast between capitalism and pre-capitalist forces. The bourgeois revolution and reform in the 19th century swept the world, and the capitalist world system was initially formed in the middle of the century, which is the embodiment of this great historical change. Feudal and pre-feudal social systems have no alternative but to give way to capitalism.
The proletariat, that is, the ranks of industrial workers, is another brand-new social interest group. It is different from the workers in handicraft workshop in the past. It has no small plots of land, no traditional production tools and no patriarchal clan system. It is a purely hired worker. The working conditions of using machines and the centralized working environment connected by machines make them have the characteristics of concentration, unity and strong discipline. It was not long before they gradually realized that their group shared the same fate and had the same wishes and requirements. This is usually called class consciousness, knowing that you belong to the same group. Later, under the guidance of scientific theory, the concept of class consciousness will be realized. Of course, these are only advanced workers. As a social group, workers struggle for their own interests and social status, thus forming a historical trend and adding new content to world history. It is this trend that promotes the development of socialism in the ideological field from fantasy to science. With the gradual combination of socialism and the workers' movement, this trend has also grown stronger and stronger, becoming one of the historical tides in the 19th century.
The formation and development of the two social classes and the crowding out of rival industries by the machine industry have divided and reorganized the former middle class. The so-called middle class, also known as the petty bourgeoisie, includes small business owners, shopkeepers, craftsmen, vendors and so on. A few of them, squeezed out by the machine industry, went bankrupt, and a large number of them were forced to be employed in factories and became part of the working class. Most people still exist, but many people feel precarious and face the threat of bankruptcy. Although more people have not yet faced the crisis, they are also worried about the prospect. Therefore, it has also become another social interest group, eager to get a place in the great social changes and strive to maintain and improve social status. There are many schools of petty-bourgeois socialism in the 19th century, and this is the reason. Among them, the tendency of anarchism generally reflects the mood of the bankrupt; The theory of vigorously promoting the retention of small private ownership is often reflected by the petty bourgeoisie with great anxiety. The petty bourgeoisie is keen to participate in the democratic movement because of its desire to improve its social status.
Impact on China
In order to meet the needs of industrial production, major capitalist countries, led by Britain, seized the commodity market in the world, seized raw material producing areas, dumped industrial products, and incorporated Asia, Africa and Latin into the capitalist system. China is vast in territory and abundant in natural resources, while the Qing government was politically corrupt, economically backward, and its armaments were lax. Capitalist countries pointed their aggression at China, which brought great influence to China:
1. China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
Two Opium Wars made China gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the degree was further deepened. The war has brought a profound disaster to China, resulting in long-term poverty and backwardness in China.
2. The people of China fought bravely
During the two Opium Wars, the people of China kept fighting, and the peasant class set off the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement.
3. China's new ideas germinated
Wei Yuan, Lin Zexu and other enlightened intellectuals began to pay attention to the world, explore new knowledge, seek ways to strengthen the country and resist aggression, and sprouted a new ideological trend of learning from the West.
4. China's modernization started
The Westernization School of the landlord class launched the Westernization Movement, which objectively promoted the emergence and development of capitalism in China. At the same time, China's modern industry, science and technology and education started, and the Westernization Movement was the beginning of China's modernization.