In recent years, all countries in the world are exploring and utilizing wild resources, and great progress has been made in the research and development of Prunus humilis. Now, combining my years of research and practice, I would like to talk about some thoughts on the development of Ou Li.
1 the development and utilization prospect of Prunus humilis
In recent years, the depth and breadth of research on agriculture in mountainous areas and agricultural development in arid areas are not enough. Many problems brought by drought are worldwide problems, which seriously restrict the economic development in arid mountainous areas.
A rice seed in Yuan Longping has solved the food problem of people all over the world. As a new plant resource, it will also change the face of arid and poor mountainous areas. Prunus humilis has the characteristics of "four tolerance", that is, drought tolerance, barren tolerance, cold tolerance (-35℃) and salt tolerance (below pH 8). The special biological characteristics of Prunus humilis determine its potential development value.
1. 1 Planting Prunus humilis can control barren hills, improve the environment, store water and conserve soil, and prevent wind and sand.
At present, the arid and semi-arid areas in the world account for about 36% of the total land area. The area of arid area in China expanded from1130,000 hm2 in 1950s to 23.33 million hm2 in 1980s and 26.67 million hm2 in 1990s. The drought is getting worse every year. Drought is an important factor limiting the growth and development, gene expression and yield of fruit trees, which seriously affects the yield and quality and causes the greatest loss. For a long time, scientists and technicians at home and abroad have been exploring and looking for an excellent tree species that can not only be planted in arid areas and sunny slopes in mountainous areas, but also effectively control barren hills, improve the environment, conserve water and soil, and prevent sandstorms. This research has become a worldwide problem. In recent years, the application research practice in northwest China and Inner Mongolia has proved that Prunus humilis is most suitable for cultivation in mountainous and arid areas. Under adversity (drought, salinity and low temperature are called the three abiotic adversities that limit plant yield), it can grow in sunny slopes, gullies, hills and poor soil areas with heavy red loam and "ginger stone". It is the best pioneer tree species for the management of small watersheds, barren hills and deserts, and is listed as an excellent ecological forest by the State Forestry Administration.
1.2 Prunus humilis is the third generation fresh fruit.
Prunus humilis is the third generation fruit. The skin of fresh Prunus humilis is red, yellow, green and purple, which is beautiful, attractive, juicy, moderately sweet and sour, unique in taste and rich in nutrition. Contains a variety of nutrients, high content, better than cherry, plum, apricot, peach and other drupe fruits. Among them, vitamin A, vitamin 2, vitamin B 12, vitamin C, vitamin E, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, magnesium, selenium and other elements are rich, mostly several times to dozens of times higher than the above fruits, and the sugar content of mature fruits is as high as14% ~/kloc-0. For example, per 100g fresh fruit, the contents of calcium and iron are 60 ~ 90 mg and 1.5 ~ 2.5 mg respectively, which are 7 ~ 10 times and 6 ~ 10 times that of apples respectively. It contains 18 amino acids, in which the content of lysine is 338.3 ~ 45 1.7 mg, especially satin, leucine and isoleucine. Prunus humilis is suitable for facility planting wall. It can be listed all year round. It can get high income, and it is very popular to combine tourism with characteristic picking. This kind of pure natural health-care fruit without side effects is a favorite fruit of young and middle-aged people, women and children, and it is also the third-generation fashionable fruit loved by domestic and foreign merchants and consumers.
Deep processing and multi-industry development of Prunus humilis
As a precious economic plant unique to China, Prunus humilis has potential for industrial development. Prunus humilis has the characteristics of diversification, high nutrition and strong stress resistance, especially the calcium content in the fruit is the highest among the fruits at present. But also easy to be absorbed by the human body, and different kinds of fruits are selected to be processed into different forms of high-quality products. It can further meet people's consumption needs. In recent years, people's demand for green products with health care functions such as calcium, iron and vitamins is increasing day by day, which provides a very broad development prospect for the deep processing of preserved plum and unlimited business opportunities for medical care and food and beverage industries. In addition, stems and leaves can be used to process feed, leaves can be used to make calcium tea, seeds can be used to process medicines and health products, and the extracts of seeds and fruits can be used as important chemical raw materials. It can be seen that deep processing is the main channel for future development.
1.3. 1 Prunus humilis fruit can be processed into many products with high nutritional value. The results showed that Prunus humilis fruit was rich in nutrition, including 6 vitamins, 9 trace elements and 18 amino acids. As a special fruit, its way out lies in deep processing and value-added. Prunus humilis fruit can be processed into a variety of processed products, such as juice, fruit wine, canned food, fruit milk, ice cream, jelly and so on. These processed products with unique flavor and high nutritional value have a broad market at home and abroad. Prunus humilis fruit is processed into juice, and its fruit surface and juice are bright red, especially the pulp particles are fine, which makes the processed juice bright and ruddy, with high transparency and good suspension. Because of the high content of tannic acid in fruit juice, the shelf life of fruit juice is 2 ~ 3 years at room temperature or low temperature, and no suspending agent and preservative are needed. It is a pure natural product. The edible rate of Prunus humilis is about 95%, and the juice yield is similar to that of grapes, ranging from 65% to 8z%. The fruit wine processed with Prunus humilis is deep pink, with typical strong aroma of Prunus humilis, and it is another new type of wine after wine and cider. When processing canned Prunus humilis, candied fruit and candied fruit, the canned product has bright color, good uniformity, high utilization rate of raw materials, good appearance quality and unique flavor.
1.3.2 The seed kernel and root bark of Prunus humilis are traditional Chinese medicines, the seed kernel and root bark of Prunus humilis containing special medicinal components are traditional Chinese medicines, and Prunus humilis is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Amygdalin, amygdalin and fatty oil have the functions of moistening intestine to relieve constipation, diuresis and detumescence, while Prunus humilis tincture has obvious antihypertensive effect and Prunus humilis has obvious laxative effect. The root of Prunus humilis is used in folk therapy for varicose veins, vasculitis and dental caries. In addition, it is found by modern scientific and technological research that the leaf extract contains fatty acid synthase inhibitor, which has obvious weight loss effect and has certain effect on preventing and treating cancer. The absolute value of minerals in shell is much higher than that in pulp, and the absorption rate of 60% is also very gratifying (the absorption rate of calcium in pulp is 80%). In this way, the shell is crushed and processed into tablets (calcium tablets), which is a good product. Therefore, European plum has broad development prospects in health care products and pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
1.3.3 The stems and leaves of Prunus humilis can be used as feed. Prunus humilis stems and leaves have high biological content, flexible and palatable branches and high nutritional value, which are deeply loved by cattle and sheep. According to the determination, the content of calcium in fresh leaves per 100g can reach 465mg, and the content of crude protein is about 7%. The stems and leaves of Prunus humilis not only contain nutrients such as sugar and protein needed by cattle and sheep, but also contain high calcium, which is an important source of calcium supplementation for cattle and sheep. Prunus humilis is cold-resistant, drought-resistant, barren-resistant, and can be updated quickly. The development of animal husbandry can be promoted by using its large biomass to build a single or mixed grassland or establish a feed industry. In the aspect of making calcium tea from tender stems and leaves, Jiangxian County, Shanxi Province has developed and obtained patents. Calcium tea is mainly rich in calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, selenium and tea polyphenols, which is suitable for men, women and children and is a health care product with good health care effect.
1.3.4 Prunus humilis extract can be used as natural pigment (pigment, essence, etc.) of chemical raw materials. ), which is not only non-toxic and has no side effects, but also has strong physiological functions, so it has attracted wide attention. The aroma and color of Prunus humilis fruit come from nature, which is very mellow and gorgeous. The results of modern research show that Prunus humilis pigment has strong antioxidant properties and is relatively stable to light, heat, common food additives and common metal ions. The volatile aroma and pigment of Prunus humilis have become a new variety to develop natural edible pigment. There are 77 flavor substances in Prunus humilis juice, accounting for 96.18% of the total chromatographic outflow; There are 57 kinds of flavor substances in Prunus humilis wine, accounting for 97.47% of the total chromatographic outflow. The main aroma substances in Prunus humilis juice are composed of 7 substances, such as 2- hexenol and ethyl benzoate, which is a natural resource with great development potential. European Fang lizhi sesame oil and European safflower pigment are flavonoids and anthocyanins, and they are also raw materials for cosmetics processing. Extracting these substances will open up new fields.
1.3.5 Comprehensive utilization of Prunus humilis oil (it can be used as diesel oil, edible oil, etc. Domestic research shows that the oil content of Prunus humilis is 46% ~ 65% (soybean content is 17%), and the main components are oleic acid 69% ~ 9 1% and linoleic acid 23% ~ 25%. Prunus humilis nuts were dried, peeled, crushed and screened, and then mixed solvents were added for extraction. Filtering under reduced pressure, standing the mixed oil for layering, and distilling the oil phase under reduced pressure to remove the solvent, thus obtaining Prunus humilis oil. Prunus humilis oil can be used as edible oil and food processing oil after removing amygdalin. Prunus humilis oil has excellent quality, especially high oleic acid content, and has good health care function. The extraction method of Prunus humilis oil has the advantages of low cost, high safety and simple operation. The large-scale planting of Prunus humilis can also be used for research and development, deep processing and extraction of chemical raw materials or biodiesel.
To sum up, the biggest characteristics of Prunus humilis are multi-purpose, multi-industry extension and multi-ecological cycle. Once developed, it can promote the sustainable development of one party's economy and many industries, and it is a rare and precious resource. Wild resources are being excavated and developed all over the world. The in-depth research, development and utilization of Prunus humilis will not only find a new way out for the adjustment of agricultural structure in northern mountainous areas of China, but also make important contributions to the sustainable development of agriculture in arid areas of China and even the world.
1.4 has a unique effect in forest fixation and greening, bonsai decoration, etc.
Prunus humilis has four tree shapes: semi-arbor, upright, open and extremely spreading (creeping), which is of great value for ornamental and beautifying the environment. Using different tree shapes, making bonsai or building a leisure sightseeing picking garden are the best choices. In spring, Prunus humilis blooms first and leaves later. The flowering period is dry and the flowers are large. A single stem has more than 20 nodes, and each branch has a bouquet. Flowers are bright pink, light pink and white, and clusters are dazzling. The young leaves are purplish red and turn orange in late autumn, which is very beautiful under the sunlight. Prunus humilis is really like cherry, with red, yellow, purple and yellow-green. The whole tree bears fruit. Therefore, it is very beautiful to cover a large area of parks, urban streets, courtyards, both sides of expressways and pier slopes with hedges. Make full use of the different colors and tree potential of leaves, flowers and fruits of Prunus humilis, and combine them into patterns with different meanings such as curves, fonts, color blocks and small flowers to decorate the green space. For some flower beds with different shapes, reading glasses and flower stands can be formed to produce different visual effects, and fruits with different colors can also be combined to make indoor and outdoor decorations of bonsai with different plant shapes. Seeing flowers in spring, enjoying leaves in summer and eating fruits in autumn can form a unique landscape.
2 development model and comprehensive utilization of Prunus humilis
Making full use of natural resources, becoming stronger and bigger, forming characteristic industries and occupying domestic and foreign markets are the future research and development directions of Ou Li. At present, the development of European plum has entered a period of rapid development, and many domestic scientific research institutes and enterprises have started this project. It is suggested that the state should establish a long-term mechanism from the perspectives of ecological environment protection, food safety, health crystal, sustainable development of agricultural industry and bioenergy strategy. Some new suggestions are put forward for the comprehensive development and utilization of the three development models of Prunus humilis and the extension of the industrial chain.
2. 1 Establish an eco-environmental protection base with wind prevention and sand fixation as the main line.
In the "Three North" arid desert area of China, the potential desertification land is about 139300 km2, accounting for 36. 1% of the desertification land area. Moderately desertified land area is about 99,770 km2, accounting for 25.9% of the total desertified land area; severely desertified land area is 67,560 km2, accounting for 17.5%; potential, mild and moderate desertified land area accounts for more than 60% of the total desertified land area, and desertification is becoming more and more serious. In the desert and marginal areas, wild or processed Prunus humilis should be selected, and the ecological and environmental protection, wind prevention and sand control bases should be built by combining the tree, irrigation and grass industries. The completion of this base will completely change the environment of our country. While improving the ecological environment, the comprehensive development of pasture and seed kernel will bring higher economic benefits. Build a 2 1 century large-scale agriculture in the northwest desert area, realize the integrated industrial chain of agriculture, industry and commerce, and realize a virtuous circle of desert greening, increasing farmers' and herdsmen's income and increasing enterprises' efficiency. After the large-scale development of Prunus humilis, it will form a good situation of systematic industrialization of Prunus humilis processing industry, pharmaceutical industry and animal husbandry.
2.2 Choose fresh varieties with different tastes, colors and maturity in urban areas with convenient transportation, and establish domestic sales bases in the form of fresh planting and off-season planting.
There are many varieties of Prunus humilis, and different varieties have different uses. In the suburbs and areas with convenient transportation, fresh food varieties with different colors and tastes, such as red, yellow and purple, will be selected for planting, and a picking and sightseeing park will be built. Combined with off-season planting facilities, it will realize year-round supply and realize the domestic sales base of fresh food with fresh fruit as the main market. In towns, gardens and courtyards, with the aim of greening, beautification and purification, we will realize a beautiful environment, use different colors and heights, develop landscaping and bonsai utilization, and make the town full of flowers and pleasant scenery.
2.3 In mountainous areas where traffic is inconvenient and many places are not earthquake-resistant. Select processing varieties and establish an export-oriented base with greening barren hills and slopes and comprehensive processing as the main line.
The total area of forestry land, controllable sandy land and wetland in China is more than three times that of cultivated land, while the output rate of forest land per unit area in China is only 1/30 of cultivated land. Giving full play to the value-added potential of forest land plays an important role in increasing farmers' income, stimulating domestic demand and promoting economic development. In the future, the development and utilization of arid mountainous areas and areas with bad environment will be the focus of "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Governance and environmental protection, governance and utilization, and the combination of governance and utilization with multi-industry extension projects will be the theme of future development. China's economic development and ecological environment protection often have many contradictions, which affect its development. The majority of farmers are more concerned about the hope that they can bring themselves higher economic benefits while developing economic forests and improving ecology. Most traditional economic forests not only have poor soil and water conservation ability and stress resistance, but also have less room to develop economic forests in areas with poor environmental conditions, and it is even more impossible to create higher economic benefits. In fact, it is difficult to balance economic benefits and ecological benefits. The characteristics and potential high benefits of Prunus humilis are just conducive to solving this problem. Therefore, in the process of improving the ecology and guiding farmers to increase their income in the future, it is necessary to develop the Prunus humilis industry and put green clothes on the bare mountains without plants. Combined with the development of fruit processing, seed kernel utilization and other projects, an eco-environmental industrial chain focusing on processing and export will be formed.
In a word, the development and utilization of Prunus humilis will play an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture in arid areas of China and even the world.