Roger W. sperry.
August 20th1913-April 17, 1994. ), an American neuropsychologist, studied the psychological characteristics of patients with schizencephaly by means of tests, proved that the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain were significantly different, and put forward the concept of two brains. Won the National Science Award, 1960 was elected as an academician of the National Academy of Sciences, 197 1 won the Outstanding Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, and 198 1 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (also translated into sperry). Sperry. He cut off the nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of cats, monkeys and orangutans (the largest is called the corpus callosum), which is called "brain splitting" surgery. In this way, the communication between the two hemispheres is cut off, and after the external information reaches a certain part of the cerebral hemisphere cortex, it cannot be transmitted to the corresponding part of the contralateral cortex through the transverse fiber of the corpus callosum at the same time. Each hemisphere moves independently, and each other cannot know the activities of the other hemisphere. The operation was first performed by Van Wagenen and Herren on 1940 in clinic for patients with chronic intractable epilepsy, and satisfactory results were obtained. The epilepsy has almost disappeared. In 196 1, sperry designed a delicate and meticulous test. After rehabilitation, people who received brain dissection made neuropsychological measurements, and obtained first-hand information on the functional division of the left and right hemispheres. It was found that the functions of the two hemispheres were asymmetrical, and the right hemisphere also had speech functions, thus updating the concept of the dominant hemisphere. Each hemisphere of schizencephaly has its own feelings, perceptions and ideas, and can learn, remember and understand independently. Two hemispheres can be trained to perform contradictory tasks at the same time. Sperry's research has profoundly revealed the relationship between human speech, thinking and consciousness and the two hemispheres, with outstanding achievements, and won the 198 1 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Strange schizencephaly has a brain disease called epilepsy. When the disease breaks out, the patient will suddenly lose consciousness and fall to the ground, and the muscles of the whole body will twitch violently, accompanied by symptoms such as tongue biting, salivation and urinary incontinence. In order to cure this disease, sperry, the American Nobel Prize winner, cut off the corpus callosum, the main nerve fiber connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, so that the nerve electrical storm caused by the pathological changes in one hemisphere could not spread to the other hemisphere. After the operation, the patient's condition has been greatly improved, and there are no adverse sequelae, such as changes in personality and intelligence. However, after such an operation, people are different from ordinary people. They actually become so-called "brain splitters" with two independent brains. The normal human brain also has two hemispheres, but because of the connection of the corpus callosum, the information of the left and right hemispheres can be exchanged instantly, so the normal human brain works as a whole. It has long been known that the two hemispheres of the brain have a functional division of labor. The left hemisphere feels and controls the right body, and the right hemisphere feels and controls the left body. 186 1 year, French doctor broca found that the left temporal lobe of aphasia patients was damaged. This part, later called "Bullokar" area, involves people's speech function and is the center of motor language. Later, people continued to find that some other parts of the left hemisphere were related to writing, reading and other functions. Only a few left-handers (commonly known as left-handers) have their language centers in the right hemisphere or both hemispheres. Because most people's language center is located in the left hemisphere, the left hemisphere of the brain is called the dominant hemisphere. Since 196 1, sperry and others have conducted a series of long-term experimental studies on "schizencephaly". For example, in an experiment, let a schizophrenic sit in front of a screen that blocks his hands, stare at the center of the screen, and then let the word "hat belt" flash 0. 1 second on the screen (hat appears on the left half screen, belt appears on the right half screen), because the presentation time is too short, the schizophrenic's eyes can't move. When asked what he saw, the brain-damaged man only replied that he saw the word "belt". Further asking the "brain-disabled man" to name the type of "belt", he had to guess "tape", "music tape" and "belt that binds people" and so on. This shows that the language center is in the left hemisphere. If the name of an object flashes in the left half of the screen, so that the word is transmitted to the right hemisphere, the "brain splitter" can choose the object from a pile of invisible objects with his left hand, although he can't say the name of the object. It shows that although the right hemisphere has some language functions, the language center is located in the left hemisphere. Sperry's research and other studies show that there is a functional division of labor between the two hemispheres of the human brain. For most people, the left hemisphere is the "dominant hemisphere" for processing language information. It can also carry out complex, continuous and analytical activities and skillfully perform mathematical calculations. Although the right hemisphere is "non-dominant", it is superior to the left hemisphere in its ability to perceive and analyze nonverbal visual images. Other studies show that music, artistic ability and emotional response are more related to the right hemisphere. For normal people, although the two hemispheres of the brain have a functional division of labor, the brain always works as a whole.
Edit paragraph 2. American inventor
Sperry (sperry, Elmer Ambrose)
1860 65438+1October 12 was born in Cortland, new york; 1930 June 16 died in Brooklyn, new york. Sperry studied at Cornell University and graduated from 1879. The next year, when he was twenty years old, he had organized his factory into a factory that made power generation equipment and other large equipment. Among his 400 invention patents, the most famous one is the gyro compass he developed between 1896- 19 10. The rotating gyroscope keeps the plane rotating and prevents it from rotating out of the plane. In order to prevent the gyroscope from being forced to leave the plane when the ship is shaking, the gyroscope is installed on the universal joint of the ship. This gyroscope can be used as a real compass, which does not belong to any general magnetic compass and is not affected by the surrounding steel. This is the first and most important improvement of the compass in a thousand years. Its first trial operation was on the battleship Delaware of 19 1 1, and it was adopted by the navy almost immediately thereafter. Sperry has also developed stabilizers for ships and aircraft; During World War I, he invented a high-intensity arc searchlight, which was quickly adopted by the three armed forces. Speer and his son: ———————— The plane can fly automatically and stably in less than 10 years. After 15, the world ushered in the first complete "blind flight". Here, people should not forget American sperry and his son. Mr Elmer sperry was born in new york, USA on 1860. After graduating from high school, he entered Cornell University to study electricity. After graduating from college, he just caught up with the golden stage in the history of invention. By chance, he found the mysterious gyro, and at a glance he decided that this forever stable thing would definitely be of great use. From 65438 to 0896, he began to study the use of gyro, and gyro became his favorite since then. 19 10, the United States navy adopted its precision gyro compass. 19 12 years, he helped Curtis, an American aviation pioneer, develop the automatic aircraft stabilizer. Lawrence sperry, the son of old sperry, is good at hands-on and likes to play with machinery. Speaking of it, he is also a direct promoter of aviation research in old sperry. 1903, the news that the Wright brothers went to heaven aroused Lawrence's great interest. He is only 1 1 years old. Soon, Lawrence followed the Wright brothers and opened a bicycle repair shop in his basement. 19 10, Lawrence built all the parts of the glider in his bedroom. He pulled down the bedroom window in order to take most of it out. The glider flies well, but Lawrence is not satisfied. Soon, Lawrence managed to get a loan and bought a 5-cylinder 44. 1 kW engine. When school started in autumn, Lawrence's plane also took off, and finally persuaded his father to let him go to Curtis Aviation School. 19 12 years, Lawrence, who was only 20 years old, got a flight license and became the youngest pilot in the United States. Under the supervision of the navy, Lawrence began to improve the gyro stabilizer invented by his father for aircraft. Although he has never studied engineering, his tireless nature makes him know every equipment and every improvement like the back of his hand. Lawrence found that the two gyroscopes they made could respond to the pitch and roll of the plane. The trouble is that naval pilots don't believe in gyroscopes at all. They just operate them themselves and don't use these instruments. Lawrence believes that the only way to solve the problem is to speak with facts. So one Sunday morning, before people got up, he secretly put a seaplane into the sky. Lawrence lay on the floor of the cockpit, let the plane deviate from the course, and watched how the gyro made the plane return to its original course. "There is a plane flying in the sky, but there is no pilot in it." People who woke up rushed to tell each other and looked at the plane in the sky in surprise. Lawrence saw that his purpose had been achieved, so he landed gently. Curtis did not criticize Lawrence for breaking the rules, but immediately decided to send him to France to participate in the upcoming aircraft safety competition. This is a large-scale aviation activity, and naval delegations from major countries have been invited. Lawrence was the 57th contestant to enter the competition, and his father, sperry Sr, also came to help. The exciting and great moment has arrived. Lawrence and his assistant pilot took off from the Seine and flew towards the crowd. When he approached the crowd, he flew very low on purpose. Lawrence hands in the air was clearly seen standing in the engine room. At the moment of flying over the referee's box, his assistant stepped out of the cabin and stepped on a wing, while Lawrence raised his hand above his head again. On the third lap, the assistant went to the back of the fuselage, leaving the plane out of balance. Similarly, the plane regained its balance without the help of the pilot. Lawrence became a celebrity as soon as the plane landed. They won the grand prize of 1 ten thousand dollars. More importantly, as a French newspaper said at that time, "This flight is a historic moment for air navigation." This special day is 19 14 June 18. The first world war broke out. All kinds of contract orders poured in. The sperry family prospered because of the gyro stabilizer. Old sperry invented many valuable flying equipment, including heading gyro, gyro horizon and yaw instrument, which enabled pilots to accurately control the aircraft to cross clouds, climb and turn through the instrument system of the aircraft. Lawrence was appointed as the stabilizer department manager of sperry Company, but he was bored by office work, and he still flew frequently. Finally, Lawrence broke away from his father's company and set up his own company. He made a small single-seat biplane, which can be used as a daily means of transportation. He drives it to work every day. 1At the end of 923, Lawrence planned to fly his small plane across the English Channel to England, but he was unfortunately killed at the age of 3 1. 1929, Doolittle, an American, completed the world's first "blind flight" completely relying on instruments, which further confirmed the contribution of sperry and his son's inventions to aviation. The following year, sperry Sr also died at the age of 70.