When was the concrete building invented?

Design of reinforced concrete flowerpot for the first reinforced concrete bridge built by Joseph maunier. The appearance of reinforced concrete caused a revolution in building materials. Surprisingly, however, the inventor of reinforced concrete is neither a scientist nor a famous engineer in the construction industry, but a gardener who has nothing to do with architecture. He is French Joseph maunier. In 2007, in a large-scale Expo history exhibition hosted by Shanghai World Expo Bureau, Mr. Li Yu, the general planner of the exhibition, could not find an exhibit-a piece of reinforced concrete. Later, it was discovered that it was taken out of the exhibition area by exhibitors as construction waste. Li Yu told the participants: "At the 1867 Paris World Expo, it was a magical exhibition, an exhibition that made Monet, the gardener, very proud." Joseph maunier (1823- 1906) was inspired by plant roots. In the middle of19th century, he was an ordinary gardener in Paris. In the garden he manages, exotic flowers and plants are full of vitality and fragrance, and pedestrians pass by here and stop to watch. Maunier has to deal with flowerpots every day. At first, flowerpots were made of ordinary clay and low-grade pottery clay, and they were also common earthen pots. These flowerpots are not strong enough to break when touched. Maunier went to consult other gardener friends, but they all faced the same trouble; There is nothing I can do to find a worker who specializes in making pots and pans. At that time, cement began to be used as building materials. People use cement and sand to make concrete to build houses and repair bridges. Concrete has good cohesiveness and high strength after hardening and curing, which has gradually attracted the attention of other industries. Maunier decided to find a way to improve the flowerpot herself. He thought of the popular concrete material at that time, so he made a cement flowerpot out of cement and sand, which is now called a concrete flowerpot. The concrete flowerpot is really strong, especially not afraid of pressure. However, concrete flowerpots also have the same disadvantages as pottery pots, that is, they can't stand stretching and impact. Sometimes loosening soil and fertilizing flowers and trees will lead to the failure of flowerpots. "Try to improve again!" Maunier encouraged himself. Once, he broke another flowerpot. However, he made a discovery: although the fragments of the flowerpot were scattered all over the floor, the soil of the flowerpot was squeezed together and intact, as if it were stronger than cement. Maunier carefully observed that it turned out that the roots of plants were winding in the soil, which made the loose soil hold a solid ball tightly. [paging]

Maunier had a new idea. He plans to make a new flowerpot by imitating the roots of plants. He first weaves tiny steel bars into the shape of flower pots, and then coats cement mortar on the inside and outside of the steel bars. After drying, the flowerpot is really not afraid of stretching, but also can withstand impact. The reinforced concrete flowerpot invented by maunier has been rapidly popularized in Parisian horticulture. Maunier obtained the patent at 1867. The First Reinforced Concrete Bridge If maunier's invention was confined to his own garden, people would not remember the name maunier. One day, a famous Parisian architect went to maunier's garden to see flowers. He was surprised to see Moni's flowerpot made of reinforced concrete. He encouraged Monier to apply this technology to the project and built a bridge for him. Maunier began to use this technology to make steps, railway sleepers and reinforced concrete precast slabs, and gradually gained the support of some designers and social recognition. 1867, at the Paris World Expo, maunier exhibited flowerpots and sleepers made of reinforced concrete. At the same time, the Frenchman Rantam also made some small bottles and boats out of reinforced concrete, which were also exhibited at this World Expo. Some builders witnessed the advantages of reinforced concrete at the World Expo: it can resist compression and tension, and its cost is cheap. Reinforced concrete aroused their extensive interest. Li, an architect of Shanghai Hyundai Group, said: "Before the invention and application of reinforced concrete, some European designers have started to build relatively tall buildings and adopt steel structures; The steel structure building is very strong, but it is very expensive. " 1875, with the help of some designers, maunier presided over the construction of Paris, which is also the first reinforced concrete bridge in the world. This bridge is16m long and 4m wide. This is an arch bridge for pedestrians. At that time, people did not understand the role of steel bars in concrete and the physical and mechanical properties of reinforced concrete after being stressed. Therefore, the reinforcement of the bridge is arranged according to the main structure, and the reinforcement is also arranged in the section and axis of the arch member. 1884, a German construction company purchased Monier's patent and conducted a series of scientific experiments on reinforced concrete. A civil engineering engineer named White studied its fire resistance, strength and adhesion between concrete and steel bars, and on this basis, he worked out the best method to manufacture reinforced concrete. Since then, reinforced concrete, a composite material, has become one of the protagonists in civil engineering construction. "It should be said that the emergence of reinforced concrete and its application in architecture is a major event in the history of architecture. /kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, it was regarded as the symbol of almost all new buildings, which provided new possibilities for the structural mode and architectural modeling of buildings. Until now, the reinforced concrete structure still shows its important role in architecture. " Li said to him. At the beginning of last century, early adopters of reinforced concrete technology from Shanghai and Guangdong were applied to China, first in Shanghai and Guangzhou at the beginning of last century. "/kloc-At the end of 0/9, most buildings in Shanghai, including those in concession, were brick-wood structures or brick-concrete structures. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the buildings designed and built by European designers such as Asia Building, Shanghai General Association and Bund Dongfeng Hotel began to use reinforced concrete structures in whole or in part. " Li said that Jiang Customs Building (now Shanghai Customs Building) can best reflect the transformation of these buildings from traditional style to modern style. (For details, please refer to Morning Post A47 Edition 65438+ 10/6. According to historical records, Jiangcustomhouse was rebuilt three times in 1857, 189 1 and 1925 respectively. Jiang Customs Building, now located at Zhongshan East Road 13 on the Bund, was completed in 1927, and was designed by Gonghe Foreign Firm, a famous British architectural design agency. The architectural style of the building belongs to classicism in general, and the facade is a typical Doric column. The main building * * * has 9 floors in total, plus the tower, with a total height of about 79.25 meters, which was the tallest building on the Bund in Shanghai at that time. This transformation adopts the mixed mode of steel structure and reinforced concrete structure. In the last century 10-20, Guangzhou, Tianjin and other places also used reinforced concrete structures to build high-rise buildings. South Tower is the first high-rise building with reinforced concrete structure in Guangzhou.