Techniques for planting edible roses
1. Selecting land to build gardens
In mountainous areas, we should make full use of weirs and soil slopes, which will not only increase economic benefits, but also strengthen soil and protect weirs and prevent soil erosion. Pingba should build a piece of rose garden. However, whether in mountainous areas or flat dams, it is forbidden to plant on sticky and stagnant land.
2. Controlling soil moisture and applying base fertilizer
(1) After deep ploughing and sun exposure, it is necessary to increase soil temperature, reduce germs and ripen soil.
(2) Soil moisture management and basic fertilizer application should be done in two or four rows for each soil moisture, and each row is 9? 1 cm, 2? 3cm, deep ditch on the soil surface, with a depth of 4? 5cm, ditch width 4? 6cm, applying base fertilizer, applying 25-3kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, 5-1kg of calcium superphosphate, 3-4kg of potassium sulfate or 3kg of compound fertilizer per mu. Mix with some soil and cover it. Base fertilizer can also be applied in ponds at a certain spacing on the row surface.
3. Soil treatment
Before planting, the soil should be disinfected. Carbendazim plus thiram, clearing soil or clearing blessings can be used to spread on the soil surface and mixed with 5? In 1 cm soil, the soil is flat and ready to be planted.
4. Transplanting
(1) Transplanting time Kunming can be transplanted all year round, but it is better to transplant in autumn when leaves fall and before germination in early spring, with high viability.
(2) Transplanting method Rose is a perennial plant. In order to obtain early yield, it is necessary to plant it closely, and the row spacing can be 9? 1 cm, spacing 3? 5 cm, digging a pond and transplanting, the depth of which is 1? 5 cm, 17 mu? 2,5 strains. One or two-year-old rose seedlings with full buds, strong branches, big fat and green leaves and luster, and no diseases on branches and roots should be selected. Seedlings with thin and dull branches, no fruit in the middle and thick dark brown tumors in the roots are not suitable for use. When grafting seedlings are planted, about 1/3 of long roots need to be pruned, which is beneficial to promote fibrous roots.
5. Soil management
(1) Roots of rhizosphere rose are 8% horizontal roots. It is very important to cultivate the roots of rose after defoliation or early spring. The thickness of soil cultivation is generally about 1 cm, which not only thickens the soil layer of flowers and promotes the growth of roots, but also increases soil humus after defoliation and weeds are buried in the soil to rot.
(2) Shallow tillage should be carried out in the growing period of roses, which can improve soil permeability, reduce water evaporation, increase soil temperature and promote microbial activities. Shallow planing should be carried out before winter, which can reduce the harm of pests and diseases in the following year. Weathered soil, shallow planing depth is generally 1? 15 centimeters.
6. Weed removal Roses are strong light plants. In order to ensure the normal growth of roses, perennial weeds and creeping plants should be thoroughly removed in the rose field in combination with soil management.
7, fertilizer and water management
Edible roses in 3? Four years into the flowering period, reasonable management and water and fertilizer conditions can make the flowering period last for 1 years.
(1) spring season management when the temperature is stable at 13? At 15℃, the rose buds began to sprout. Combined with watering, quick-acting fertilizers, such as urea and diammonium phosphate, were applied, with the dosage of 1? 15 kg, or 15 kg of decomposed human excrement. Fertilization in this period is called germination fertilizer, which mainly promotes the germination and growth of plants. In order to promote rapid germination at the beginning of spring, it is necessary to loosen the soil and water it, and keep the relative humidity of the soil at 6% in the later growth period? 7%。
(2) Flowering management: The first ten days of April to the last ten days of May is the main stage of rose budding and flower production. During this period, fertilization is mainly to promote reproductive growth, so that the buds are abundant and full. In this period, an appropriate amount of quick-acting compound fertilizer should be applied, and 5 kilograms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer should be applied twice per mu, once every 2 days. In order to speed up the fertilizer efficiency, topdressing outside the roots can also be carried out in the first ten days of April after the rose leaves grow, and .3%-.5% urea solution or .2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be added, and foliar spraying can be carried out in the morning or evening. Note that if the soil is dry every time fertilization is applied, it should be watered once after fertilization. In the process of water and fertilizer management, don't let the soil splash on the leaves of plants to reduce the occurrence of disease infiltration. During the flower picking period, watering should be controlled, one is to avoid affecting flower picking, and the other is to over-water. Roses absorb too much nitrogen nutrients, which will affect the quality of flowers, and the buds are big but not fragrant. Controlling watering at this stage is the key to producing good flowers.
(3) autumn and winter management: from early September to late October, the branches and leaves gradually stop growing, and a large amount of nutrients accumulated by photosynthesis flow back to the roots. At this stage, fertilization is combined with deep ploughing and foundation cultivation, and organic fertilizers are applied. No more available nitrogen fertilizers are applied, and soil moisture is properly controlled to prevent excessive sprouting of autumn buds, which is not conducive to the safe overwintering of plants and the nutrient reserve of spring buds in the coming year. Apply 25 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer or 25-3 kilograms of organic manure per mu, and then conduct winter irrigation.
8. Pruning
Roses have strong germination ability. If they are not pruned in time, the branches will often grow thin and die because of the closed clusters. Pruning should be carried out according to the plant age, growth status, fertilizer and water and management conditions, and the principle of thinning should be adopted, supplemented by short cutting, so as to achieve the goal that the old branches of the plant are not old, the branches are not dense, and the ventilation is light. Old branches over 5 years old should be thinned in time to support the growth of new branches. For the weak rose branches that have basically lost their flowering ability, they can be re-cut to promote the growth of new branches.
(1) Adjust the plant shape: mainly through supporting, pulling, wiping buds, coring and other means, improve the wind and light conditions between the rows of roses and the inner chamber of the crown, and improve the quality and yield. Such as grafted roses, the buds on the rootstock should be erased in time, otherwise, it will consume nutrients, affect the light, and reduce the yield, quality and efficiency.
(2) Pruning: Pruning is mainly achieved by cutting and retracting.
(1) Short-cutting: Short-cutting is mainly carried out on the branches of the current year, and the aging branches with a thickness of more than 1 cm are as short as 2? 3 cm (the buds germinated at the base are relatively fat, and the branches that grow in the later stage are stout and have a large number of flowers). After short cutting in winter, the cut buds will grow vigorously in the coming year, which is conducive to rejuvenating the tree and prolonging the harvest period of roses. Short cutting in summer is mainly the rose branches that have been picked. After short cutting, strong branches can be born again and bloom again.
(2) Retraction: Retraction is mainly used for pruning perennial rose gardens in winter. Retraction is to remove the weak branches and over-dense branches of perennial roses, which is beneficial to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions between rows of roses or the inner chamber of crown.
① Pruning in winter and spring during sleeping period
Pruning should be carried out from defoliation to germination. Pruning is mainly based on thinning, and 5-6 strong branches (1/3 or 1/2 branches of the whole plant) should be selected for each cluster, and old branches, dead branches, diseased branches and weak branches should be removed. If there is a large space, it can be appropriately cut short (5? 6 cm long), promote branching, for weak growth, more old branches should be properly re-cut (2? 3 cm).
② Pruning after flowering
It is mainly used for plants with vigorous growth and dense branches. After the flowers are harvested, the dense branches and overlapping branches should be thinned properly, and the branches after flowering should be cut off by 1/2 length, and the cutting mouth must be flat and 45? Parallel. After moderate pruning, the rose will grow new branches, which will bear buds and bloom again.
Generally, the following principles should be mastered in pruning edible roses:
① Use sterilized sharp scissors, and the pruning position should be .6cm above the bud? 1cm, with 45? Angle is appropriate.
② Make the central part of the plant cluster fully developed, so as to keep the bottle shape, which can promote air circulation and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
③ cut off diseased and insect branches, weak and long branches, and cut off any adventitious buds.
④ The safety limit of pruning is that the white color appears at the center of the branch, and the brown center usually indicates the dead branch.
9. Renewal and rejuvenation
The renewal and rejuvenation of edible roses is mainly to eliminate diseased plants, aged roots, delicate branches and dense branches, so as to promote ventilation and light transmission of plants, sprout new branches, keep branches strong, increase flower yield and prolong growth period. Generally, there are two methods:
1. Before and after first frost, put the branches of roses 5? Cut off all the 6cm places, and then cultivate the remaining rose branches into steamed bread shapes with fine soil. In the next spring, new shoots will grow at the base of the stem of the rose, and when the new shoots stop growing, cut off the over-dense and thin branches, leaving the branches evenly distributed.
2. Annual regeneration method According to the growth situation of rose bushes, some dead branches, slender branches, aging branches and pests and diseases are appropriately cut off every year, so as to promote the flowers to grow new twigs every year, keep the flowers growing vigorously, and achieve the purpose of annual regeneration and rejuvenation without reducing production. This method is often used in general production to maintain the renewal and rejuvenation of roses.
1. Flower harvesting
During the harvesting season of edible roses, water should be controlled before harvesting flowers, especially before 7? For 1 days, watering should be strictly controlled to improve the inherent quality of flowers. The harvest time of flowers is the key to ensure the quality of flowers. Once the flowers are open, the fragrance will be lost and the petals will easily fall off. Therefore, picking flowers should be carried out when the flowers are first in bloom, the petals are still stacked and the stamens are not exposed. The best harvesting time is before sunrise or when the morning dew is scarce, and the collected flowers are scattered in a cool and ventilated place to avoid air tightness. Practice has proved that the more edible roses are picked, the more timely they are, and the more times they bloom. If they are not picked, they can only bloom once a year.
Cultivation and management techniques of edible roses
I. Variety selection
There are many varieties of roses, and the varieties with good productivity mainly include: purple branch rose, Pingyin No.1, Pingyin No.3, rich flower rose, double petal rose and so on. In addition, there are Bulgarian roses, Soviet perfume No.1 ~ No.4, bitter water roses, flowers roses and Beijing white roses, etc. Although these varieties are edible, they are mainly extracted from rose essential oil.
2. Site selection and garden construction
To cultivate edible roses on a large scale, the garden site should be selected in a plot with relatively flat terrain, deep soil layer, fertile soil, good drainage and irrigation, moderate soil texture, convenient transportation, pollution-free air source nearby, rich organic matter and neutral or slightly alkaline soil pH value, and it is forbidden to build a garden in a plot with shallow soil layer, heavy soil and low-lying soil.
3. Carefully soil preparation
1. Before soil disinfection and colonization, after deep ploughing, leveling and raking, fumigate and disinfect the soil with 3kg of 99.5% chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) stock solution per mu. If planted in acid plots, 5 kilograms of hydrated lime powder should be applied per mu for neutralization.
2. Digging and ridging the hillside, making steps along the contour line, digging a planting ditch with a width of .8-1m and a depth of 4-6cm on the flat land with a width of 2-2.5m in the north-south direction, applying foot manure, applying 2kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 3kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu, mixing them evenly, backfilling them, filling them with water, and leveling them to a width of 1-1.2m on the ground of the ditch mouth.
Fourth, strong seedling planting
1. The quality of strong seedlings is directly related to the premature delivery and high yield of roses, so grafted seedlings with strong growth, uniform branches, developed roots, 1 cm underground stem and more than 5 cm plant height should be selected. Cutting seedlings should have fewer roots.
2. It can be planted in autumn and winter in the south during the planting period; The Yellow River basin and the south area should be planted before and after cold dew, which is beneficial to root recovery. The survival rate of planting before germination in spring is the highest in the north of the Yellow River Basin.
3. In order to form a shrub as early as possible, the planting method of multiple plants in one hole is generally adopted. The row spacing of shrubs is 2-2.5 meters, and the row spacing of holes is .8-1.5 meters. If the site conditions are good, the row spacing of plants can be appropriately increased. Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings in water for 12 hours, dig 4 cm square planting holes, plant 3-5 plants in each hole, so as to keep the original depth of burial, stretch the roots after putting the seedlings in, lift up 5 cm after filling half the soil, and then fill the soil firmly and fill it with water. Seedlings planted in autumn in the north should be 2 ~ 3 cm thick, so as to prevent the roots from freezing and air drying and affect their survival.
V. Soil, fertilizer and water management
1. Soil management After two to three years of colonization, soil management should be strengthened, permeability should be improved, water evaporation should be reduced, soil moisture should be increased, and microbial activities should be promoted. After defoliation and before germination, combined with the application of base fertilizer in autumn, ditch should be dug from the outer edge of rose branches in a straight line, with the depth of 4-5 cm and the width of 5-6 cm as little as possible, and the ditch should be opened with the original planting ditch when it is deeply turned.
2. intertillage weeding: intertillage 4-5 times a year; Weed in time after irrigation or rain in the growing season, especially perennial weeds and climbing plants.
3. In the first three years after reasonable intercropping and planting, in order to make full use of land and improve economic benefits, short crops such as peanuts, soybeans and Chinese herbal medicines can be planted 3 cm away from the plants.
4. In the germination stage of fertilizer and water management, about 5g of compound fertilizer with high nitrogen content is applied to each shrub hole 3cm away from the root; Spraying .3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer 2 days, 1 days and 5 days before flowering; After picking flowers, combined with loosening soil, about 6 grams of urea and compound fertilizer were applied to each shrub hole according to the ratio of 1: 1. After defoliation in late autumn, 2 ~ 3 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 3 ~ 5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu in combination with deep ploughing. Water in time after fertilization to facilitate the decomposition and absorption of nutrients. Maintain soil moisture during the growth period of roses, and avoid dry hot wind and soil drought in flowering period. Fill the water for forcing flowers, filling flowers and after flowering, and fill the water for accelerating germination and freezing water. It is best to install a dropper in the rose garden to save water and keep the soil breathable.
VI. Pruning and rejuvenation
Edible rose branches are weak in continuous flowering ability, and will become old after 3 years, so they should be renewed or rejuvenated year by year.
1. Pruning time is usually carried out in early January in winter to avoid bleeding. It is better to prune the whole inflorescence after it is harvested, so as to improve the yield of the next flower.
2. according to the plant age, growth status, fertilizer, water and management conditions, the pruning method should be carried out in winter according to the principle of thinning first, supplemented by short cutting, so as to achieve the goal that the old branches are new and the branches are not dense, and improve the ventilation and light transmission. Winter pruning is mainly based on thinning, with 15 ~ 2 thick branches selected from each cluster, and short cuts with large space promote branching. Re-cut those with weak growth potential and many old branches at a distance of 5 ~ 6 cm from the ground to achieve the purpose of concentrating nutrition, promoting the germination of new branches and restoring growth; For the flower branches under 3 years old, pruning is mainly based on thinning diseased branches, cross branches, weak branches and long branches, and the pruning height of the selected strong backbone branches is about 1.5 meters; Flowers over 3 years old should be updated and pruned, that is, 1/3 of the old branches should be thinned or cut short every year, and strong new branches should be cultivated in the corresponding parts, which will be updated once every 3 years. Post-flowering pruning is a moderate light pruning after bud harvesting, which mainly cuts off overgrown branches, tightly squeezed branches, dead branches, overlapping branches, branches of diseases and pests, and the sprouting and branches of rootstocks, so as to keep the balance between aboveground and underground parts and improve the yield of the next crop of flowers.
VII. Prevention and control of pests and diseases
There are fewer pests and diseases in edible roses, so try to avoid spraying at flowering stage. During the dormant period, clear the garden in time, remove diseased branches and fallen leaves, scrape off diseased scars, combine pruning and cutting off branches of diseases and insect pests, weak branches and excessively dense branches, burn them intensively, and spray the whole garden with 2 ~ 3 Baume sulfur mixture once to eradicate overwintering diseases and insect pests. After picking flowers