The fifth generation of electronic computers is actually an artificial intelligence machine.
The realization of "artificial intelligence" in a computer means that it has certain human intelligence, such as understanding ability, adaptability and thinking ability. This requires computers to have high-speed computing and processing capabilities, receive various signals through visual, auditory, tactile and olfactory sensors, use reasonable programs to judge and reason, and make correct responses in a timely manner. It "behaves" just like humans, so it's called "artificial intelligence." For example:
Playing chess is an advanced intellectual activity. If the chess-playing experience of each "master" is input into the computer, then the computer can compete with people and defeat the players.
Using computers to perform logical reasoning and prove a large number of mathematical theorems is also a manifestation of artificial intelligence.
Using a computer to translate one text into another text is also a type of artificial intelligence. At present, the accuracy of this kind of text translation has reached 80 to 90%.
Now, the automatic mail sorting machines in post offices can identify postal codes to sort letters by region, and can sort tens of thousands of letters per hour!
The above are some of the functions of the fifth generation of electronic computers. Artificial intelligence is actually a science of brain amplification.
In 1920, Czech writer Karel Kaper wrote an opera called "Lotsam Universal Robot Company" with the theme of the opposition between robots and humans. In the play, it was assumed that the company would produce A large number of high-performance robots were exported to various countries around the world, resulting in a sharp increase in unemployment in factories in various countries. This aroused the anger of workers, who rushed into the factories and smashed the robots. The company gave weapons to robots to suppress workers. Later, robots with emotions were developed. The robots suddenly hate the people who drove them. then. They began to attack humans and wanted to kill them all. The author uses this to curse modern civilization.
In 1950, British science writer Asimov wrote a book called "We Are Robots". The book reflects the image of robots that use humans as assistants to conquer humans. The book warns people not to ignore the social consequences caused by technological development, and also proposes development principles to prevent robots from harming humans - the three principles of robotics.
In 1954, Daiber of the United States published the article "General Industrial Robots for Repetitive Industries" and applied for a patent. But all he designed was a machine that repeatedly put down and picked up. In 1960, the American Machinery and Casting Company successfully developed the "Vahol Duran" robot, a practical product. Later, Nimeth Company developed the "Nimeth" type robot and made it a product.
However, the first founder of artificial intelligence research is the British Turing. In 1937, when he was only 24 years old, he proposed a genius idea in a paper on the "ideal computer", which is known as the Turing machine. He convincingly demonstrated that any computational process that needs to be determined accurately can be performed by a Turing machine. In 1950, he published "Can Computers Think?" "The article not only defines artificial intelligence, but also demonstrates the possibility of artificial intelligence. Many of his ideas were far ahead of those of his contemporaries.
Wiener and others, the founders of cybernetics, Shannon, the founder of information theory, McCullough and Pitts, the founders of neurocybernetics, and the founders of polyphysics, are known as "computers". Von Neumann and Ashby were the first pioneers of artificial intelligence. Their theories and work laid the foundation for the creation of artificial intelligence. In the 1950s, many scientists and engineers explored this aspect. In 1956, Shen and McCarthy extensively collected 13 papers on artificial intelligence research and compiled the book "Automata Research".
In the summer of 1956, at Dartmouth University in New Hampshire, the United States, a creative gathering officially under the name of artificial intelligence marked the birth of artificial intelligence.
Attending this gathering were McCarthy, a young mathematics teaching assistant at the time and now a professor at Stanford University, and three of his friends: Minsky, a young mathematics and neuroscientist at Harvard University and now a professor at MIT. , IBM, as well as Lochester, head of the company's Information Research Center, and Shannon, a mathematics researcher in Bell Labs' Information Division, as well as Moore and Samuel of IBM, Selfridge and Solomenoff of MIT, and a dozen young scholars including Newell and Simon from the RAND Corporation and Carnegie Institution of Technology. They held a two-month summer academic seminar to discuss machine intelligence issues. After McCarthy proposed, the term artificial intelligence was officially used at the meeting, thus creating a research direction for artificial intelligence as an independent discipline. McCarthy is therefore known as the "Father of Artificial Intelligence."
Computer-aided software engineering and object-oriented programming use the functions that the computer itself has to assist programmers. However, what would happen if we let the computer write the program itself? ? This idea inspired the development of artificial intelligence, a term used to describe the ability of computers to think for themselves. Artificial intelligence has been used as a theme in countless science fiction novels, especially descriptions of humanoid robots equipped with artificial intelligence "minds"!
It is not difficult to imagine that in the near future, when robot manufacturing, programming and computer technology continue to advance by leaps and bounds, the emergence of "artificial humans" is actually just around the corner. Parallel to this progress, artificial intelligence has developed into many more practical applications, the most common of which is expert systems. An expert system encodes a series of rules in a logical sequence so that the computer can predict future situations based on past experience. The most common example is the "auxiliary" screen on a personal computer. Usually when you are "stuck" on a certain It will appear when you start a computer program. Based on past experience, the expert system will "know" roughly where the user's difficulties lie, and then provide useful assistance.
Another example of artificial intelligence programming is speech recognition, computer-aided software engineering and automatic machine control. In the research of artificial intelligence, the latest big change is the development of neural networks, which have nothing to do with local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs). Instead, it is a computer program simulated based on the interaction in the animal brain. According to biologists, individual computer cells, nerve cell units, do not remember anything or perform any logical reactions. They must work together with other nerve cells, as the old proverb goes: "A complete The individual is better than the sum of its parts. "In computer programming, neural networks represent programs with sub-programs, and these sub-programs have been designed to have the function of accumulation of experience, so the more experienced the program is. Use, the stronger the function, the current development in this field is not yet clear, but the future is promising.
The success of artificial intelligence work can be divided into two parts. First, artificial intelligence has been successfully applied to many commercial products, such as expert systems, and these applications have been inseparable from other computer programming. Secondly, like natural language programming or neural networks, although there are still many controversies in commercialization, these artificial intelligence researchers are still working hard in basic laboratories in academia, computer manufacturing and software industries. Work.