What are the key points in the design of prefabricated buildings? Any questions? Please read the article by the editor of Zhongda Consulting.
In recent years, prefabricated technology has made great progress and has been widely used in construction projects. Understanding and mastering relevant construction technologies will help improve project quality. In view of this, this article discusses the construction technical measures of prefabricated buildings based on an example of a construction project. It is hoped that the research in this article can provide a reference for similar projects.
With the rapid development of social economy, the construction industry plays an increasingly important role, which has also received widespread attention from society. The construction project itself is quite special, with a long construction period, complex construction environment, and high construction technology requirements. With the gradual improvement of the construction industry, prefabricated buildings have emerged. Prefabricated buildings are mainly produced in factories, and then the components are transported to the construction site and installed by dedicated personnel. This construction model is beneficial to the conservation of resources and energy. The help can not only reduce the construction period, but also improve the construction efficiency. This is conducive to the development of the construction industry to a certain extent. Prefabricated buildings are conducive to social stability to a certain extent and are conducive to the innovation of building construction technology.
1 The concept of prefabricated building
Prefabricated building is a new type of prefabricated building. In this construction project, all materials used need to be assembled. They are produced directly in the factory and then transported to the construction site by designated transportation vehicles for assembly. Its design contains certain industrial properties, so it is often used in industrial buildings. At this stage, the most common prefabricated buildings are mainly divided into five categories: the first category is block buildings, the second category is large board buildings, the third category is modular buildings, and there are two categories of other building forms. Among them, block construction is the most common technology, and it costs less and has a lower degree of industrialization; while large-scale buildings can withstand certain natural disasters, such as earthquakes, have strong flexibility, and can be used for floor construction and roof construction. Medium; the most industrialized one is the modular building, which has rich facade forms. In the modular building, there are three main types of modular structures, including the overall module and the core module.
2 Design of prefabricated buildings
The design of prefabricated buildings needs to follow specific practical operations. The design process generally includes design planning, formulation of design plans, drawing of construction drawings and The design of components, etc. In addition, the engineering design should be combined with the specific engineering conditions, management and production levels to optimize and improve the assembly design process and technology to meet the current social requirements for the construction of prefabricated buildings and to meet the current social requirements for prefabricated buildings. The development concept of green, energy saving and environmental protection.
2.1 Prefabricated building design project
Take a project in a certain area as an example. There are 5 public rental buildings in a certain area. These 5 public rental buildings all meet the requirements of national regulations. One of the buildings has an area of ??about 17,000 m2 and is 18 stories high. They are all made of shear wall structure. The project decided to adopt a prefabricated building form. The floor slabs adopt a superimposed structure and realize Hoisting. Next, we take this project as an example to analyze the relevant content of architectural design.
2.2 Difficulties in the design of prefabricated buildings
2.2.1 Planning and design scheme
Lighting and ventilation conditions need to be considered during design, and comprehensive consideration must be based on the actual situation , adopting the architectural design of combined modules. Because prefabricated parts need to be hoisted during construction, the construction process must be considered during construction, transportation channels should be set up reasonably, the stacking locations of prefabricated components and the locations of other transportation equipment, etc. The location of the tower crane needs to be planned reasonably, so as to increase zero The usage probability of components and components reduces the quality problems of prefabricated buildings.
2.2.2 Improve the graphic design
When designing the graphic design of prefabricated buildings, designers need to follow corresponding principles to ensure that each structural module of the prefabricated building has regulations Reasonable size. Designers should follow the principle of module coordination to ensure that the size of the modules is reasonable, ensure that the prefabricated components have a certain standard, and finally determine a perfect design plan. In this process, it is necessary to reduce cost waste and avoid excessive labor. Use to ensure construction quality. In addition, when planning a construction project reasonably, designers need to consider it comprehensively to ensure that the components in the construction project are reasonable and to ensure the flexibility of tube well design.
During the architectural design process, the requirements for embedded parts should be reasonably considered in the construction drawings based on the parameters of prefabricated parts and facilities. Particular attention should be paid to the waterproofing and fireproofing of each connection point of prefabricated parts. Performance, etc., and do a good job in design. Taking an example project as an example, first of all, by studying the module series that conforms to the characteristics of the prefabricated structure, the plan layout and space modules of the large space are divided according to different use functions, and the supporting model of the project is established according to the actual location of the project to form a building Unit modules are combined with each other to form a large space layout. The easily removable inner partition wall divides the functional space within the suite. Flexibility and variability of residential space can be achieved.
2.2.3 Do a good job in facade design
For facade design in prefabricated buildings, personnel need to be comprehensive, flexible, and have a certain degree of variability during design. For the exterior wall design of a building, the building should be matched according to the different properties of the components to improve the rationality of the design. In addition, according to the materials of different parts, to achieve the aesthetics of the building, the characteristics of the architectural design must be taken into consideration during the design. At this time, it is necessary to consider the prefabricated assembly building. Finally, according to the exterior wall structure of the prefabricated assembly building, the building can be reflected Finally, we must give full play to the advantages of prefabricated buildings to make the decorative effects of exterior walls more diverse. Taking an example project as an example, the prefabricated exterior walls of the construction project use special coatings, decorative materials, textured concrete, etc., and then adjust the size and proportion of the doors and windows according to the requirements of the project to make the doors and windows form a facade effect while meeting the needs of the construction project. of various styles.
2.2.4 Design of prefabricated components
When designing prefabricated components, certain design principles must be followed. According to the principle of standardization, the type and cost of components should be reduced. If holes and falling boards appear, The cast-in-place method can be used. Taking the engineering project as an example, the building is built in the form of superimposed floor slabs, and pipelines, suspended ceilings, etc. are installed and embedded; for the interior walls, partition walls that are easy to disassemble and assemble and have a certain sound insulation effect need to be selected. Install the board; in places where leakage is prone to occur, such as kitchens and bathrooms, anti-leakage measures and cleaning work need to be taken. For the design of air-conditioned rooms and balconies, the switch holes and railings on the balcony must be designed in advance. holes, pipe flow holes, etc. For the design of building stairs, it is necessary to consider whether the stair structure is anti-slip. Relevant personnel must take anti-slip measures for the stairs and take into account the reserved holes for the stairwell railings.
2.2.5 Designing building nodes
For building nodes, it is necessary to pay attention to rationality. Because construction nodes are often the key points that determine the quality of construction projects. For prefabricated building structures, it is necessary to pay attention to their quality. Especially in places where leakage is prone to occur, or where waterproofing is poor, such as wall joints, door and window joints, etc., personnel need to consider the actual situation and physical properties to ensure that materials are used in place, as well as each construction node The rationality of the setting. At the joints of each node, it is necessary to ensure the rationality of the joints and conduct analysis based on the actual weather conditions in the local area of ??the project to ensure the rationality of the construction node design.
While improving the quality of construction nodes, it is necessary to ensure the waterproofness of the construction project. When designing the vertical joints of the wall, it is necessary to ensure that construction materials with good anti-seepage properties are used. In this project, reserved steel materials and concrete are mainly used The materials are jointed to achieve the effect of strengthening the anti-seepage effect of the wall. When installing door and window components, the doors and windows need to be connected to the exterior wall. When designing the shear wall structure, appropriate insulation materials must be selected to improve the insulation effect of the exterior wall. Enhance the tightness of doors and windows. At the same time, this can also ensure that the indoor temperature is retained, reduce indoor energy consumption, and enhance energy-saving effects.
2.2.6 Designing the prefabricated internal structure
When designing the prefabricated internal structure, the principles of construction and decoration must be followed to ensure the integration of the design and the matching of material supply style, other design and decoration materials should follow the principles of flexibility and variability, which will facilitate construction, installation, maintenance and transformation. When decorating the internal structure, it is necessary to ensure that the components and equipment are closely connected, and to be designed separately from the main structural system of the building. Some parts can be pre-embedded. Parts and construction nodes must not be removed, which will affect the main structure of the building. Aesthetics.
2.2.7 Collaborative design of buildings and other engineering accessories
Collaborative design of buildings and other engineering accessories needs to consider whether they meet the requirements of other professional design and industrial construction. Taking a certain engineering project as an example, the load-bearing walls and columns of the building need to ensure the continuity of the upper and lower structures, and the door and window connections must be aligned up and down and arranged neatly. Ensure structural safety. Design drainage, integrated bathrooms, integrated kitchens on the same floor, and the installation of solar hot water system collectors, water storage tanks, etc. should be designed in an integrated manner with the building. At the same time, consider the location of kitchen and bathroom exhaust ducts, household distribution boxes, and the location and size of relevant pipelines and circuits.
Application of 3bim technology in prefabricated building design
Applying BIM technology to prefabricated buildings can improve the architectural design and construction process, which can be further completed by using BIM technology The installation and dismantling of parts and components standardizes the overall construction process. BIM technology can achieve precise positioning of structural positions and establish a database. Prefabricated buildings are an important link in achieving standardization. In the establishment of the database, not only the optimal assembly of components can be optimized, but also the recycling of components can be realized in the entire building database, which can greatly improve the construction efficiency of the building. In addition, BIM technology can realize the visualization of pipeline collision and deformation stress, ensuring the correlation status of pipelines under certain circumstances, enabling effective analysis of calculated quantities in each design link, and ultimately achieving an effective unification of economy and environmental protection. .
4 Conclusion
Green, low-carbon, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, healthy and ecological, prefabricated building design is the development trend of construction industrialization. For architectural designers, it is necessary to improve their design capabilities and accumulate experience. Industrial design experience will further promote the healthy and rapid development of my country's construction industry in the field of construction industrialization.
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