Directory:
Brief introduction of engineering
General situation of development in the 20th century
2 1 century
Three-step development strategy of China's manned spaceflight project
The return of China's manned spaceflight project is crucial: no amount of money can buy high technology.
Moderate development
Economic benefit: the return is ten times that of the people.
Brief introduction of engineering
General situation of development in the 20th century
2 1 century
Three-step development strategy of China's manned spaceflight project
The return of China's manned spaceflight project is crucial: no amount of money can buy high technology.
Moderate development
Economic benefit: the return is ten times that of the people.
Brief introduction of engineering
1992 On September 2 1, the government of China decided to carry out manned spaceflight project and determined a three-step development strategy. The first step is to launch a manned spacecraft, build a preliminary supporting experimental manned spacecraft project and carry out space application experiments. The second step is to break through the rendezvous and docking technology between manned spacecraft and spacecraft after the successful launch of the first manned spacecraft, and refit the launch space laboratory with manned spacecraft technology to solve the space application problem with a certain scale and short-term care. The third step is to build a manned space station to solve the problem of large-scale and long-term space application. At present, the project has completed seven tasks in the first step and the first phase of the second step, and is concentrating on breaking through the rendezvous and docking technology of manned spacecraft and spacecraft to prepare for the implementation of the third strategic task. On September 20 10, the central government approved the development and construction of the manned space station project, which marked that China's manned spaceflight project entered a new historical development period. The objectives of China's manned space station project include: comprehensively breaking through and mastering the long-term manned flight and service technology in near-earth space; Break through and master the construction and operation technology of near-earth space assembly; Carry out large-scale and high-level space science applications; Lay the foundation for the future development of manned landing on the moon. In order to strengthen the leadership of the project, the China Municipal Government established the China Manned Space Engineering Office, implemented the special management of large-scale system engineering, and coordinated the related work of more than 3,000 research units of the project 1 10 and 13 systems. Since the implementation of China's manned spaceflight project, the vast number of scientific researchers, officers and men of the armed forces and workers have worked hard and forged the manned spaceflight spirit of "being especially able to endure hardships, fighting, tackling key problems and making special contributions". [ 1]
General situation of development
Situation in the 20th century
China's first "spacewalk"
The history of manned space research in China can be traced back to the early 1970s. After the launch of China's first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, Qian Xuesen, then president of the Fifth National Defense Institute, proposed that China should carry out manned space flight. At that time, the country named the project "7 14 Project" (that is, 197 1 year) and named the spacecraft "Dawn 1". But after working for a period of time, China thought that there were some difficulties in developing manned space flight, no matter from the scientific research team and experience, or from the comprehensive national strength and industrial base, so he put the project on hold. In the early 1970s, after China's first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, it began to develop several communication satellites, such as Dongfanghong-2, Dongfanghong-2 A and Dongfanghong-3. Since 1980s, China has made great progress in space technology, and has the ability to develop and launch various application satellites, such as recoverable satellites, meteorological satellites, resource satellites and communication satellites. Especially in 1975, China successfully launched and recovered the first recoverable satellite, making China the third country in the world to master satellite recovery technology after the United States and the former Soviet Union, laying a solid foundation for China to carry out manned space technology research. 1992 On September 2 1, the China Municipal Government approved the launch of the manned spaceflight project and named it "92 1 Project". In the seven systems of "92 1 Project", manned spacecraft is the core, which is mainly developed by China Academy of Space Technology. When the "92 1 Project" was officially launched, the central government put forward the goal of "striving for eight guarantees and nine guarantees", that is, 1998 should have a technological breakthrough and 1999 should have a spaceship. China Tangjialing Space City ensures the material conditions for China's manned spaceflight project to complete its manned space mission. 1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou-1, took off in Jiuquan, and landed in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia 2/kloc-0 hours later, successfully completing the "virgin journey". The success of this flight laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to heaven.
2 1 century
China successfully launched the Shenzhou II spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on1October1+10. On March 25th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On June 30th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 00 on June 5438+1October 5, 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut who carried out the mission in Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a safe flight of 2 1 hour, 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16. & gt> From June 65438+1October 12 to June 17, 2005, China successfully carried out its second manned space flight, launched the Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft, and sent two China astronauts Fei and Nie Haisheng into space for the first time. On September 25th, 2008, China's third manned spacecraft Shenzhou VII was successfully launched, and three astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng were successfully launched. On 27th, Zhai Zhigang, dressed in the "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit developed by China, got out of the cabin 19 minutes and 35 seconds with the help of Liu Boming, dressed in the Russian "Seahawk" extravehicular spacesuit. China has become the third country in the world to master the technology of extravehicular activities. On the evening of September 28th, 2008, Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully landed in Gulang Grassland, A Mu, Central Inner Mongolia after successfully completing extravehicular activities and a series of space science experiments.
Three-step development strategy of China's manned spaceflight project
1992 On September 2 1, the government of China decided to carry out manned spaceflight project and determined a three-step development strategy. The first step is to launch a manned spacecraft, build a preliminary supporting experimental manned spacecraft project and carry out space application experiments. The second step is to break through the rendezvous and docking technology between manned spacecraft and spacecraft after the successful launch of the first manned spacecraft, and refit the launch space laboratory with manned spacecraft technology to solve the space application problem with a certain scale and short-term care. The third step is to build a manned space station to solve the problem of large-scale and long-term space application. At present, the project has completed seven tasks in the first step and the first phase of the second step, and is concentrating on breaking through the rendezvous and docking technology of manned spacecraft and spacecraft to prepare for the implementation of the third strategic task. Shenzhou 5 astronaut Yang Liwei
Shenzhou VI astronaut Fei Longjun
Shenzhou VI astronaut Nie Haisheng
Shenzhou VII astronaut Zhai Zhigang
Shenzhou VII astronaut Liu Boming
Shenzhou VII astronaut Jing Haipeng
Return of China's manned spaceflight project
The return of China's manned spaceflight project can reach 10 times, which is not a face-saving project.
The Return of China's Manned Space Project (IV)? Practice has proved that aerospace engineering has not only increased the competitiveness of the country, but also brought profound changes to all aspects of people's lives. ?
The key: no amount of money can buy high technology.
The development of manned spaceflight has promoted the development of many cutting-edge technologies. Manned space flight involves many high-tech fields: modern mechanics, astronomy, earth science, space medicine and space science ... It is in the process of overcoming a series of technical difficulties that the level of a large number of high-tech fields has been improved and the scientific and technological progress in many fields in China has been promoted. Scientific and technological strength is an important part of a country's comprehensive strength, and the acquisition of cutting-edge science and technology can only be achieved by its own strength.
Moderate development
China's manned spaceflight project has spent about 35 billion yuan since it was officially launched in 1992. Figures from the Office of Manned Space Engineering show that the total cost of manned space engineering is about 20 billion yuan from the start of manned space engineering to the completion of the launch of Shenzhou VI spacecraft in 2005, that is, the first step of manned space engineering; Since the implementation of the second step of manned spaceflight in 2005, the project cost is about 654.38+0.5 billion yuan. The cost of manned space flight in China for 20 years is less than that of the United States for one year. In recent years, the annual budget of NASA is about $654.38+0.7 billion to $654.38+0.8 billion. Russia has continuously increased its investment, and Europe and Japan have also maintained a stable development trend.
Economic benefit: the return is ten times that of the people.
For every US$ 1 yuan invested in the aerospace field, a return of 12 yuan will be generated from 7 yuan, which is the evaluation result of different models and methods adopted by many research institutions in the United States and Europe. In 1960s, the American Apollo moon landing program won more than 3,000 patents, which was beneficial to the development of American high-tech industry. More than 30,000 kinds of civilian products have benefited from the technology developed by the space shuttle, and the transfer of artificial intelligence, remote sensing and other technologies has promoted the prosperity of the whole industry and agriculture. The development of China's space industry has also created economic benefits that cannot be ignored. 1984, China's first experimental communication satellite was successfully launched. Nowadays, communication satellites have been widely used in television, broadcasting, long-distance telephone, television education, finance, electric power and other departments. Almost everyone in China enjoys the civilization and convenience brought by satellites to varying degrees. Since 1987, more than 800 varieties of plant seeds have been bred in space by recoverable satellites launched by China, and a large number of high-yield and high-quality crops have stepped onto the dining tables of thousands of households. From new drugs to new materials, 80% of China's 1 100 new materials were developed under the traction of space technology, and nearly 2,000 achievements of space technology were applied to communication, textile, petroleum, transportation, medical care and other industries, which changed people's lives. There are also weather forecasting, disaster prevention and mitigation, satellite positioning and navigation ... Scientists believe that without the drive and traction of many major scientific projects such as "two bombs and one satellite" in those years, there would be no commercial launch service of launch vehicles today, no rise of nuclear power plants, space remote sensing and other industries, and no development of computers and their applications, microelectronics, glass fiber reinforced plastics, special metallurgy and other industries in China. It can be predicted that the implementation of manned spaceflight project will certainly promote scientific research in many fields and promote the development of a large number of related industries. Perhaps the success of the rendezvous and docking mission does not immediately indicate that the macro-economy has improved by a few percentage points, but experts believe that from the past experience, whether it is the spread of ancient humans from Africa to high latitudes, or the discovery of the new continent by Columbus, whether the footprint of human beings moves from land to sea or flies to the sky, every time human beings break through their own living boundaries, it will inevitably bring about changes in lifestyle, improvement in quality of life and economic leap.