1. Key points of planting technology
1. Planning and reclamation of orchards
After the suitable garden site is selected, roads, irrigation and drainage ditches, and protective forest belts should be constructed for the garden. , water and soil conservation, and reclamation will be carried out after reasonable planning and layout. The reclamation time will end two months before the set value. For gentle gardens below 5°, use "cross" calibration, with a plant spacing of 5 m and a row spacing of 7 m. The rows of the rows are in straight lines and perpendicular to each other; for slopes above 5°, build equal-height terraces with a row spacing of 7 m, with a terrace width of 3- 4 m, plant spacing 5 m, 20 plants planted per acre,
2. Dig a fixed value hole
The opening width × depth × bottom width of the fixed value hole shall be 80 cm × 70 cm × 60 cm, and stack the topsoil and raw soil separately. At the same time, mix 30 kg of farmyard manure, 1 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 5 kg of calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer in each hole with the topsoil and backfill them evenly into the hole. The surface of the hole should be 10-10% above the ground. 20 cm.
3. Selection of seedlings
Due to the strong professional skills, difficulty and high investment cost of cultivating and grafting macadamia seedlings, it is generally not necessary to self-propagate the planted seedlings. Be sure to choose grafted seedlings, with strong plants, obvious grafted healing parts, dark green leaves, no pests and diseases, well-developed root systems, pruned central main branches, new ones that are more than 30 cm long, seedlings that are more than 50 cm tall, and have two branches. Robust bag seedlings and basket seedlings sprout and grow branches and leaves.
4. Variety selection
At present, the high-yielding, efficient and high-quality macadamia nut varieties suitable for planting in Jiangcheng area mainly include 0c, h2, OC, 344, 294 and other varieties. Plant 4-5 varieties in an orchard. It is not suitable to plant a single variety in an orchard.
5. Planting time
Generally, the planting time is set from July to August every year.
6. Planting method
When planting, match varieties according to 1:1 or 2:2. Return the soil in layers to ensure good contact between the soil and the root system, compact it from the inside out, and pour root-fixing water thoroughly.
7. Care after planting
After planting, if there is no natural rainfall, water should be sprayed once every evening for 7 days. If dead seedlings are found, replenish them in time. After survival, remove the film at the grafting interface in time, and wipe it off when you see the sprouts of bricks and wood.
8. Topdressing
One month after planting, when new shoots sprout, it proves that the planting has survived. You can use urea every month to add 10 g per plant and 5-10 kg of water. Apply once.
9. Pick off the tops
After the seedlings are 1 m tall, remove the tops from 80 cm.
3. Orchard management
1. Cultivating and weeding
For 1-4-year-old orchards, plow and hoe to loosen the soil 4-5 times a year; use in December Eradicated weeds and interplanted crop straws were used for root circle mulching. For 5-12-year-old orchards, weeds should be cut down 2-3 times a year during the rainy season. After the fruits are harvested, they should be pruned promptly. Weeding and cultivating should be combined with the application of post-fruit fertilizer and root circle coverage.
2. Fertilization
For 2-4 years old, dig a circular trench with a width and depth of 30 cm each outside the crown drip line. For 5-6 years old, dig a semicircular trench. 7 -At the age of 10, dig a 1/3 circular trench with a trench width and depth of 40 cm each. Mix topsoil and fertilizer evenly into the trench, and cover it with inner soil.
4. Plastic pruning
1. Operation
When plastic pruning, cut off overlapping branches, leggy branches, dead branches, diseased branches, and parasitic branches As well as the clustered branches in the inner hall and the fruit stalks left on the fruiting branches after the harvest. According to the controlled growth height of the plant type, short or top truncation is performed to open a "skylight" or the crowns between the plant rows are connected, and then appropriate retraction pruning is performed. The total amount of branches and leaves pruned at each time should not exceed 1/3 of the crown.
2. Pruning time
In May and September every year (or immediately after harvesting).
3. Precautions
The branches removed each time should not exceed 30% of the crown, so the cutting surface should be inclined or vertical.
5. Preserve flowers and fruits
Macadamia nuts have a large number of flowers, and it is a normal physiological habit for a large number of immature fruits to fall during fruit development. Young fruits will also fall when the temperature rises too fast. If the daily temperature rises from 25℃ to 30℃, more fruits will fall. Most fruits will remain when the daily temperature is 15℃, but the fruit size and weight will be lower than those at 15-25℃. Flowering, fruit setting and fruit development require sufficient carbohydrates and reasonable N fertilizer application. Low N will also cause a reduction in the number of branches with fruiting potential.
N fertilizer should be applied in small amounts and multiple times so that the tree can absorb and utilize N fertilizer more effectively. Boron application during flowering can increase fruit setting and yield.
6. Root circle covering
In November-December every year, the weeds cut down or the straw of interplanted crops are used as covering materials, and the thickness is 15-20 cm away from the nut trees. Cover all the plants with a distance of 1cm to retain water and increase temperature to facilitate the growth of nut trees.
7. Prevention and Control of Diseases, Pests and Rats
1. Diseases
Common diseases mainly include the following:
( 1) Rapid wilt disease
At first, small dark spots appear on the sepals, and then the entire flower dies, and soon expands to the entire inflorescence, leaving only the green pedicel unaffected. When the entire inflorescence is infected with the disease, the color of the total pedicel becomes dark, and finally, the dead flowers fall off; or the gray spider web-like mycelium is wrapped around the total pedicel. Under humid conditions, the infected racemes turn dark. Gray to black.
Prevention and control methods: It is not advisable to plant closely during cultivation.
Chemical control: Use fungicides, usually benlate and mancozeb wettable powder, for spray control. If it rains continuously for 10 days, spray once.
(2) Leaf blight
The pathogen invades from the leaf tip or edge, and gradually expands in a water-soaked, nearly round or irregular shape, forming dark brown lesions. Black dot-like conidia discs grow on the diseased tissues on both sides of the leaves and are buried under the leaf cuticle. After the conidia mature, the cuticle ruptures, gradually releasing the conidia and becoming a new source of infection. In the dry season with high temperature and low humidity, the disease spots are in a stable state, withered yellow or off-white. From March to May, the disease spots show a stable brown-yellow state, with an obvious junction between disease and health; June to September is the disease onset period. The disease can occur in the seedling stage and on the leaves of mature trees.
Prevention and control methods: From June to September every year, when the new leaves of macadamia nuts are growing, spray 400-600 times of doxorubicin 1-2 times a month.
(3) Stem ulcers
The gummation site occurs on the main stem and branches. In the early stage, the epidermis appears to be broken in stripes, and brown-red sap flows out from the lower end of the broken site. There are strip-like cracks at the gum flow area, and the sap gradually changes to brown-black. As the lesions continue to expand, longitudinal strip-shaped plaques are formed. The susceptible tissue is water-soaked and brown, and the junction between the disease and the healthy tissue is not obvious.
Prevention and treatment methods: Plant disease-free seedlings to minimize water accumulation around the base of the trunk to avoid damaging the trunk; scrape off the necrotic cortex and xylem, apply 25 g/L copper oxide mud, and bandage the wound; onset of disease Spray 80% captafol 250 mg/L or 25 g/L compound metalaxyl 25 g/L on the lower trunk of the area.
2. Pests
Common pests mainly include the following types:
(1) Sucking pests
Mainly include aphids, Spider mites, whiteflies, scale insects, thrips, stink bugs, etc. These pests use needle-like mouthparts to suck the juice from flower tissue, causing leaf curls, galls, or the appearance of gray-yellow and other colored spots on the leaves or leaves. , symptoms such as withered branches and yellowing.
Control method: Spray 40% omethoate 1000-1500 times solution. Except for scale insects, other pests can spray 2.5% deltamethrin 2500-3000 times solution; to control red spider mites, spray 20% Dicofol 1000 times solution.
(2) Pests that harm leaves and young shoots
Mainly include gray weevils, yellow poisonous moths, velvet poisonous moths, leaf rollers, thorn moths, leafhoppers and aphids. The larvae that feed on young leaves include the larvae of the small gray butterfly, the cylindrical moth, and the inchworm (chipper moth). The larvae that feed on the mature leaves include the larvae of the thorn moth and the bag moth, causing difficulty in the extraction of new shoots, nicks in the leaves, and in severe cases, the branches. Bare. The larvae of the Lesser Gray Butterfly, Trichoderma moth and Erythropus moth are mainly harmful from April to June, and the larvae of the Bag Moth are mainly in bloom from July to September.
Prevention and control methods: Manually eliminate overwintering cocoons or protective sacs; during the initial hatching period of larvae, spray 90% dichlorfon or 50% phoxim or 50% phoxim 1000 times; control chafer beetles Or sawflies can also be killed manually.
(3) Damage to fruit columns and fruits
The main pests that feed on the peel of young fruits are white-striped treehoppers, poisonous moths, cylindrical moths, and borer moth larvae. Causes the peel to turn brown and even eats the whole fruit. The fruit borer also burrows into the seed shell before it hardens and feeds on the seed kernel, resulting in an empty shell. After the seed shell hardens, it sneaks into the peel and feeds on the mesocarp. The white-striped treehopper causes fruit drop.
Prevention and control methods: Spray 40% omethoate solution 1000-1500 times, and artificially eliminate overwintering cocoons or protective cysts.
3. Rat damage
Rats begin to eat the macadamia nut fruit embryos after they solidify and cause serious damage, causing complete loss of the nut harvest in severe cases. Rat infestation is also serious during seedbed germination and seedling raising.
Prevention and control methods: Eradicate weeds in and around the orchard and keep the orchard clean; cut off the branches and leaves that droop to the ground and keep them at a height of at least 50 cm; tie the trunks with smooth films or make them into inverted traps. The trumpet shape prevents mice from climbing up the tree to feed; during the nut ripening and shedding season, the fallen fruits on the ground should be collected before evening every day to prevent mice from feeding at night; catch mice and poisonous mice regularly; make full use of mouse contraceptives; raise cats in the orchard; clean the orchard to make sure Rats have nowhere to hide; use rat fighting equipment to attack them; put poisonous rat poison bait.