James maxwell james clerk maxwell,
1831June13-187911October 5th.
James clerk maxwell, a great British physicist, is famous for listing quaternion equations that express the basic laws of electromagnetism. Many years before Maxwell, people have conducted extensive research on the two fields of electricity and magnetism, and it is known that they are closely related. Various electromagnetic laws applicable to specific occasions have been discovered, but there was no complete and unified theory before Maxwell. Maxwell can accurately describe the characteristics of electromagnetic field and its interaction (but it is very complicated) by listing short four-element equations. Maxwell's main contribution is to establish Maxwell's equations, establish classical electrodynamics, predict the existence of electromagnetic waves and put forward the electromagnetic theory of light. Maxwell is a master of electromagnetic theory. He was born in 183 1 year when Faraday, the founder of electromagnetic theory, put forward the electromagnetic induction theorem. Later, he forged an unforgettable friendship with Faraday and built a scientific system of electromagnetic theory with * * *. In the history of physics, Newton's classical mechanics opened the door to the mechanical age, while Maxwell's electromagnetic theory laid the cornerstone for the electrical age. 193 1 year, Einstein commented on Maxwell's achievements at the centennial birthday commemorative meeting, "it is the most profound and fruitful work in physics since Newton."
Main resume
183113 was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was very clever since he was a child, and his father was a knowledgeable lawyer, which made Maxwell get a good education since he was a child. /kloc-entered Edinburgh middle school at the age of 0/0. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he published a paper on the drawing of conic curves in the Journal of Edinburgh Royal Society, which has shown his outstanding talent. 65438-0847 entered the University of Edinburgh to study mathematics and physics. 1850 transferred to the Department of Mathematics, Trinity College, Cambridge University. 1854 won the Smith Scholarship with the second place and stayed in school for two years after graduation. From 65438 to 0856, he was a professor of natural philosophy at Marisa, Aberdeen, Scotland. 1860 Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, King's College London. 186 1 was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London. 1in the spring of 865, he resigned from his teaching post and went back to his hometown to systematically summarize his research achievements in electromagnetism, and completed the classic masterpiece of electromagnetic field theory "On Electricity and Magnetism", which was published in 187 1. He was hired as a newly established professor of experimental physics in Cavendish, Cambridge University, and was responsible for the preparation of the famous Cavendish laboratory 65438+.
scientific research
James clerk maxwell 186 1 year.
The world's first color photo.
Maxwell is mainly engaged in electromagnetic theory, molecular physics, statistical physics, optics, mechanics and elasticity theory. In particular, his electromagnetic field theory, which unifies electricity, magnetism and light, is the most brilliant achievement of the development of physics in the19th century and one of the greatest complexes in the history of science. He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. This theory has been fully verified by experiments. He erected a monument to physics. Radio technology for the benefit of mankind is developed on the basis of electromagnetic field theory. Maxwell began to study electromagnetism around 1855. After studying Faraday's new theory and thought about electromagnetism, he firmly believes that Faraday's new theory contains truth. So he held the desire to "provide the foundation of mathematical methods" for Faraday's theory and determined to express Faraday's genius thought in clear and accurate mathematical form. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, he made a systematic and comprehensive study of electromagnetic phenomena, and with his profound mathematical attainments and rich imagination, he successively published three theoretical papers on electromagnetic fields: On Faraday's magnetic field lines (from 1855 to1856); The line of force in physics (186 1 to1862); Electromagnetic field dynamics theory (1864 65438+February 8). Summarizing predecessors' and own work comprehensively, the electromagnetic field theory is expressed in a concise, symmetrical and perfect mathematical form, and after finishing and rewriting by later generations, it becomes Maxwell equations as the main foundation of classical electrodynamics. Accordingly, in 1865, he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which can only be shear waves, and calculated that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light. At the same time, he concluded that light is a form of electromagnetic wave, revealing the relationship between light phenomenon and electromagnetic phenomena. 1888 German physicist Hertz verified the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments.
Maxwell published his scientific masterpiece Electromagnetic Theory in 1873. The electromagnetic field theory is systematically, comprehensively and perfectly expounded. This theory has become one of the important pillars of classical physics. Maxwell also made important contributions to thermodynamics and statistical physics. He is one of the founders of gas dynamics theory. 1859, he obtained Maxwell's velocity distribution law for the first time by using statistical laws, thus finding a more accurate method to calculate the statistical average from two microscopic aspects. In 1866, he gave a new method to deduce the molecular distribution function by velocity, which was based on the forward and backward collision analysis. He introduced the concept of relaxation time, developed the general transport theory and applied it to gas diffusion, heat conduction and internal friction. The term "statistical mechanics" was introduced in 1867. Maxwell is a master who uses mathematical tools to analyze physical problems and accurately express scientific ideas. He attaches great importance to experiments. The Cavendish laboratory established by him, under the leadership of him and several subsequent directors, has developed into one of the world-famous academic centers.
home environment
James clerk maxwell and his wife.
Maxwell's father John is an unconventional mechanical designer. He had a great influence on Maxwell. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, but he is open-minded, sharp-minded, practical and particularly capable. He takes good care of everything at home, big or small. He can repair houses, clean yards, make toys for children and even cut clothes. 1847, Maxwell 16 years old, graduated from middle school and entered the University of Edinburgh. This is the highest institution of learning in Scotland. He is the youngest student in the class, but his exam results are always among the best. He specializes in mathematics and physics here, showing extraordinary talent. He studies hard, but he doesn't. After studying, he still wrote poems and read extracurricular books endlessly, and accumulated extensive knowledge.
At the University of Edinburgh, Maxwell got the basic training necessary to climb the peak of science. Two of them have the deepest influence on him, one is the physicist and mountaineer Forbes, and the other is the professor of logic and metaphysics Hamilton. Forbes is an experimenter. He cultivated Maxwell's strong interest in experimental technology, which is hard for a person engaged in theoretical physics to have. He forced Maxwell to write clearly and passed on his love for the history of science to Maxwell. Professor Hamilton influenced him with extensive knowledge and studied basic problems with Maxwell's excellent and weird critical ability. Under the influence of these talented people, coupled with Maxwell's personal talent and hard work, Maxwell's knowledge is improving day by day, and he completed his four-year studies in three years. In contrast, the cradle of Edinburgh University can no longer satisfy Maxwell's thirst for knowledge. In order to further his studies, 1850, he got his father's consent and left Edinburgh to study in Cambridge, which is full of talents.
Hertz is a young physicist in Germany. Maxwell's General Theory of Electromagnetism was published when he was only 16 years old. In Germany at that time, people still clung to Newton's traditional concept of physics. Faraday's and Maxwell's theories give a new description of the material world, but they violate the tradition, so they have no place in the heart of Europe such as Germany, and even are regarded as whimsy. At that time, only Boltzmann and Helmholtz supported the study of electromagnetic theory. Hertz later became a student of Helmholtz. Under the influence of his teacher, Hertz made an in-depth study of electromagnetism. After comparing the physical facts, he confirmed that Maxwell's theory was more convincing than the traditional "distance theory". So he decided to prove it with experiments. 1886, Hertz invented a radio loop after repeated experiments, and made a series of experiments with this radio loop. Finally, in 1888, people discovered the electromagnetic wave that people had long suspected. After Hertz's experiment was published, it caused a sensation in the scientific world. The electromagnetic theory initiated by Faraday and summarized by Maxwell won a decisive victory. Maxwell's great last wish has finally come true.
Saturn corona
As early as 1787, Laplace counted Saturn's rings as solids. At that time, he had determined that Saturn's ring, as a uniform rigid ring, would not disintegrate because it met two conditions. First, it will run at a speed that balances centrifugal force and Saturn's gravity. Second, the ratio of the density of the ring to that of Saturn will exceed the critical value of 0.8, so that the gravity between the inner and outer layers of the ring will exceed the difference between centrifugal force and gravity at different radii. He has this inference because the motion of the uniform ring is unstable in dynamics, and any small displacement that destroys the balance will cause the motion of the ring to be destroyed, causing the halo to fall on Saturn. Laplace speculated that Saturn's ring is a solid ring with irregular mass distribution.
By 1855, the theory still stayed here. During this period, people observed a new Saturn dark ring, a phenomenon of further separation from the current ring, and the slow change of the overall scale of the ring system since it was discovered 200 years ago. Therefore, some scientists put forward a hypothesis to explain the dynamic stability of Saturn's rings. The hypothesis is that Saturn's rings are composed of solid fluids and a large number of substances that are not dense with each other. Maxwell discussed according to this hypothesis. Starting with the theory of solid rings left by Laplace, he first determined the stability conditions of rings with arbitrary shapes. Maxwell listed the equations of motion according to the potential caused by Saturn's central ring, obtained two restrictions on the first derivative of the potential when it was moving at a uniform speed, and then obtained three conditions about the second derivative of the stable motion from Taylor expansion. Maxwell transformed these results into conditions about the first three coefficients of Fourier series of mass distribution. So he proved that almost all conceivable rings are unstable unless there is a wonderful special case. This special situation means that the mass carried by the uniform ring at a certain point is between 4.43 times and 4.67 times of the remaining mass. However, in this special case, the solid ring will collapse under uneven stress, so the theoretical assumption of the solid ring cannot be established.
Maxwell started the color mixing experiment in Forbes Lab in Edinburgh as early as 1849. There were many scholars studying color in Edinburgh at that time. Besides Forbes, Wilson and Brewster, some doctors and scientists are interested in eyes. The main purpose of the experiment is to observe the colors produced by several color sectors on a rapidly rotating disk. Maxwell and Forbes first made an experiment to make the combination of red, yellow and blue produce gray. Their experiment failed, mainly because the mixture of blue and yellow does not produce green as usual, but produces a reddish color when neither of them is dominant, and this mixture with red cannot produce any gray.
Maxwell initially wanted to find a job at his alma mater, Edinburgh University, because his teacher Forbes had resigned there and needed a professor of natural philosophy. There are three candidates at the same time, and the school decided to use the exam to decide who to hire. In the written test; Maxwell's knowledge is of course the first, but in eloquence, Maxwell has suffered again. As a result of the exam, Maxwell came last. His teaching ability is really poor. At that time, even a magazine in Edinburgh published a comment, regretting the loss of such a talent at Edinburgh University. But the person chosen is not bad, that is, his classmate Tate in middle school and college. Maxwell left Aberdeen, so he left his hometown Edinburgh. He was hired as a professor at Royal College London, and his wife went with him. Maxwell began a new life. At the Royal College of London, he completed the electromagnetic theory that would finally make him shine in the history of physics.
Electromagnetic love
Looking back at the history of electromagnetism, until 1820, physics courses were all based on Newton's physics thoughts. The "forces" of nature-heat, electricity, light, magnetism and chemical action-are gradually attributed to the instantaneous attraction or repulsion between particles of a series of fluids. As we all know, magnetism and static electricity follow the inverse square law similar to the law of universal gravitation. In the 40 years before19th century, there was a trend against this view and in favor of "force correlation". 1820, electromagnetic phenomena discovered by Oster immediately became the first proof of this new trend and an extremely powerful driving force, but people at that time were uncertain and confused about it. The interaction between current and magnet observed by Oster is different from the known phenomenon in two basic points: it is displayed by electrokinetic, and the magnet is positioned transversely to the metal wire without being led by current or pushed away by the metal wire. In the same year, French scientist Ampere summed up Oster's discovery by mathematical method and founded electrodynamics. Since then, Ampere and his followers have tried to reconcile the distance between electromagnetic action and the instantaneous action of existing ideas.
Maxwell's electrical research began at 1854, just a few weeks after he graduated from Cambridge. He read Faraday's experimental research on electricity and was immediately attracted by the novel experiments and ideas in the book. At that time, people had different views and theories about Faraday, and there were many criticisms. The main reason is that the traditional concept of "action from a distance" had a profound influence at that time. On the other hand, Faraday's theory is not rigorous enough. Faraday is a master of experiments. He has something that ordinary people can't do, but he just lacks mathematical skills, so his initial ideas are expressed in an intuitive form. The average physicist abides by Newton's physical theory and feels incredible about Faraday's theory. An astronomer once publicly declared: "Whoever falls behind in the definite action at a distance and the vague concept of force lines is blaspheming Newton!" Among scholars in Cambridge, this difference is also quite obvious. Thomson is also one of the most learned scholars in Cambridge. Maxwell admired him very much, so he wrote to Thomson and asked him about electricity. Thomson is seven years older than Maxwell, and he has given great help to Maxwell's electrical research. Under the guidance of Thomson, Maxwell was inspired and believed that Faraday's new theory had unknown truth. After studying Faraday's works carefully, he felt the valuable value of the line of force thought and saw Faraday's weakness in qualitative expression. So the young scientist who just graduated decided to make up for this with mathematics. 1855, Maxwell published the first paper on electromagnetism, about Faraday's magnetic field lines.
Force line theory
Maxwell's electromagnetic equation
1862, Maxwell completed his thesis "On the Lines of Physical Force". Maxwell's theory of physical magnetic field lines extends the hypothesis of rotation in magnetic field from ordinary matter to ether. He considered the arrangement of vortices in the depth of incompressible fluid. Under normal circumstances, the pressure in all directions is the same, but the centrifugal force generated by the rotation makes each vortex shrink longitudinally and exert the meridional pressure, which just simulates the stress distribution mentioned in Faraday's line of force theory. Because the angular velocity of each vortex is proportional to the local magnetic field strength, Maxwell obtained the same formulas about the force between magnets, constant current and diamagnetism as the existing theory. According to the observation experiment of fluid, Maxwell thinks that each vortex can rotate freely in the same direction because there is a layer of tiny particles between each vortex and its adjacent vortex, which are exactly the same as electricity.
However, Maxwell was not satisfied with his achievements, and he still went deep into the field of electromagnetism. 1863, with the help of others, he finished his third paper "On the Basic Relationship of Electrical Quantities", which was an important step in Maxwell's electrical research, but it was often ignored in the past. In this paper, he extended the program started by Fourier in thermal theory, and announced the definitions of electrical quantities and magnetic quantities related to mass, length and time, thus providing the first most complete and thorough explanation of binary electrical unit system. He introduced the symbol that became the standard, and expressed the dimensional relationship as the product of the power of quality, length and time measurement in brackets, with their own dimensionless multipliers. In this year, Maxwell discovered the purely phenomenological connection between electromagnetic quantity and the speed of light.
1865 published the fourth paper "electromagnetic field dynamics theory", which provided a new theoretical framework for solving pure phenomenological problems with the speed of light. Based on experiments and several general dynamics principles, it is proved that the propagation of electromagnetic waves in space will occur without any special assumptions about molecular vortex or the force between charged particles. In this paper, Maxwell perfected his equation. He adopted the mathematical method founded by Lagrange and Hamilton, and directly deduced the wave equation of electric field and magnetic field from the equation. The propagation speed of wave is the reciprocal of the geometric average of dielectric coefficient and permeability coefficient, which is exactly equal to the speed of light. This result is completely consistent with Maxwell's calculation four years ago. At this point, the existence of electromagnetic waves is certain. From this, Maxwell boldly concluded that light is also an electromagnetic wave. Faraday's hazy conjecture about the electromagnetic theory of light has become a scientific inference after Maxwell's careful calculation. Since then, Faraday and Maxwell's names, like Newton and Galileo, have been linked together, shining forever in the field of physics. Maxwell once talked about his paper in a letter. He said: "I am completing an electromagnetic theory that contains light. Before I decided that the opposite theory came into being, I thought it was a powerful weapon. " Starting from 1865, Maxwell resigned as the chairman of the Royal Academy of Sciences and began to concentrate on scientific research, systematically summarize the research results and write a monograph on electromagnetism.
Monograph on electromagnetism
James Clerk Maxwell
After eight years of hard work, Maxwell's monograph on electromagnetism was finally published in 1873, and the book was named "General Theory of Electromagnetism". In the general theory of electromagnetism, Maxwell applied Lagrange equation more thoroughly than before and expanded the formal system of dynamics. Around this period, mathematicians in Britain and continental Europe generally tend to use analytical dynamics more widely in physical problems, and Maxwell's method coincides with that of mathematicians. Moreover, his methods and opinions are novel and attract many people. By applying this popular research trend to electromagnetism, he made fashion his unique achievement. Maxwell used a very new way to demonstrate the symmetry and vector structure of terms, and expressed the Lagrange function of electromagnetic system in the most common form. Maxwell's application of Lagrange method is the first attempt, because it is almost a new method of physics theory. It was many years before other physicists completely used this method to study electromagnetic fields.
General theory of electromagnetism is a classic work about electromagnetic theory. In this voluminous book, Maxwell systematically summarized the human exploration and research tracks of electromagnetic phenomena around the middle of19th century, including the indelible achievements of Coulomb, Ampere, Oster and Faraday, and summarized the achievements and achievements of his creative efforts in a more detailed and systematic way, thus establishing a complete electromagnetic theory. This masterpiece is of great historical significance and can be compared with Newton's mathematical principles (mechanics) and Darwin's origin of species (biology). From Ampere, Oster, Faraday, Thomson and Maxwell, after several generations of unremitting efforts, a magnificent building of electromagnetic theory was finally established. The publication of this book, of course, became a major event in physics, when Maxwell was only 42 years old and had returned to Cambridge as a professor of experimental physics. People have known him for a long time through his insightful papers. His friends, students and scientific people have been waiting for his book for a long time, scrambling to buy it in bookstores around the world in order to get a quick look, so the first edition of this book was quickly snapped up.
Maximum equation
Maxwell velocity distribution curve
The greatest advantage of Maxwell's equation lies in its universality and can be applied to any situation. Before this, all electromagnetic laws can be derived from Maxwell's equation, and many unknowns that could not be solved before can also be found out from the process of equation derivation.
The most important of these new achievements was drawn by Maxwell himself. According to his equation, the existence of periodic oscillation of electromagnetic field can be proved. This kind of oscillation is called electromagnetic wave. Once it is emitted, it will spread outward through space. According to the equation, Maxwell can show that the speed of electromagnetic wave is close to 300,000 kilometers (65,438+086,000 miles)/second, and Maxwell realizes that this is the same as the measured speed of light. From this, he came to the correct conclusion that light itself is composed of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, Maxwell's equation is not only the basic law of electromagnetism, but also the basic law of optics. In fact, all previously known optical laws can be derived from the equation, and many previously undiscovered facts and relationships can also be derived from the equation.
Visible light is not the only electromagnetic radiation. Maxwell's equation shows that other electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths and frequencies from visible light may also exist. These theoretical conclusions were later proved by heinrich hertz's public demonstration. Hertz not only produced but also tested the invisible waves predicted by Maxwell. A few years later, Gaglielmo Marconi proved that these invisible waves could be used for radio communication, and radio came out. Today we also use invisible light for TV communication. X-rays, gamma rays, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays are other examples of electromagnetic radiation. All these rays can be studied by Maxwell's equation.
Personality assessment
Although the General Theory of Electromagnetism has been robbed, few people really understand it. Soon, I heard someone criticize it for being difficult to understand. Of course, the highly abstract Maxwell differential equation is not as simple as 2×2=4 after all. Only two formulas and a few mathematical symbols contain all the laws of electromagnetic phenomena in nature, such as charge, current, electromagnetism and light, which is really incredible to ordinary people. In addition, there is a more important reason, that is, since Maxwell published his theory, no one has ever discovered electromagnetic waves. Whether electromagnetic waves can be proved is the key to test Maxwell's theory. So many physicists are skeptical. Even william thomson, who had warmly encouraged Maxwell before, was not sure whether Maxwell's prediction was reliable.
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory is of epoch-making significance in physics. It's a pity that Maxwell himself failed to prove his theory (to some extent, it can be said that there is no proof). There are both objective and subjective reasons for this. Due to the limitation of environment and working conditions, Maxwell never had more opportunities to engage in electromagnetic experiments. The study of thermodynamics and molecular physics consumed most of his time and energy. Besides, he is mainly a theoretical physicist. As his student Fleming (1849 ~ 1945) later said, "He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in theory, but it seems that he never thought of using any experiment to prove it." Faraday has never left the experiment in his life, so it can be said that there is no Faraday without the experiment. On the contrary, Maxwell only conducted some limited experiments during his five years in London, most of which were in gas dynamics. There is a long and narrow attic near the roof of his apartment, which is his laboratory. His wife often works as his assistant, lighting the stove and adjusting the indoor temperature. The conditions are quite simple. Later, in the laboratory of the Royal College, he did some electrical experiments, mostly just measuring the standard resistance. After the completion of General Theory of Electromagnetism, Maxwell was busy building Cavendish laboratory and sorting out Cavendish's works (1731~1810).
For these reasons, the electromagnetic theory has not been recognized for a long time after it came out. At first, only some young physicists at Cambridge University supported it. Many people, including a group of prestigious scientists, hold a wait-and-see attitude towards the new theory that has not yet been proved. Laue (1879 ~ 1960) once commented in the History of Physics: "Although Maxwell's theory is perfect in essence and consistent with all experiences, it can only be gradually accepted by physicists. Its thinking is so unusual that even people with extraordinary talents like Helmholtz and Boltzmann (1844 ~ 1906) have spent years trying to understand it. "
Several spring and autumn years have passed. Maxwell silently dedicated his efforts to Cavendish laboratory. The laboratory broke ground on 1872 and was completed on 1874. The construction funds were donated by a duke who encouraged science. In order to acquire instruments, Maxwell also took out his own savings. In the whole preparation process, Maxwell personally asked questions from the design, construction, instrument purchase to the inscription on the gate. It is the founder and the first director of the laboratory. Later, his successors were Rayleigh (1842 ~ 19 19) and Joseph Thomson, followed by Rutherford (187 1 ~ 1937), both of whom were world-class physicists. The period of flowering and fruiting in this laboratory was in the 20th century. From here, a large number of outstanding scientific talents have been trained, especially those in atomic energy physics.
Maxwell's main job in the last few years was to sort out a lot of information left by Cavendish. The task entrusted to him by the duke is quite arduous. Cavendish was a famous eccentric British physicist and chemist in the18th century. He once found that hydrogen, the chemical composition of water, was the first substance to calculate the mass of the earth, and he also made good research on electrostatics. He has never been married, he is shy and likes to live alone. After his death, he left 20 unpublished scientific manuscripts of Dozza, mostly involving mathematics and electricity, many of which were buried for nearly half a century. It is a very meticulous and difficult job to sort out these materials. Maxwell made great sacrifices to finish this work: he gave up his research and ran out of energy.
In addition to the daily affairs of Cavendish laboratory, Maxwell will give a lecture on electromagnetism or thermodynamics every semester. He enthusiastically publicized electromagnetic theory and popularized new theories on the platform. Unfortunately, there are not many listeners. He is not good at giving lectures, what's more, electromagnetic theory is so profound that it is very different from traditional physics! 1In May, 878, he gave a popular science lecture on telephone. The telephone was a new thing at that time and just broke out. Bell invented the telephone in 1875 and obtained the patent the following year. Edison announced the impedance microphone in 1877. These new inventions in the history of human telecommunications aroused Maxwell's great interest. Perhaps, he had a premonition that his theory would one day give wings to these inventions and spread all over the world.
Maxwell's later life was full of troubles. No one understands his theory. His wife has been ill for a long time. This double misfortune exhausted him. After his wife's illness, the whole family life was out of order. Maxwell has always been considerate to his wife In order to take care of his wife, he hasn't slept in bed for three weeks. Nevertheless, his lectures and laboratory work never stopped. Excessive anxiety and fatigue eventually damaged his health. Colleagues noticed that the selfless scientist was getting thinner and paler. However, he still works so doggedly.
1879 is Maxwell's last year. This year's spring came very late and was very cold. His health has obviously deteriorated, but he still insists on promoting electromagnetic theory. At this time, his lecture had only two listeners. One is a graduate student from the United States, and the other is Fleming, who later invented the electron tube. What an amazing scene this is! There are only two students sitting in the front row in the empty amphitheatre. Maxwell took the lecture in his arms and walked firmly to the podium. He has a thin face, bright eyes and a serious expression. It seems that he is not explaining his theory to two audiences, but to the whole world.
1879165438+1On October 5th, Maxwell died of cancer at the age of 49. In the history of physics, a star that can shine with Newton has fallen. It is a great pity that he died young. His theory opened up a brand-new road for modern science and technology, but his achievements were not taken seriously when he was alive. Maxwell's life is a life of omnipotence and self-sacrifice. The honor of this great scientist is far less than Faraday's. It was not until many years after his death that Hertz proved the existence of electromagnetic waves that people realized that he was recognized as "the greatest mathematical physicist in the world after Newton".
Maxwell (183 1- 1879). Maxwell is a great scientist who integrated electromagnetism after Faraday. Based on a series of discoveries and experimental results of predecessors such as Coulomb, Gauss, Ohm, Ampere, Biot, Savart and Faraday, he established the first complete electromagnetic theoretical system, which not only scientifically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, but also revealed the essential unity of optical, electrical and magnetic phenomena, and completed another great synthesis of physics. The achievement of this theoretical natural science has laid the foundation of modern electric power industry, electronic industry and radio industry.
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