1. 1 Causes of external wall leakage
1. 1. 1 window leakage ① At present, most exterior windows are aluminum alloy windows and plastic steel windows. The material used for the frame is thin and not rigid enough. In addition, the frame body is deformed due to collision during handling and installation, which leads to stress concentration at the bonding interface between the window and the wall, and is prone to temperature deformation cracks and leakage. (2) The spacing between the anchor feet is too large, or the anchoring method is incorrect, or the thickness of the material used for the anchor feet is too thin, which causes the window frame to be loose. (3) The gap between the window frame and the wall is caulked with cement mortar, and the blockage is not tight.
1. 1.2 leakage caused by air holes in external walls ① the fullness of mortar joints in masonry external walls is not enough, especially there are more air holes in vertical joints. When the external paint layer cracks and penetrates into the wall, it is difficult to find the leakage point of the porous brick wall because the holes are in series. (2) The foothole on the external wall, the bolt hole when pouring concrete, and the holes through which various pipes pass through the external wall are not blocked tightly. (3) Cracking of the exterior wall paint layer and improper treatment of frame joints lead to rainwater infiltrating into the wall and indoors along the capillary holes.
1.2 causes of roof leakage
1.2. 1 Poor design considerations ① The drainage design of different areas and slopes is too simple, without considering the design of drainage area, displacement and drainage system, and lacking corresponding treatment methods. (2) The key nodes of drainage are lack of detailed design, so the construction unit randomly selects key nodes for the convenience of construction, such as the roof flue part, the parapet root, the vent hole of the roof insulation layer, the lower opening of the roof door, etc. In this way, quality and process control can not be unified, resulting in the hidden danger of leakage.
1.2.2 The construction of key parts caused ① the length of the waterproof layer of the impinges mouth extending into the hole was not enough, and the method of adding additional layers was wrong, and the surface of the impinges mouth was higher than the waterproof layer. (2) The internal corners of the parapet and other roots are not made into circular arcs as required, and the coil ends are not tightly sealed. (3) The root of the pipeline sticking out of the roof is not tightly plugged, the leveling layer around the pipeline is not higher than the nearby leveling layer, and the flashing height of the waterproof layer is not enough.
1.3 ground leakage of kitchen and bathroom building, causes of water supply and drainage pipeline leakage ① The hole where the pipeline passes through the floor is not blocked with concrete, and the poor quality of ground construction causes serious cracks in the waterproof base, which leads to water-retaining experiment leakage or insufficient water-retaining experiment time. (2) the slope of the ground is not enough, and poor drainage leads to leakage after water storage; High floor drain also leads to poor drainage and leakage after water storage. (3) Before the pipeline is installed, the sundries in the pipeline are not cleaned, and inferior fittings are used. The distance between pipe supports is too large or too small, and the supports are not firmly fixed, resulting in pipe deformation, loose joints and water leakage.
1.4 other causes of leakage ① poor design and more and more construction. Individual developers unilaterally pursue low cost and high efficiency and choose inferior building materials, which leads to leakage. (2) improper construction technology, not according to the design and operation procedures, and the selected building materials do not meet the requirements. (3) Natural factors, the temperature changes greatly throughout the year, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. Because the expansion coefficients of different materials are different, the wall cracks and leads to leakage.
2 Anti-leakage measures
2. 1 External wall seepage control measures
2. 1. 1 external wall masonry and plastering treatment ① improve the workability of mortar, improve the operation method to ensure that the mortar fullness of horizontal mortar joint of masonry is not less than 80%, vertical joints should be filled with mortar, and it is forbidden to dry bricks on the wall. (2) C20 concrete with a thickness of ≥60mm or more is poured at the windowsill of the perforated brick of the external wall, and both ends extend into the wall, so that the structural reinforcement is ≥ 100mm, and the outward slope is10-20 mm.. (3) Assign special personnel to be responsible for caulking and hole filling, and make inspection records. The holes in the feet and hands should be filled with half bricks, and the mortar should be compacted inside and outside. (4) At the junction of the external wall filler wall and the concrete surface, a steel wire mesh with a width of ≥200mm or more should be added at the bottom of the painting and fixed in the painting layer to prevent shrinkage cracks between the wall and the concrete. ⑤ Improving the microcrack resistance of mortar, adding fiber material Dura fiber and a small amount of water reducing agent into plastering mortar can effectively control the cracking of plastering layer.
2. 1.2 bolt holes of reinforced concrete external wall (shear wall structure) should be dug at both ends, and then embedded with 1: 2 cement asbestos mud to achieve waterproof purpose.
2. 1.3 Strengthen the drainage of the protruding part of the external wall. Exterior wall awning, balcony, waist line, window cover and other protruding parts should be painted with sufficient drainage gradient, and drip line should be set to avoid poor drainage and water accumulation and ensure smooth drainage.
2. 1.4 Select synthetic polymer decorative coatings with strong impermeability and certain elasticity to enhance the impermeability of wall paint.
2. 1.5 For external walls with ceramic tile finishes, polymer cement mortar should be used for sticking and pointing ceramic tiles, and polymer emulsion particles can diffuse to the porous surface of the base through infiltration, thus achieving the dual functions of waterproof and bonding.
2.2 roof waterproof and anti-leakage measures
2.2. 1 Drawing details: Before the specific construction, it is necessary to negotiate with the design, and determine clear and detailed construction methods for key waterproof structural nodes such as pipes and components protruding from the roof, support and insulation of roof pipes, thickness of roof insulation layer, height of parapet on the roof, waterproof layer practices, and setting of exhaust slots and vents, and draw details to ensure the smooth construction.
2.2.2 Reinforcement of Important Nodes and Measures ① The pipe extending out of the roof has a surrounding radius >; 150mm arc leveling layer, the leveling layer around the pipeline and the joint of the pipeline should be filled with sealing material, and then waterproof additional layer and waterproof layer should be made, with the flooding height >; 250mm, the spout is sealed with sealant, and metal hoop is added at the end. (2) The parapet and other prominent roof components are generally used. When leveling the floor, the root should be made into an arc with a radius of ≥ 150mm, so that the waterproof layer can be leveled. (3) The insulation layer shall be provided with exhaust slots and exhaust holes with a spacing of 6m or less, which shall be constructed in strict accordance with the details, and sundries in the slots shall be removed.
2.2.3 When looking for a slope on the plane, ash cake should be made first to ensure smooth drainage of all parts of the roof, especially the downspouts surface, which must be lower than the basic waterproof layer. First, paste two waterproof additional layers. The first layer is cut into herringbone shape and inserted into the inner diameter of the spout, then glued, and the rice paper strip is inserted into the mouth and pasted.
2.2.4 Before the roof is completed, a 24-hour water storage test should be done, and the subsequent construction should be carried out after the rain as far as possible.
2.3 Anti-leakage measures between kitchen and bathroom
2.3. 1 During the main body construction, it is necessary to draw a detailed drawing to check the floor top elevation, so as to ensure that the floor elevation at the entrance of the kitchen and bathroom is lower than that of the indoor adjacent room after tile laying, and to prevent the groundwater between the kitchen and bathroom from flowing into the room. Strictly control the flooding of the ground. When making the cushion, radial screed should be centered around the floor drain, and the slope should be leveled. It is best to carry out calendering treatment, which can play a role in retaining water. Be careful not to leave potholes when sticking floor tiles. Pay attention to the connection between plumbing construction and civil construction to ensure that the floor drain elevation meets the requirements.
2.3.2 The hole where the pipeline passes through the floor shall be blocked in strict accordance with the requirements of the design drawings and relevant specifications to ensure the strength of the maximum leakage potential.
2.3.3 The walls around the kitchen and bathroom are masonry, and the concrete waterproof belt with the same wall width and height ≥ 150mm is poured at the bottom for reinforcement.