The industrial revolution in Britain affected the whole European continent and led to the industrial revolution in many countries at that time.
Strictly speaking, the industrial revolution is not a real revolution. It has not overthrown any regime or class, but belongs to the rapid progress and development of society and science and technology.
Directory [hidden]
1 background
1. 1 family factory
1.2 the inflow of talents from the Netherlands
1.3 the rise of textile industry
1.4 mechanical chemical plant
1.5 long-term steam engine
1.6 the rise of coal industry
2 main processes
Three industries
3. 1 textile industry
3.2 New Power and New Energy
3.3 Transport innovation
3.4 Iron and Steel Industry Innovation
4 See also
5 references
Background [Editor] Family Factorization [Editor] Colonial plunder and slave trade brought huge monetary capital to Britain, thus accumulating financial preparations for the industrial revolution.
From16th century to19th century, Britain continued its enclosure movement for nearly three centuries, which provided a large number of cheap labor for the industrial revolution.
Moreover, Britain used to borrow money in the name of the king to make up for the lack of court finance.
1694, the establishment of the National Bank of England marked the transition from the king's debt system to the national debt system, and accumulated funds for the industrial revolution from another channel.
Britain * * * vigorously explored overseas colonies, actively implemented a protective tariff system, and sought overseas markets for its own industry and commerce.
At the same time, most of the wealth accumulated from various channels is used as productive investment and converted into reproduction capital.
France, on the other hand, used all its funds to maintain expensive military and court enjoyment, while Spain used the huge wealth exploited by overseas trade to buy cheap foreign goods and hit its own market.
1800 the industrial revolution of British textile mills replaced manual labor with machine production, which was a leap from handicraft workshops to large machine factories.
The realization of this leap is closely related to the high development of handicraft workshops. Therefore, the high development of workshop handicraft industry is an indispensable technical prerequisite for the industrial revolution.
In addition, in order to pursue more profits, Britain also paid close attention to the development of production with full enthusiasm, which led to the invention of machines and the use of new science and technology.
As early as the15th century, semi-agricultural and semi-industrial rural cottage industry was very common in Britain, and at first it was mainly wool textile industry.
The woolen handicraft industry of this family changes with the polarization of farmers' wealth.
Many domestic craftsmen have become hired laborers to process raw materials for businessmen.
As a result, woolen traders gradually linked individual family handicrafts, thus forming handicraft workshops in wool textile industry.
This manual workshop has two forms: decentralized and centralized.
/kloc-in the 0/6th century, scattered handicraft workshops dominated.
With more and more farmers losing their land due to enclosure movement, centralized handicraft workshops founded by big businessmen have gradually developed and reached the scale of employing 1000 workers.
In the17th century, handicraft workshops employing hundreds of workers were very common.
These handicraft workshops are not limited to the wool textile industry, but have established huge handicraft workshops in mining, metallurgy, salt making, paper making, glass making, nitrate making, beer and other departments.
The development of British workshop handicraft industry is not only manifested in the expansion of production scale, but also in the great progress of technology.
The progress of British handicraft workshop production technology is closely related to the migration of a large number of European craftsmen to Britain.
At the end of the Middle Ages, France, the Netherlands and other countries were more advanced in handicraft technology, especially in silk weaving, and had many skilled craftsmen.
However, frequent religious wars forced many skilled craftsmen who believed in Protestantism to take refuge in Britain.
A large influx of Dutch talents [Editor]1End of the 6th century1When Spain suppressed the Dutch revolution in the early 7th century, a large number of Dutch craftsmen fled to Britain and settled in the east of England.
At that time, Queen Elizabeth of England allowed these craftsmen to settle down, on condition that each outdoor craftsman was responsible for training a British apprentice.
After these skilled craftsmen flooded into Britain, they greatly promoted the improvement and innovation of British handicraft technology and established some unprecedented new industrial departments in Britain.
The development of dyeing and weaving, sugar industry and pottery industry in Britain can not be separated from the contribution of Dutch craftsmen.
In various industrial sectors established and developed after the17th century, the cotton textile industry has developed particularly rapidly.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/8th century, only1100,000 pounds of cotton was shipped to Britain for processing. However, with the expansion of domestic and international markets, the production of manual workshops can no longer meet the market demand.
In order to pursue more and more profits, capitalists are eager to reform production technology and improve labor productivity in addition to increasing workers and expanding production scale.
The Rise of Textile Industry [Editor] 1733, the mechanic john kay invented the flying shuttle.
After Kay invented the flying shuttle, a weaver could do the work of two workers in the past, and the efficiency was doubled.
Later, Kay's son improved it and invented the automatic rafter box, which was more convenient to use and improved the knitting ability.
Due to the improvement of weaving efficiency, the yarn shortage is extremely serious.
Due to the shortage of cotton yarn supply, the textile contradiction is prominent.
This contradiction has not been solved for a long time, and some cotton mills have stopped production because of lack of yarn.
The price of cotton yarn rose sharply, and then the wages of spinning workers also rose.
This situation is unbearable for capitalists who are chasing profits.
In order to solve the shortage of cotton yarn, * * * has also taken various measures.
176 1 year, the British "Arts and Industry Awards Association" provided two awards for the invention of new spinning machines.
1764, james hargreaves of Lancashire invented Jenny's spinning machine.
The invention of Jenny spinning machine is a great leap in cotton textile technology, which makes the output of cotton yarn increase rapidly, causes a series of changes in the textile industry and brings great social influence.
Because the production cost of cotton yarn is reduced, the price of cloth is also reduced, which increases the demand for cloth and requires more weavers.
As the wages of weavers increase with the increase of cotton demand, weavers who used to run agriculture gradually give up agriculture and become hired workers.
At the same time, the use of Jenny machine crowded out the old spinning wheel, so that those spinning workers who were originally engaged in cottage industry and could not afford Jenny machine also gave up agriculture and went to work with people who owned Jenny machine, thus becoming hired workers.
The land abandoned by weavers and weavers was bought by agricultural capitalists, and small farmers were unable to compete with the farms of big capitalists. After they were gradually pushed out of bankruptcy, they became proletarians in agriculture or industry.
Mechanical chemical plant [editor]
1806 patent for pulverized coal internal combustion engine
1775 Richard Akelet Hydrospinning Machine Imitating Jenny Spinning Machine greatly improves the cotton yarn output, but the spun yarn is not strong, thin and easy to break.
Because Jenny's machine drives more and more sand spindles, it is necessary to shake the spinning wheel by hand, and the manpower is becoming more and more incompetent.
Therefore, quality and power need to be improved.
1769, the clockmaker Richard Akelet invented the hydraulic spinning machine.
This machine is driven by water, with many rollers on it, which rotates quickly and the spun yarn is tough.
Because the hydraulic spinning machine is large, it must be set in a place where water can be used. It cannot be installed at home like the old spinning wheel or Jenny machine, but a factory must be established to concentrate workers on production.
This laid the foundation for the establishment of the factory system.
177 1 year, Richard Akelet established the first cotton mill and became the first factory owner to use machines for production.
The yarn spun by hydraulic spinning machine is strong, but it is very rough.
Therefore, improving the quality of cotton yarn requires technological innovation.
1779, worker Cemir Krupp invented the mule machine.
The spinning frame combines the advantages of Jenny spinning machine and hydraulic spinning machine, and the spun cotton yarn is strong and delicate.
In addition, it also improves the spinning efficiency. At first, the mule machine drove twenty or thirty spindles, and later it gradually increased with the improvement of the machine. By the end of18th century, there had been a spinning machine that could drive 400 spindles.
Since the invention and wide application of the spinning frame, the number of spinning mills focusing on production has increased rapidly.
The sharp increase in cotton yarn production has left weaving behind, so there is a new disconnect between spinning and weaving.
In this case, it is urgent to improve the loom.
1785, pastor Edmund Cartwright invented the hydraulic loom.
But this kind of machine is very dull and doesn't sell well.
Later, after the improvement of Radcliffe, Horox and others, this loom became more and more perfect and gradually popularized.
1803, Radcliffe also invented the whole loom, and Horox invented the iron loom.
The improved automatic loom is 40 times more efficient than manual weaving.
The use of machines in cotton textile industry triggered a chain reaction in other industries, and soon in many industrial sectors such as coal mining and metallurgy, machine production began one after another.
With the mechanization of more and more industrial sectors, a new topic is put in front of people, which is the power problem.
When water is heated, it expands into steam.
In fact, people have long known this truth.
Around the end of the second century BC, Herod of Alexandria realized the dynamic role of steam.
In his works, it is recorded that he once made a toy that rotated by steam.
During the Renaissance, leonardo da vinci tried to design a picture of a cannon started by steam.
However, the experiment of using steam as industrial power only started in modern times.
[ 1]
The steam engine is alive [edited]
British18th Century Steam Engine Factory Imitation
1890 Oil Painting in Iron Works French physicist Nice Papin was the first experimenter of steam power. 1680, he successfully tested the first steam pump that can convert thermal energy into mechanical energy in Britain.
However, Papin's invention was not actually used in industry.
1698, Thomas Seville, an Englishman, invented a water pump made of steam power, but it was not strong enough to bear the pressure of a lot of steam and often broke.
1705, Thomas Newcomen, the blacksmith, improved the Seville pump and manufactured the first steam pump that can really be used as power.
When Watt was engaged in the manufacture and maintenance of natural science instruments at Glasgow University, he noticed that the Newco portal steam engine wasted a lot of heat and time because it needed to generate steam and inject cold water into the cylinder.
1765 In the spring, Watt finally came up with a solution to the problem.
After installing the isolated condenser device, the steam does not cool and solidify in the cylinder, but enters a separately cooled condenser through a valve, so that vacuum can be continuously generated without lowering the temperature in the cylinder.
1769, watt made the first steam engine.
This year, Watt obtained his first patent in the process of innovating newcomen steam engine by inventing the separation condenser.
But this kind of steam engine still can't overcome the shortcoming that newcomen's steam engine only moves back and forth, and can't make the steam engine become the prime Mover that can drive all kinds of working machines.
178 1 year, Watt developed a gear linkage device, which can convert the reciprocating linear motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the axle, so it won the second patent.
Then in order to further improve the efficiency and increase the power of the steam engine, Watt analyzed and studied the cylinder itself.
1782, Watt trial-produced a new cylinder with a two-way device, assembled the original one-way cylinder into a two-way cylinder, and changed the steam introduced into the cylinder from low-pressure steam to high-pressure steam for the first time, thus obtaining the third patent.
1784, the steam engine was improved again, which was not only suitable for all kinds of mechanical movements, but also added a device to automatically adjust the speed of the steam engine.
1785, a spinning mill using Watt steam engine was built.
Soon, steam engines were widely used in cotton textile industry, wool textile industry, mining industry, metallurgy industry, paper industry, printing industry, ceramics industry and other industrial sectors.
The advent of Watt's steam engine solved the power problem in industrial development.
From then on, as long as there is coal as fuel, you can start the steam engine.
Moreover, the factory is also established according to the needs, and it is no longer limited by the hydraulic power of the river.
Marx said: "Watt's great genius is manifested in the specification of the patent he obtained in April 1784. He did not describe his steam engine as a special-purpose invention, but an engine widely used in large industries.
"[2]
The invention of steam engine made mechanized production break through the limitation of natural conditions, which marked that human society entered the mechanized era, thus greatly accelerating the process of industrial revolution.
With the widespread use of steam engines, there has been an upsurge in the invention and use of machines, which has promoted the industrial revolution.
Large factories have been built everywhere in Britain. The towering chimneys spewed smoke and the huge factories roared, which broke the tranquility of the original medieval pastoral life.
With this as a symbol, history has entered a new era and human society has entered age of steam.
The rise of the coal industry [editor]
18 14 describes starting trains and machinery with coal; Oil painting coal, using trains and machinery to mine more coal, can be said to be the food of modern industry. Without coal, there would be no development of large machinery industry and no industrial revolution.
It is precisely because of Britain's abundant coal reserves that it supported the vigorous development of the British industrial revolution.
In the Middle Ages, feudal rulers strictly prohibited coal mining because burning coal would cause air pollution.
However, due to the rise of the industrial revolution, the demand for coal in Britain has expanded and the coal industry has developed rapidly.
From 65438 to 0846, the annual output of coal in Britain has reached 44 million tons, making it the largest coal producer in Europe and even the world.
With the gradual replacement of manual operation by machine production in industrial production, traditional manual workshops can no longer meet the needs of machine production. In order to better manage production and improve efficiency, capitalists began to build factories, install machines and hire workers to concentrate production. In this way, a new production organization form factory appeared.
Factories have become the most important organizational form of industrial production, playing an increasingly important role.
1840 or so, the large machine production in Britain has basically replaced the workshop handicraft industry, and the machine manufacturing industry with machines has also been established. The industrial revolution was basically completed, and Britain became the first industrial country in the world.
The extensive use of machines has fundamentally changed the technical outlook of industry and greatly improved labor productivity.
The great development of productivity caused by the industrial revolution has brought unprecedented prosperity to Britain.
The main process [Editor] With the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy, the enclosure movement accelerated and a large number of proletarians were produced.
At the same time, the development of overseas trade and colonies expanded the scale of commodity markets.
In addition, the theoretical innovation of classical mechanics, thermodynamics and other disciplines also brought opportunities for the industrial revolution.
1568- 1648, Spain suppressed the Dutch independence movement. Because of the war, many Dutch craftsmen fled to England, and they brought the earliest hand-woven technology.
Britain requires that each of their craftsmen must bring two English apprentices.
[3]
1576, the British * * * issued a decree to restrict the export of domestic raw materials or primary products such as wool and hemp, and prohibit the import of coarse cloth, woolen cloth and flax.
At the same time, it is stipulated that the sheriff has the right to use public funds to buy bulk raw materials, wool, marijuana and so on. Arrange jobs for the poor.
The law also stipulates that each county should set up two or three workshops, namely work-study schools, to accommodate beggars and vagrants who have the ability to work [4].
The British wool textile industry has gained opportunities for development.
Britain has established an export-oriented economic model.
1588, Britain defeated Spain's "Armada" and cleared the obstacles to America.
1607, the London Company established the first permanent British colony in North America-Virginia.
After that, Britain continued to expand its colonial scope.
1623, King James I of England allowed the establishment of patent rights to protect the right of new inventions.
165 1 year, Britain issued a navigation law, which stipulated that the import and export goods of Britain (including colonies) must be transported by British ships.
1660, the Royal Society, an organization supporting scientific development, was established in Britain, with the full name of "London Royal knowledge of nature Promotion Association".
It has become a trend for British youth to abandon theology and pursue practical learning.
1685, French king Louis XIV issued an edict of Fontainebleau to persecute Huguenots, many of whom immigrated to Britain.
1688-1697, the major league war broke out, and Britain, the Netherlands and the Habsburg dynasty formed an alliance to jointly fight against Louis XIV of France.
In 1688, * * * publicly supported enclosure.
1593, the parliament abolished the anti-enclosure law, which caused an enclosure frenzy and turned a large amount of cultivated land into pasture.
1597 The anti-enclosure law was resumed due to the poor harvest for four consecutive years.
160 1 year, the parliament abolished the anti-enclosure law.
1607, counties in central England revolted against enclosure, forcing * * * to resume anti-enclosure measures.
1640 After the bourgeois revolution broke out, enclosure began again.
Since 1688, * * * has publicly supported enclosure.
1689, a glorious revolution took place in Britain and a constitutional monarchy was established.
The British bourgeoisie came to power and consolidated the protection of private property.
1694, the privately operated Bank of England was established. In order to support the anti-law, the bank lent * * * money at 8% interest. In return, * * * granted it the right to make money, reform bank notes and speculate in securities.
170 1 year, Jethro Tull invented the seeder, which started the British agricultural mechanization.
17 14, George I, the elector of hanover, also served as king of England, and started the hanover house (1714-1901).
George I's mother tongue is German, and he can't speak fluent English.
So he did not attend the cabinet meeting, which was presided over by a trusted minister, which became the beginning of the British prime minister system.
Since then, it has become a practice for the king not to attend cabinet meetings.
1720, the British parliament passed a bill prohibiting the import and use of Indian cotton cloth [5].
(Britain did not control India until 1757.
)
1730, North American colonies Virginia and Florida (then Spain) successfully planted cotton [6]. By 1784, the newly independent United States began to export cotton to Britain.
1733, the mechanic john kay invented the flying shuttle.
A weaver can do the work of two workers in the past, and the efficiency is doubled.
176 1 year, in order to solve the problem of cotton yarn shortage, the British "Arts and Industry Awards Association" provided two awards for the invention of new spinning machines.
1763, the seven-year war between Britain and France ended, and Britain acquired a large number of French colonies in the North American continent and India.
Individual industry [editor] textile industry [editor]
Jenny Spinning Machine Model of Wuppertal Museum in Germany 1733 Kay, a watchmaker in Lancashire, invented the weaving shuttle, which greatly improved the weaving efficiency.
Later, Kay's son improved it and invented a rafter box that can move up and down automatically, which improved the knitting ability.
Due to the improvement of weaving efficiency, the yarn shortage is extremely serious.
1764-1767 james hargreaves of Lancashire invented the Jenny spinning machine, which improved the spinning efficiency.
1767 Richard Akrit of Lancashire invented the hydraulic spinning machine.
1779, Crompton of Lancashire combined the advantages of two kinds of spinning machines and invented a water-powered spinning machine, which was later improved into an automatic cotton spinning machine.
1785, the priest Edmund Cartwright of Leicestershire invented the hydraulic loom, and the first hydraulic loom factory was built in 179 1.
Then other textile machines were invented one after another, realizing the mechanized production of the textile industry.
At that time, the power of textile depended on water power, and the factory had to be located by the river, which limited the development of industry.
With the invention and maturity of steam engine technology, steam engine power has been applied to textile industry.
New Power and New Energy [Editor] 1769 james watt invented the one-way steam engine according to the previous achievements.
1782, watt made a two-way steam engine.
The appearance of the steam engine promoted the development of the industrial revolution.
1785 watt established the first steam spinning machine in Nottinghamshire.
1800 years, Britain has 32 1 steam engines and 52 10 horsepower.
18 1 1 Leicestershire worker Lourde destroyed the machine.
1820 replaces manual transportation, and the coal output increases faster.
1825, the number of steam engines soared to 15000, with a horsepower of 375000.
1790 coal output was 2.6 million tons, and it increased to 30 million tons in 1836.
Transport innovation [edit] 1765 Britain began to use railway tracks in coal mines.
1788, erection of railway bridge.
1807 American Fulton invented the ship.
18 1 1 year, Britain also began to imitate steamboats.
18 14 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive to transport coal in Chilinwoz Coal Mine.
Stephenson's first passenger train was successfully tested on the stockton-Darlington Railway on 1825, which is the first railway in the world.
1759- 1830 2200 miles of canals in England.
1844 British railways have reached 2235 miles.
Innovation in iron and steel industry [Editor] 1709, Abraham Darby I succeeded in making iron with coke instead of charcoal, and soon obtained this technology patent.
1750, Huntsman invented the crucible steelmaking method.
Crucible steelmaking is the most important steelmaking method before the invention of converter steelmaking technology, and it is the first melting and smelting of steel in European history.
1873, Potter obtained the patent of stirring refining.