Health and first aid knowledge 1. Medical first aid knowledge
1. Normal people are clear-headed, fluent in language and free to act.
If someone "doesn't understand", breathing and heartbeat exist, and pressing or needling "Renzhong" point has no response, it may be a coma. The longer the coma, the more serious the condition; 2. The body temperature of normal adults is 36-37℃; 3. The pulse of normal adults is 60- 100 beats/min, which is even and powerful; 4. Normal adults breathe 16-20 times/minute, and the breathing time is equal; 5. Normal adult blood pressure ranges from140/90mmhg (18.6/12kpa) to 90/60 mmHg (12/8 kPa). 6. The pupil diameter of normal adults is 2-4mm, which is completely consistent with the circle; Hand-held Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Hand-held Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a rescue technique, which is not a patent of medical personnel, but a first-aid technique that the general public should be familiar with and master.
Hands-on CPR does not require any medical equipment. Hand-held cardiopulmonary resuscitation is mainly used for patients with sudden death.
First, determine whether the patient died suddenly, including sudden loss of consciousness, disappearance of carotid pulse, spontaneous breathing stop, dilated pupils on both sides and so on. * * *: The patient is lying on his back on the ground or on a wooden board, and there are no pillows and other items on his head. This is the correct way of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. If the patient is prone, he should be turned to supine position by gentle means, paying special attention to the head and neck, and must not use too much force.
If the patient lies on a soft bed, his back should be padded with boards. Conscious judgment: no response to the call, no response to the pinch of the middle and Hegu points, and dilated pupils on both sides, it can be concluded that the patient is unconscious.
Pat the injured person on the shoulder (or face) and shout in his ear: "Hello! What's wrong with you? " To test its response. 7. The total blood of normal adults accounts for about 7-8% of body weight.
What is sudden death? A normal "healthy" person, or a person whose condition is basically stable, suddenly has a heartbeat and respiratory arrest, which is called sudden death. The World Health Organization defines a case of death within 6 hours from onset to respiratory and cardiac arrest as sudden death.
The cause of sudden death is mostly the acute attack of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. 70% of sudden death caused by coronary heart disease occurred outside the hospital.
Sudden death patients lost consciousness, carotid artery fluctuation disappeared, spontaneous breathing stopped, and bilateral pupils dilated. Patients with sudden death can be rescued and resurrected.
Patients with sudden death should be given hands-free cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately. Effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed within 4-6 minutes, and the rescue success rate was 50%.
Open the airway: raise your head and chin. First, clean up foreign bodies (vomit, blood clots, etc.). ) In your mouth, take out your false teeth, put your forefinger and middle finger on your chin with one hand, lift your chin and tilt your head back. After holding the neck with one hand, the degree of head back should be perpendicular to the ground with the line between chin and earlobe. Don't lean back too much. Judging breathing: seeing, listening and feeling.
Look: whether there are ups and downs in the chest or abdomen. Listen: Is there breathing sound in the nose and mouth?
Feeling: whether there is air escaping from the nose and mouth. Calling for help loudly The injured person didn't respond to the slapping and calling for help, indicating that he had lost consciousness. He immediately called for help in the same place: "Somebody! Help! " If there are others, call the emergency number first and then participate in the on-site rescue.
The scene should try to organize the rescue work of the wounded and sick, and the ambulance personnel should work together. Mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration: put your thumb and forefinger on your forehead to hold your nostrils, wrap your mouth around the patient's mouth, take a deep breath first, then blow twice, and don't use too much force when blowing.
After blowing, the patient's chest fluctuates, indicating that artificial respiration is effective. If the carotid pulse disappears, it can be considered that the heartbeat stops (the carotid artery is located 2-3 cm next to the Adam's apple).
Extracardiac compression: compression position: in the middle of the chest, under the sternum 1/2. Pressing frequency: 60- 100 times per minute.
Pressing depth: 3-5cm. Pressing technique: place one hand under the sternum12, with the palm parallel to the sternum and the other hand overlapping on the back of the hand. Lift the two fingers crosswise, leave the chest wall, straighten the shoulders, and press down with shoulder arm strength.
Note: 1. Extracardiac compressions should continue. 2, vertical downward force, don't swing from side to side.
3. Press down and relax. 4. Don't leave the chest wall when relaxing.
If breathing and heartbeat stop, artificial respiration and cardiac compression should be performed at the same time. When blowing, stop pressing.
Don't blow when pressing the heart, the two can be done alternately. Do it alone: according to the ratio of 15:2, that is, blow twice first, and then press 15 times on your chest.
It goes on and on until someone takes over. Two people do it: according to the ratio of 5: 1, that is, one person blows one breath and one person presses the heart five times.
Stop pressing when blowing. Don't blow when pressing the heart, the two can be done alternately.
Until the professional emergency personnel arrive. Call 120 at the same time of self-help and mutual rescue.
First-aider: The first-aid scene strongly calls for the "first witness", so what is the "first witness"? That is, after short-term training, I have mastered considerable medical knowledge and even obtained relevant training certificates. The first-aid scene advocates the first witness for treatment.
There are about 200 million people in the United States and 70 million people have received formal first aid training, accounting for about 4: 1. The emergency telephone number in America is 9 1 1, and defibrillators are equipped in public places in America. Norway has included CPR in middle school textbooks.
In Germany, you can't stop bleeding and get a driver's license ... first aid faces all levels of society and involves all corners of society. With the rapid development of modern human civilization and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, first aid is not only the treatment of bleeding, dressing and other trauma, but also the popularization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, supplemented by the training of trauma rescue knowledge and skills.
As early as the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, the international medical emergency community formally proposed to the society to carry out the universal training and teaching of "first witness" in order to race against time to rescue the patients whose lives were endangered by critical emergencies or accidental injuries. In real life, most real cardiac emergencies and other critical emergencies occur outside the hospital, and on-site first aid is a race against time. Before the arrival of medical staff, the "first witness" shoulders a particularly important responsibility.
The purpose and principle of on-site first aid: 1, saving lives and reducing mortality. 2. Prevent the disease from getting worse.
3. Relieve pain, reduce accidental injuries and reduce disability rate. 1, calm and bold, careful and responsible, prioritize, use your quick wits and be decisive.
2. Common sense of rescue
Accidents are inevitable, but learn to be calm when encountering unexpected situations. The following is the first aid knowledge in case of electric shock, drowning, snake bite, gas poisoning and burns.
A, get an electric shock 1, immediately get an electric shock from the power supply, cut off the power cord with a sharp weapon with an insulated handle, don't touch the power supply yourself, so as not to get an electric shock. 2. After cutting off the power supply, if the breathing and heartbeat of the person who gets an electric shock have not stopped, at this time, the person who gets an electric shock should lie flat on the ground and rest quietly, so as to reduce the burden on the heart, and closely observe the changes of breathing and heartbeat.
3. If the heart of the electrocuted person stops beating and breathing stops, chest compressions should be done for the electrocuted person. First aid after drowning 1. Immediately after landing, clean the sediment and aquatic plants in the patient's mouth and nose, raise your head or hold your jaw with both hands, and open the airway. After opening the airway, artificial respiration and chest compressions should be performed as soon as possible.
2. For cardiac arrest, immediately carry out on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including opening the airway, removing foreign bodies such as silt and aquatic plants in the mouth and nose, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions. Note that the heartbeat and breathing may stop again after recovery.
At the same time of on-site rescue, evacuation should be organized. Viper bites 1. The principle of first aid is to prevent the spread and absorption of toxins as soon as possible and minimize local damage.
Snake venom takes 3-5 minutes to absorb, so the earlier the first aid, the better. 2. Ligate the injured limb. Ligate the injured limb with a tourniquet or rubber band about 5- 10 cm near the bitten limb to prevent venous blood and lymphatic reflux. Then squeeze around the wound or suck with your hands (no oral mucosa rupture) to expel the venom from the body.
Step 3 clean the wound. Rinse the surrounding skin with soapy water and clean water first, and then rinse the wound repeatedly with normal saline, 0. 1% potassium permanganate or clean water. Four, gas poisoning immediately cut off the gas curse, send the patient to fresh air, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and stay in bed, pay attention to keep warm, correct hypoxia, or send him to the hospital for further treatment.