The legendary leader of the ancient tribal alliance. Last name, first name, and life. Also known as the son of Dayu, Yu Xia, Rongyu and Gun. Ben was a tribal leader in Xia Houshi. According to Shun's orders, water control, dredging rivers, building ditches and developing agriculture were carried out. 13, I crossed the house and didn't enter, and finally succeeded. Was chosen as the heir by Shun. After he succeeded to the throne, he forged Jiuding, a symbol of power, set up officials, established an army and made laws. His son qi. As the legendary pioneer of Xia Dynasty.
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Legend has it that he was the founding king of the Xia Dynasty. Si surname, son of Yu. Legend has it that after Yu's death, he killed Boyi, the leader of Dongyi nationality, selected Yu's successor, seized the throne, abolished the abdication system and established a hereditary system. If the Hu family refuses to accept it, it is also a blow to destruction. Legend has it that after Yu's death, Boyi abdicated and ascended the throne.
Yu
The legendary leader of the ancient tribal alliance. Last name, first name, and life. Also known as the son of Dayu, Yu Xia, Rongyu and Gun. Ben was a tribal leader in Xia Houshi. According to Shun's orders, water control, dredging rivers, building ditches and developing agriculture were carried out. 13, I crossed the house and didn't enter, and finally succeeded. Was chosen as the heir by Shun. After he succeeded to the throne, he forged Jiuding, a symbol of power, set up officials, established an army and made laws. His son qi. As the legendary pioneer of Xia Dynasty.
Author: Secret of Life 2005- 1- 17 09:58 Reply to this speech.
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2 Reply: Zhou
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Legend has it that he was the founding king of the Xia Dynasty. Si surname, son of Yu. Legend has it that after Yu's death, he killed Boyi, the leader of Dongyi nationality, selected Yu's successor, seized the throne, abolished the abdication system and established a hereditary system. If the Hu family refuses to accept it, it is also a blow to destruction. Legend has it that after Yu's death, Boyi abdicated and ascended the throne.
Author: Secret of Life 2005- 1- 17 09:59 Reply to this speech.
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3 Reply: Zhou
Hou Yi
Cloud surname. Legend has it that he is a descendant of Zhuan Xu and is famous for his good shooting. After the nobles headed by Qi established their dominant position in Xia Dynasty, they indulged in pleasure, hunted excessively and led a dissolute life, which soon made the country reach the point of "benefiting the people". After Kay's death, his five sons competed for the throne, which led to chaos in the country. At this time, Houyi, a descendant of Dongyi, took advantage of the situation and gained a dominant position.
It is said that Yao sometimes comes out in ten days, and cutting teeth, nine babies, strong winds, sealing gods and repairing snakes are all harmful to the people. The Book of Huainanzi says: "Yao made the barbarians punish and engaged in the territory of China, killing nine babies on the water, paying the strong wind in Qingshan, shooting ten days later, killing snakes in Dongting, sealing birds in mulberry forests, and making Yao the son of heaven." This is a myth and legend. Yi mentioned here is not Hou Yi either, but it vividly depicts a character like Yi. Decameron, poisonous snakes, wild animals, strong winds, etc. Here is the name of the clan or tribal leader. When the Xia Dynasty was established, the Dongyi nationality where Houyi was located was very powerful in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, so it was able to seize power for a while and replace the Xia people's rule.
After Hou Yi came to power, he claimed to be a sharpshooter and went hunting for four times. Regardless of the sufferings of the people, he asked Han Zhuo to govern the country on his behalf. Han Zhuo actively cultivated his own power. When he was hunting outside Houyi City, he took the opportunity to kill Houyi and gained the throne.
Shao Kang
Shao Kang, the sixth king of Xia Dynasty, was born in Xiang's son, Xiang's wife, Hou Yi and Shang's daughter. Shao Kang had a surname since he was a child, because he lived in the era when Han Xian killed Xiang and the Xia Dynasty was in chaos. When I grow up, I become a shepherd and manage animal husbandry. After being forced by Han Zhuo and his son, he fled to You Yu's house to be an official. With the help of Yujia and Xia Jiubu, Shao Kang finally defeated Han Zhuo and his son and restored the rule of Xia Dynasty. This period of history is called "Shao Kang Zhongxing". Shao Kang was an effective king in Xia Dynasty.
Taikang
Taikang was the third king of Xia Dynasty, and his son. After Xia Houdun's death, the sons of Qi competed for the throne. Houyi, a native of Dongyi, seized the opportunity to usurp political power, causing Taikang and Zhongkang to live in exile in Luoshui, and later died one after another. In the history of Xia Dynasty, Taikang was a monarch who lost his country, which was called "Taikang lost his country" in history.
Zhou Wenwang
Zhou leaders in the late Shang Dynasty. Ji surnamed Ming Chang. Xibo of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, also known as Bochang. Develop production and strengthen national strength when in power. Settle the dispute between Switzerland and Switzerland and bring them back. It has successively attacked and destroyed Li (now southwest of Changzhi, Shanxi), Han (now northwest of Qinyang, Henan), Chong (now north of Songxian, Henan) and other countries. And build its capital, Fengyi (now west of Fenghe River in Chang 'an, Shaanxi). 50 years in power laid the foundation for eliminating business.
Bochin
The ancestor of the state of Lu in the Zhou Dynasty. Ji, the eldest son. After the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition, he gave him the Liuyin people and the old land and people, with the title of Lu. He led an army to attack Xu Rong and swore allegiance to Fei County (now Shandong Province). His oath is "Fei Oath".
Cai Shu
One of the three supervisors at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. Du Ming, the Zhou Wuwang brothers. After the king of Wu destroyed the business, he was sealed in Cai (now Shangcai, Henan). When he became king, he and his brother Guan Shu rebelled against Wu Geng and were suppressed by Zhou Gongdan. He was exiled. Later, his son Hu was sealed in Cai, the ancestor of Cai.
Duke of Zhou
Politicians in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The younger brother of Ji, Mingdan. It was sealed in Zhou (now Qishan North, Shaanxi Province), with the title of Duke Zhou. He helped King Wu ruin the business. King Wu became king when he was young after his death. He was the Regent. His brothers Guan, Cai, Huo Shu and others joined forces with their sons Wu Geng and Dongyi to resist. He began to March eastward, and after three years of fighting, he put down the rebellion. It was also divided into Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province), the eastern capital of feudalism. Legend has it that he is thirsty for talents, recruiting talents, and the system of rites and music has established a legal system.
Xibochang
My son, surnamed Ji, is named Chang. Chang's biological mother is Tairen, a straight girl. She has a good name. "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" records: "The public season (calendar) died, and his son stood up for Xibo." After Xibo died, he became King Wen. Wang Wenneng said: "If you follow the business of Hou Ji and Gong Liu, you should learn from the ancient public (father) and the law of the public season. Those who are loyal, respectful and less grateful will be unable to eat and wait for scholars in the afternoon, and many scholars will return." Xibo can abide by the laws of his ancestors, inherit their achievements, and become stronger and stronger by the gift of corporal. Yin was afraid that it would be bad for him and imprisoned him in prison. Dedicated a BMW carrying the wonders of Shen Meiren, saying, "I forgave Xibe and gave him an axe and a bow, so that Xibe could be conquered." After that, Xibochang conquered the remnant Rong, Qiang, Han, Chonghouhu and other countries, and moved the capital to Feng (now Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province) to make active preparations for the crusade against Shang and Zhou Dynasties. After his death, the prince succeeded to the throne of the king of Wu. King Wu fulfilled King Wen's last wish to crusade against Shang Zhouwang.
Zhao Gong
Also known as "Shaogong" and "Zhao Kanggong". The ancestor of Yan State. Ji's name. Because it is intact in Zhao (now southwest of Qishan, Shaanxi), it is called or. Help the king of Wu destroy the business. Sealed in Beiyan. When he was king, he was a Taibao, and he was ruled by the Duke of Zhou in Shaanxi.
Lu Shang, the originator of the military strategist
Lu Shang is Jiang Ziya, a coastal person in the East China Sea. His ancestors once assisted Yu in the management of water and soil. Because of his contribution to Lu, he took Lu as his surname and Jiang as his surname. In ancient China, surnames were the product of matriarchal clans, so surnames were "women". Later, a surname was dominated by men. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were more and more surnames, and surnames and surnames gradually merged into one, and now they are called surnames.
Lu Shang was named "Lu Shang" because he was a teacher at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty and was honored as "a teacher is still a father". Because of the influence of the Romance of Gods, we still like to call him Jiang Ziya.
Fishing in Weishui and visiting Xi 'an.
Once upon a time, Lu Shang was very poor and very old. He often went fishing on the Weihe River. One day. King Wen will go hunting and get divination: "It is not a dragon, a tiger or a scorpion, but an assistant minister who dominates the world." So King Wen went hunting in the west and met Lu Shang by the stream. After the two men talked, Wang Daxie said, "My ancestors predicted:' In the future, saints will arrive in Zhoubang to help Zhou Zhenxing.' Is that you? My ancestor Taigong has been expecting you for a long time. So Lu Shang was named "King Tai Gong" and Duke Zhou.
Soon, Shang Zhouwang suspected that Zhou Wenwang wanted to dominate the industry. Zhou Wenwang was arrested in a prison in the capital. So Lu Shang and San Yisheng conquered beautiful women and rare treasures from all over the world, dedicated them to and redeemed King Wen.
After King Wen returned to China, he and Lu Shang secretly planned how to overthrow the Shang regime. To this end, Lu merchants planned many strategists' strategies and novel tricks. Because of this, when talking about military tactics, later generations put Lu Shang in the first place, and he became the ancestor of the strategist, or the originator.
King Wen died and King Wu acceded to the throne. Nine years later, he began to carry forward the career of King Wen. In order to find out whether the princes will gather, they went to the East to discuss the commercial countries. Military travel. Lu Shang, a Buddhist, held Huang Yue in his left hand and Bai Fang in his right, and vowed, "All the princes, lead your troops and your ships, gather together and kill them before the deadline." When he led the army to Jinmeng, as many as 800 governors came to the meeting, which showed the high prestige of Zhou Guo at that time. At that time, the vassal States were very small, and the territory of Shang Dynasty was more than 1800. Later, the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States were all larger vassal States formed in the melee of mergers.
Two years later, Shang Zhouwang killed Beagan and imprisoned him. King Wu wanted to attack Zhou Wang, but the result of divination was unlucky. Besides, the soldiers didn't travel and were caught in a storm. Ministers were all afraid, but Lu Shang insisted on sending troops. He said that the tortoise shell grass used for divination had no idea what was good or bad. King Wu finally listened to Lu Shang's advice, lectured in Mu Ye, and then began to attack Shang Zhouwang. This war, Lu Shang's strategy and tactics command is very good.
In terms of strategic guidance, Lu Shang is good at grasping fighters. He chose the main force of the Shang army to expedition to Dongyi, while he led the army to the war at the favorable opportunity when the capital was isolated and helpless. Forty-five thousand soldiers of Zhou Jun, together with the armies of other vassal states, fought fiercely with the Shang Army in Konoha (now southwest of Jixian County, Henan Province), 70 miles away from the Song Dynasty. The correct choice of strategic timing is an important prerequisite for Zhou Jun's final victory.
In the use of tactics, Lu Shang is self-centered. He personally led hundreds of elite soldiers to attack the Shang army. Because slaves were used before, after the first battle of Lu Shang was successful, King Wu led the main force to follow up the panic, and with the defection of slave soldiers in the Shang army, Zhou Jun quickly won a great victory and the Shang Dynasty perished.
After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, Lu Shang was sealed in the capital of Longqiu (now Linzi). Lu Shang went east to his fief. He stayed on the road every night and walked slowly. Someone said to him, "I heard that opportunities are rare and easy to lose." As a guest, I am afraid it is not like taking office at a roadside hotel. " Hearing this, Taigong put on his clothes at night and went straight ahead. At dawn, he arrived at the camp and happened to meet people from other countries competing with him for the camp.
After the political situation of Qi was stable, Lu merchants began to reform the political system. He complied with local customs and simplified the red tape of the Zhou Dynasty. Vigorously develop business and let the people enjoy the benefits of fish and salt. So many people from all over the world came to Qi, and Qi became one of the rich countries at that time. In Zhou Chengwang, Guan Shu and Cai Shu rebelled, and the ethnic minorities in the Huaihe River basin also took the opportunity to rebel. Zhou Wang ordered Lu Shang to say, "East to the sea, west to the Yellow River, south to Muling and north to Wudi. If you do not obey, you have the right to conquer them. " Since then, Qi has become a big country, with an increasingly vast territory.
Lu Shang, the squire, lived for more than a hundred years, died, and his burial place is unknown.
The last king of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Li Wang's life was the beginning of the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Yu in Mandarin recorded two stories about Li Wang. One was that Li Wang insulted him and China slandered him. The king asked the guardian witch to monitor these slanders and stopped them with the death penalty. Zhao Gong persuaded him with the argument that "defending the people's mouth is better than defending Sichuan", but the king wouldn't listen. Some people also said that Ren Rong saved money for him, so Rui sighed: "Fu Rong saved the public patent, and I don't know the great difficulty. Liv, the birth of all things, is also included in heaven and earth, but specialization is harmful. Everything in the world must be taken, and Hu Nengte? I'm so angry that I'm not prepared for a disaster. How long can I teach Wang? The king will guide the interests and spread them up and down, so that the man of God will do everything without exception, even if he is afraid of resentment. ..... Is Wang Xue's patent ok today? A person's patent is still called a thief, and it is fresh when the king does it. If it is shared, Zhou will be defeated. " Finally, the princes didn't enjoy it. Three years later, Li Wang was released from China and Wang Ben went to Kunming. There was a time when Zhou Shi was ruled by an aristocratic group, numbered * * * and. This is the beginning of China's reliable chronology, which is 84 BC1.
The ruler of "* * * and the Times", "Zhou Benji" in Historical Records is said to be the combination of Zhao Gong, a royal etiquette, and Duke Zhou, which is a traditional saying. However, Historical Records quoted Ji Zhong Ji Nian: "* * * Bo is king", while Zhuangzi, Lv Chunqiu and Lv Lianzi all claimed that Wang Li was in power during his exile. After Li's death, * * * was made king, with the purpose of declaring himself king. * * * and investigate is * * * in power or * * * in power? Zhao Zhou's ruling theory has not been confirmed in the historical materials of bronze inscriptions. So far, there is no minister Zhou Gong in the bronze inscriptions in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Only Zhao Mugong (Zhao Hu) was a really important person at that time. On the other hand, there is at least one clue about bronze inscriptions about the legend of * * * Bo and the ruling party. Teacher: "On the first day of the first month of the first year of the King of Qi, Ji Dinghai, if White Tiger's father said that he was a teacher, but he was admitted to my home. My daughter gave birth to a good boy, and the rest of my daughter died in my house. I am a servant in the west and a servant in the east, both inside and outside, and I dare not be good. ..... Bow your head, dare to raise the emperor and rest, and enjoy it with Yin, the second lieutenant of Wenkao, and his descendants for ten thousand years. " (Shirakawa, 1970b: 74 1-749) Judging from the tone of this inscription, Shirakawa's father may be * * * Bohe (Guo Moruo, 1957: 65438+) Yang Shuda,1. This theory is not conclusive, and Yang's opinion is still questioned (Shirakawa Jing, 1970b: 745-747). However, compared with Zhao Zhou's theory of * * * sharing power, this theory is still credible (Qu Wanli, 197 1: 784-785).
In Li Wang's accusation, Guoyu did not directly explain "patent". But if you carefully ponder the meaning of the text, there are several points that can be separated. First, profit refers to natural resources, so it is called "everything is born" and "contained in heaven and earth". Secondly, profits must be shared up and down, so Wang Ren "will guide profits and share them up and down". Only in the form of rewards and extensive distribution of profit sources can "Zhou Dao" continue to this day. Third, the result of Rong Yigong's patent is that "the princes do not enjoy it". Based on this, it is speculated that under the enfeoffment system, the benefits of mountain forests are enjoyed by monarchs at all levels. Even in the form of reward or tribute, the pear garden can still be divided up and down. On the other hand, Li Wang's patent made princes unable to enjoy it. As pointed out in the last section of this paper, the royal family in the Western Zhou Dynasty was in an emergency. There are national defense needs outside, and there are lords in it. Zhou Shi's unprepared financial resources are dwindling. More expenses, less resources and a large number of patents may just be the other side of the story. This is the situation caused by the times, and Wang Lijun and his ministers may not be fully responsible. But this situation also means that the pagoda-like hierarchical distribution system among feudal lords is on the verge of collapse.
Wang Xuan took over, and the number of the Western Zhou Dynasty was ZTE. The previous section has been seen in the southern expedition and the northern expedition. The national strength of the Western Zhou Dynasty was undoubtedly damaged by conquest. "Mandarin" and "Zhou Yu" recorded the story that Wang Xuan expected the people: "Wang Xuan lost his teacher in the south, but expected the people to live in Taiyuan. Father Zhong Shan remonstrated:' People can't wait. The rich and the ancients didn't expect people to know much. Simin Association died alone, and the surname of Division and Business Association was Min, Situ Xielu, Scooter, Animal Husbandry Association, Industry Association Reform, Tian Xieru, and Yun Xieru. It is known that there are few people, dead and alive, in and out, and in and out. So I tried again. Wang Zhi's clothes are borrowed. Searching in the gap is better than the book, and it is also a few people who have learned. What can you expect? It's not that there is less and less material, but it's getting worse and worse. Less political performance, governors avoid it. There is no order to control people's evil deeds. And look forward to the people for no reason, the evil of heaven, but also harmful to politics and heirs. "The king is dead, and the king is ruined."
Father Zhong Shan's comments revealed some news. On the one hand, he pointed out what the "ancients" were like, indicating that there was no need to go through household surveys, and the population information had been mastered. On the other hand, he also pointed out that the number of registered permanent residence has decreased, and there is no need to conduct a large-scale survey to show weakness. In fact, after Wang Xuan lost his teacher, he had to conduct a "national survey". If the ancient system discussed by Sun Yat-sen's father still loses its function, Wang Xuan naturally doesn't have to start a new stove. There is a gap between the actual population and the official records, so Wang Xuan has to "expect people". It is very likely that Father Zhong Shan also foresaw that the consequence of "expecting people" is that the population is too small or reduced, so there is no need to talk about weakness. Inferred from this historical data, when he became king, he probably experienced the crisis of decreasing registered permanent residence, or at least the number of registered permanent residence under the direct control of the Zhou royal family was less than it should be.
There are always two endings in the reduction of household registration: either natural disasters or man-made disasters. The population proliferation tends to be negative, which may also be due to the population evading registration. The former has no historical data to discuss at present, so it is not discussed. The possibility of the latter can be proved by a bronze inscription. The inscription of Da Ke Ding lists a series of Fu Tian awarded to Ke's family, one of which is "running with people". Shirakawa thinks this can be explained as a servant, who comes from Xing (Shirakawa Jing, 1967c: 507). If this explanation holds, not only will some people flee, but after the seizure, the fleeing households can be reduced to the rewarded population. As for whether Liao Min's actions also imply catching fugitives, I dare not say anything because of the lack of historical data. Others think that Liu Min and another thing that doesn't belong to 1,000 mu were freed slaves in Xuan Wang, turned them into serfs with household registration and paid rent (Li Yanong, 1962: 743-755). But there is no evidence of this "reform" in the original historical materials. Adding words to explain classics is not taken by scholars, so it is not taken seriously.
After the announcement of being king, you Wang acceded to the throne. In the hands of the king, I sent the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the second year of Wang You, there was a major earthquake in the surrounding area, and all the water mirrors, Weishui and Luoshui rivers dried up. Qishan also collapsed. Xiaoya at the Turn of October, a book of songs, describes rare natural disasters at that time: solar eclipse, earthquake, boiling rivers, collapse of hills, valleys on high banks and tombs in deep valleys. Some people think that the poem "The Turn of October" may belong to the era of (Liu Qiyi, 1980A), but in terms of the coordination of various historical materials, it is reasonable to take the life of You Wang. In Mandarin, Zhou Yushang, Bai Yang's father said, "If the source is blocked, the country will perish. Husband's soil and water are played by the people. The people are short of money because of acclimatization. What if they don't die? " Obviously, this means that the drought caused by the exhaustion of water resources has hindered agricultural production. The Western Zhou Dynasty is located in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province, with a deep soil layer, so it needs to get water from the valley to the water source. If there is no irrigation system, agricultural water needs to rely on the capillary action of loess layer to attract water head and reach the surface. Earthquakes can block Sanchuan, collapse Qishan and change strata, so the distribution of groundwater will also be greatly disturbed. The crops in the Western Zhou Dynasty were mainly millet. Even though millet is more drought-tolerant than wheat, it still needs to absorb quite a lot of water. If the groundwater is insufficient, it can only fall from the sky. As a result, the rainfall was a little insufficient, which caused the drought. The ancients were extremely afraid of natural disasters and always thought that natural disasters were God's punishment for the people below. The psychological blow caused by natural disasters is often heavier than the actual economic effect. Han Yun, a poem in The Book of Songs, belongs to the era of Wang Xuan. However, words such as "building ze", "interesting horse", "teacher's son" and "chef" are similar to those in the poem "At the Turn of October", and the phrase "Li Zhouyu citizen" is also like the tone after the disaster in Lishan Mountain, not like announcing the glory of the king. In this way, the drought lamented by "Han Yun" should be regarded as something before and after the chaos of the underworld. Calling for heaven should not help, nor should the god of ancestors help. The poet can only sigh "the drought is too severe" and "famine recommendation". The poem "Zhao Min" must be a phenomenon in the Wang You era. The poet also mentioned that "the pool is exhausted", "the spring is exhausted" and the grass is withered, so that "I am hungry and exiled". Describing famine is the most painful.
If only Xirong attacked and killed the king at the foot of Mount Li, once the Rong people retreated and the new king ascended the throne, the Western Zhou Dynasty would be out of control. However, apart from natural and man-made disasters, the original social order of Gyeonggi under Zhou Shi is gradually changing. The high shore is a valley and the deep valley is a mausoleum, which is not only a description of the earthquake disaster, but also a metaphor for the great social changes. Recently, a batch of bronzes were unearthed in dongjiacun, Qishan, whose inscriptions can show the rise and fall of the two clans, Ju Bo and Qiu Wei, and their influence on the feudal social order in the Zhou Dynasty.
These bronzes, from the cellar, belong to the production of a family for generations. In the inscriptions, Qiu Wei is the earliest generation, Gong Ju is the second generation, Lv Bo and Lv Zhonghe are the third generation, and Rong Rong is the latest generation. According to many leather products mentioned in the inscription, Qiu Wei's position was probably a small official in charge of making fur leather in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. These four musical instruments belong to Qiu Wei in the era of King * * * and King Iraq. Officials and ministers may have been associated with Qiu Wei for generations. Lu Bo's official position is chef, and Lu Zhong is his brother. Their time is when the king is announced. Bai Yang's father was also a figure in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Rong Yousi is in Jingwang. This family belongs to the winning surname, judging from the inscription of its married women. Both Qin and Zhao's ancestors were named Won. As mentioned in the previous section, this surname family may be a tribe transferred from the east to defend the border, which has a considerable relationship with animal husbandry. Making fur coats is probably a department of animal husbandry (Joo Won?, 1976: 45-46), and Ju Bo is an aristocrat in Zhou Shi, with the title of "monarch" and "friend of history in an instant", which shows that he is an important minister in Zhou Shi. Now he is so poor that he has to borrow money from Qiu Wei's family. Wei Qi's inscription has been quoted in the previous section. The main meaning is that at Zhou Jianqi's ceremony, Moment Bo must be present, and Moment Bo exchanged land for necessary Zhang Jin and several pieces of tiger skin and deerskin ornaments. These items are obviously valuable, with jade worth 80 friends and leather worth 20 friends. The goods exchanged are fields, but the price is calculated according to the number of shells. Two years later, the inscription of Ding Wei recorded the second exchange. Inscriptions are also quoted in the previous section and will not be repeated here. The main meaning of the inscription is that in order to serve the royal family, Qiu Wei got the consent of "Bangjunli" and exchanged five fields for the latter's four fields near the two rivers.
The inscription in the past nine years is the third exchange record with Ju Bo. "Jia nine years in the first month of death, Zhou Ju palace, temples eyebrow ao skin for collectors, see the king. Wang Daheng. Save the car by carving: tiger, tiger, painting, whip, silk riding, gold. The moment to give up ginger. Naishe Qiu Weilin. Eight Qiao Lin. I give up my old age, my old age, my old age, my old age, my old age, my old age. Moment is the meaning of life. Give it to Qiu That makes four. The little boy has a gift and is a long-lived businessman. Give up two ladder skins, two vertical skins, two reverse skins, one silk gold and two Wu skins. She, Yun, Gao Qiu, Shapir, Meng. Wei Xiaozi's family is rebellious. Wei. Who uses a tripod in the literature exam? Go will be used forever. " (Qishan County Cultural Center, 1976: 28). The details of the inscription cannot be fully explained because there are many strange words. Zhou Wang received an envoy from Mei Ao, and Giant Bo asked Qiu Wei for leather ornaments and supplies for horses and chariots. Qiu Wei also gave Giant Bo's wife three taels of silk in exchange for Qiu Wei's right to hunt animals in Lin Yan. Qiu Wei also gave two horses and unknown items to Lin Yan's immediate family as gifts. Yan's company (manager) helps hunt animals. After the event, Qiu Wei presented a large number of various leather goods to these companies (Joo Won?, 1976: 48).
Judging from these three exchanges, Zhou Shi's ministers were so poor that they didn't even have fancy chariots, horses, jade and clothes. In order to continue the performance, Jumbo must exchange the hunting rights of land and mountains for valuable items for those unworthy officials. Qiu Wei is an upstart. He can not only supply the articles needed to seal the monarch, but also make bronzes. As a souvenir, his actual financial resources can be imagined. Qiu Wei's descendants have a higher status than the next generation. Liu Bo is a catering boss in the city. He is already a local official in the city. If it is a chef, it is even more out.
An imperial court official ordered by the inner king. Chen Gong was the general manager of "all-round workers", while in the Lee era, his secretary was Rong Gong's retainer. Rong Gong's Chinese name is Rong, and he is Li's trusted minister. Lu Bo's wife is Mao Zhongji (Lu), and Qiu Wei's great-granddaughter (or granddaughter) married Cheng Bo's grandson (Cheng Bo's grandson). Both Mao Bohe and Ji were first-class families in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Qiu Wei's family was a small official at first, but after several generations, they were able to marry Mao Cheng, and their social status was very high (Joo Won?,1976: 49; Du, 1979: 586-587).
12 reply: Zhou
The development of Xia culture
As for the culture of the Xia Dynasty, although we can't see its whole picture due to the lack of literature, as Confucius said, "Yin factors can also be known; Zhou's gains and losses are thus known. "The development of Xia culture in The Analects of Confucius directly laid the foundation for the prosperity of Shang and Zhou cultures.
Agricultural production is closely related to seasonal phenomena. The knowledge of astronomical calendar in ancient China was accumulated in the practice of agricultural production, which directly served agricultural production. During the Yao and Shun period, there was a legend that cranes and Qian Zhongshu observed the sun, the moon and the stars to determine the four seasons, which showed that our country had a full-time staff who were familiar with astronomical calendars long ago, and the astronomical calendars were very developed.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Master Lu quoted and recorded that "Chen was not in the room", that is, on the first day of a certain year, an eclipse occurred in the ecological room. The existing history books relate it to Andrew in Zhong Kang's time. Modern scholars calculated that some of this solar eclipse was in 2 165 BC, and some was in 1948 BC, which was very different, but they were all recognized as the earliest solar eclipse records in the world.
In addition, the chronicle of bamboo books says that in the ten years of Xia Ce, "the stars fell like rain at night". If this story is credible, then at the latest in BC16th century, there will be a record of meteor showers in China.
China's traditional method of observing the sun and the sun has a very early origin. At the end of Xia Dynasty, emperors such as Kong Jia, Yin Jia and (Jie) all thought it was a name, indicating that Tiangan was generally used as the ordinal number at that time.
The calendar of Xia Dynasty is the earliest calendar in China. At that time, the month could be determined according to the direction indicated by bucket handle's rotation in the Big Dipper, and the summer calendar started from the so-called "Yin Jian" month in which bucket handle pointed to the northeast. "The number of days in the summer" and "Zuo Zhuan" mean that the number of days in the Xia Dynasty accurately reflected the astronomical phenomena, so Confucius advocated that Xia Zhishi and The Analects should be blamed. Xia Zhengxiao, which is preserved in the Book of Rites from generation to generation, is an important existing document about Li Xia.
"The invention of characters and its application in document records" is one of the important signs of the transition from barbarism to civilization. From Yangshao culture to Dahuankou culture, the original characters have appeared and are gradually developing. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions found in Yin Ruins and other places are early and basically mature scripts found in China. As Comrade Guo Ruo said: "China characters undoubtedly experienced at least two or three thousand years of development in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions era." From the Yin Ruins to the early summer, there is no doubt that there are written and documented records of the Xia Dynasty in 8900.
Social economy and culture in Shang dynasty
From summer to Shang, social economy and culture developed greatly. Based on a large number of archaeological data and literature records, we have a detailed understanding of the social, economic and cultural development of the Shang Dynasty.
The development of agricultural production The agricultural production of Shang Dynasty reached a high level of development, and it was a decisive production department at that time.
Common basic farm tools.
Words such as "Pu", "Tung", "Fruit", "Tree", "Apricot" and "Chestnut" are also common in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the production of trees, vegetables and fruits is also an important part of agricultural production. Sericulture production developed in the Southern Dynasties. Not only the words such as egg, mulberry, silk and silk are common in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but also silkworms with round heads and squirming eyes are found in bronze decorations, and jade silkworms with realistic shapes are found in jade decorations, all of which reflect the development of sericulture at that time. There is a record of "showing silkworms" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the ceremony of offering handles is quite heavy, which shows that planting mulberry and raising silkworms is also a farming activity that the rulers attach great importance to.
Livestock raising, in addition to ordinary farmers as a sideline, in the ruling mechanism of Shang Dynasty, there were full-time butchers and ministers in charge of livestock raising, and ordinary nobles also had soap servants in charge of this production. At that time, horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and other "five animals" were raised in large quantities, either for food, for sacrifice, or for farming and driving away.
Duan Lianqin's Ethnic Relations and Frontier Issues in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China Social Sciences Press 1990.
Guo Moruo's Bronze Age
Li Xueqin's Out of Doubting the Ancient Times
Fu Sinian's Yi Xia Dong Xi Shuo
Meng's Ancient History Wei Zhen
Su's A New Exploration of the Origin of Chinese Civilization
The legendary era of Xu China's ancient history
A New Proof of Wang Guowei's Ancient History of Guan Tang Ji Lin
History and Archaeology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties by Cheng Pingshan
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