Diaojiaolou is a great invention of Youchao, which is taken from the aura of mountains and rivers and integrated with the surrounding nature. The most primitive prototype of Diaojiaolou is the dry-column (2) residential building. As early as 7000 years ago, Hemudu (3) people were able to build dry-column houses. The imaginary Hemudu should be a place full of moisture. Dry-column dwellings can help Hemudu people resist moisture and damp heat, while wise ancestors can always find a suitable lifestyle under the pressure of natural geographical environment.
Geographically, Hemudu site is located in Zhejiang, which is probably the place where Guyue people thrive. Guyue people are descendants of Youchao family and created brilliant civilization. However, due to war or plague, some Guyue people had to choose to leave and migrate along the great river to the middle and upper reaches. One came to Jialing River valley and gradually evolved into the ancestor of Ba people. Tujia nationality in Shizhu generation in Chongqing originated from Ba people. The arrival of the Guyue people opened a wonderful page in the history of Chongqing. In 475 BC, Ba people made Chongqing their capital. Chongqing was called Jiangzhou at that time. Ba Zhi records: "The county governs Jiangzhou, and the terrain is just dangerous, and the house is heavy and the family is tired." This kind of "heavy house and tired residence" building is the embryonic form of the diaojiao building and a gift from the ancient Vietnamese to Chongqing. The diaojiao building really found its own home after it settled in March 8th.
Diaojiaolou has a history of more than 2000 years since it settled in Jiangzhou. At first, Diaojiaolou was a patent of Tujia nationality, a descendant of Ba people. However, with the passage of time and the evolution of history, Diaojiaolou is no longer exclusive to Tujia people, and other ethnic groups such as Miao, Yao, Dong and Buyi also live in Diaojiaolou. There is a simple reason. It is the right of every nation to pursue a comfortable life. Diaojiaolou is very suitable for the local geographical conditions and can make the local ethnic minorities comfortable, comfortable and comfortable. Therefore, the promotion and popularization of diaojiao building is natural.
Nowadays, the most concentrated place of Diaojiaolou is the western Hunan area, which is called the "Great Wuling Cultural Deposition Belt". Its geographical scope includes Hunan Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and Huaihua, Hubei Western Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Tongren and Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture, and several ethnic autonomous counties in eastern Chongqing. These places have been the breeding grounds of Tujia and Miao nationalities since ancient times.
Being in Xiangxi seems to be in Wulingyuan, and the mysterious country of "I don't know why there are Han, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties" written by Tao Yuanming is presented in front of me, which makes people daydream infinitely. Diaojiaolou is the most common and beautiful scenery here. Mountains and rivers depend on each other, bamboo forests roar, making people think, as if they were in the world, and they have never been so relaxed and happy.
What is this diaojiao building with a long history like? Let's slowly unveil its magical veil. Although the process is old-fashioned, the details are still moving.
The most exquisite thing about diaojiao building is that it is close to mountains and waters. Qingshan gives it heavy connotation, and green water gives it exquisite aura. Without mountains and water, a diaojiao building can't be built. Miao, Tujia and other ethnic groups in western Hunan live in mountainous areas, backed by green mountains and green waters. From ten households to thousands of households, they form a stockade, and every household lives in a small and exquisite diaojiao building.
Diaojiaolou is a dry fence building, built on a steep hillside. During construction, the two-stage roof foundation is excavated along the slope, with the upper column shorter and the lower column higher. In this way, after the house is completed, the floor of the first half can be on a horizontal line with the floor of the second half. The column standing directly on the lower foundation from top to bottom constitutes the hanging foot column supporting the first half of the house, hence the name "hanging foot building".
Diaojiaolou generally has three floors, and the lower floors are mostly places for raising livestock and poultry and stacking firewood and farm tools. The second floor is the main place for the whole family to eat and live, with a corridor outside and a long curved bar seat in the middle. The third floor can be used as a bedroom and can also store sundries.
Diaojiaolou is mainly made of Chinese fir. According to the traditional standard, a three-story three-bay diaojiao building needs 24 columns, 40 to 50 sleepers, 39 purlins, 28 rafters, 135 rafters, 600 rafters, 600 boards and 15000 tiles. Surprisingly, a large building is full of mortises and tenons except a few nails for fixing the rafters, which reflects the superb skills of architects.
Side note:
① Youchao family: Youchao family, also known as "Dachao family". According to legend, in ancient times, he invented the art of nesting and taught people to build wooden nests to prevent wild animals from invading. "Taiping Yulan" Volume 78 quoted Xiang Jun's "Beginning of Learning" and said: "There is a nest of saints in the ancient cave, which is famous for its greatness."
(2) Dry column type: a building method. The dry rail house is made of bamboo, wood as the housing frame, and bamboo as purlin, purlin, floor, wall, ladder, fence, etc. The connection of each part is tied with tenon and bamboo, which is a single building, and the roof is covered with straw rows or tiles.
Hemudu: a world-famous Neolithic site, located in the northeast of Hemudu Village, Luojiang Township, Yuyao City, with an area of about 40,000 square meters, about 6,000-7,000 years ago. Unearthed cultural relics are very rich in content, including a large number of relics of artificially planted rice, wooden building components with tenons and eggs, and thousands of pottery and bone utensils, which are engraved with relatively fine decorative patterns.
④ March 8th: According to Huayang Guozhi, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yizhou herded Liu Zhang and changed Yongning to eight counties, with Guling as Badong and Pang Yi as the Brazilian satrap, which was March 8th. According to Liu Zhang, Yongning County, which is now Zhongxian County, it is in the east of Baxian County; Guling county, now Yunyang Fengjie and other counties; Brazil County, now Langzhong County.