1985 In May, in Santa Cruz, California, a motion was put forward to determine the complete sequence of the human genome, which formed the draft of the "Human Genome Project" of the US Department of Energy.
1986 In March, the feasibility of this plan was discussed in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and then DOE announced the implementation of this plan.
During the period of 1986, Dulbecco, the Nobel Prize winner, wrote an article in Science, reviewing the progress of tumor research, pointing out that either the "piecemeal" strategy is still adopted or the human genome is studied and analyzed as a whole. It is pointed out that if we want to know more about tumors, we must pay attention to the genome of cells. ..... Which species should we start with? If you want to understand human tumors, you must start with humans. ..... A detailed understanding of DNA will greatly promote the study of human tumors. "
1986, geneticist Mike Kusick v proposed that the science of studying heredity from the whole genome level is called "genomics".
At the beginning of 1987, the US Department of Energy and the US National Institutes of Health allocated about US$ 5.5 million for HGP (US$ 65,438+66 million for the whole year).
From 65438 to 0988, the National Human Genome Research Center was established, with Watson J as the first director.
1990 10 10/day, approved by the us congress, HGP was officially listed in the us. The overall plan is to invest at least $3 billion in the whole human genome analysis in 15.
1987, Italian National Research Council * * * began to study HGP, which is characterized by various technologies (YAC, hybrid cells, cDNA, etc. ) and regional concentration (basically limited to the Xq24-qter region).
HGP started in Britain in February, 1989. Its characteristics are as follows: Imperial Cancer Research Foundation and National Medical Research Council (ICRP-MRC) are responsible for national coordination and fund supervision, and Sanger Center near Cambridge focuses on accumulating experience in nematode genome and improving large-scale DNA sequencing technology; At the same time, the "British Human Genome Resource Center" was established to screen and clone YAC libraries, specific cell lines, DNA probes, genomic DNA, c DNA libraries, comparative biological genomic DNA sequences and information analysis. It can be described as "resource concentration and national overall planning".
June 1990 French * * * and China HGP started. The Ministry of Scientific Research entrusts the National Academy of Medical Sciences to formulate HGP, which is characterized by paying attention to the whole genome, cDNA and automation. The establishment of Human Polymorphism Research Center (CEPH) has greatly influenced the construction of YAC contigs, microsatellite markers (genetic maps) and CEPH families (80 individuals with three generations) of the whole genome, and it is a world-famous classic material for genome research.
1990, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) jointly launched HGP, with an initial investment of $3 billion, which took 15 years to complete. Britain, Japan, France, Germany and other countries have joined.
1995, the Federal Republic of Germany * * * and the United States began to produce HGP rapidly, set up resource centers and gene scanning and positioning centers one after another, and started the large-scale sequencing of chromosome 2 1.
1June, 1990, the European Human Genome Research Program was adopted, and 23 laboratories were mainly funded for the establishment and operation of the resource center. There are also the Kingdom of Denmark, the Russian Federation, Japan, South Korea and Australia.
During the period of 1994, China HGP was initiated by, Qiang Boqin, and Yang. Initially, with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation and the 863 High-tech Program, we successively carried out "Study on the Gene Structure of Several Sites in the China Human Genome" and "Study on the Location, Cloning, Structure and Function of Genes Related to Major Diseases".
1998 Under the leadership and matchmaking of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Southern Gene Center was established in Shanghai.
In May 1998, 1 1, PE Biosystems, the world's largest sequencer manufacturer, established Celera Genomics Company with its newly developed 300 automatic capillary sequencer (ABI 3700) and US$ 300 million, claiming that it would use the so-called "human genome-wide shotgun method" within three years. Celera has more than 300 employees and bought the so-called "the third largest computer in the world", claiming to have more power than all the sequence assembly and interpretation capabilities in the world combined. On the same day that the six countries announced the completion of the work framework, Celera claimed that it had assembled the complete human genetic code. Celera's action is a competition and challenge to the public welfare HGP.
1998 Institute of Genetics of China Academy of Sciences was established, and 1998 Beijing Northern Human Genome Center was established. /kloc-0 was registered in the international human genome in July, 1999, and a 30Mb region on the short arm of human chromosome 3 was sequenced, accounting for about 1% of the whole human genome.
The Human Genome Project was initiated by the United States in 1987, and China actively participated in this research project in September 1999, and undertook the task of 1%, that is, sequencing about 30 million base pairs on the short arm of human chromosome 3. China has thus become the only developing country to participate in this research project.
On June 26th, 2000, scientists from the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Japan and China who participated in the Human Genome Project announced that the draft human genome had been completed. The final map requires that the clones used for sequencing can faithfully represent the genome structure of autosomes, and the sequence error rate is less than one in ten thousand. 95% of euchromatin regions were sequenced, and each gap was less than 150kb. As-built drawings will be completed in 2003, two years ahead of schedule. Because human gene sequencing and gene patents may bring great commercial value, governments and some enterprises are actively investing in this research. For example, Amgen transferred a gene related to central nervous system diseases at 1997, and made a profit of 392 million dollars.