The most classic is Galileo. His case is the most widely known and has great influence
Zhang Heng (78-139)
A scientist, astronomer and philosopher of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word is Pingzi. A native of Xi'e, Nanyang, Henan (now Shiqiao Town, Nanzhao County, Henan Province). He traveled a little to Chang'an in Xijing and Luoyang in Tokyo. He "understood the Five Classics" and "learned the six arts". In the fifth year of Yongchu (111), he was recruited as a doctor. From the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (115) to the beginning of Yongjian, it was ordered by Taishi twice. Proficient in astronomy and calendar calculation, he invented the world's earliest hydraulically rotated armillary sphere and wind seismometer for measuring earthquakes based on previous research.
In terms of astronomical theory, Zhang Heng is the main representative of the "Huntian School". Regarding the origin of heaven and earth, he believed that before the heaven and earth were divided, there was chaos. After the division, the lighter ones ascended to become the sky, and the heavier ones condensed into the earth. Yin and Yang oscillated to produce all things. He also correctly explained the cause of lunar eclipse for the first time, believing that moonlight is the reflection of sunlight, and lunar eclipse is caused by the moon entering the earth's shadow. Based on the astronomical knowledge at that time, he affirmed the materiality and infinity of the universe.
Zhang Heng pushed ancient Chinese natural science and philosophy to a new level. His works are collected in "The Complete Antiquity, Three Dynasties, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties" compiled by Qing Yan Kejun.
Galileo
Galileo Galilei was a great Italian scientist in the 17th century. At that time, people who studied science believed in Aristotle and regarded the words of this Greek philosopher more than 2,000 years ago as unchangeable truth. Aristotle once said: "If two iron balls, one weighing 10 pounds and the other weighing 1 pound, fall from a height at the same time, the 10-pound ball must hit the ground first, and its speed is 10 times that of the 1-pound ball." This sentence caused Galileo to question. He thought: If this sentence is correct, then if these two iron balls are tied together, the slow falling iron ball will drag the fast falling iron ball, and the falling speed will be slower than the 10-pound iron ball; however, if these two iron balls are tied together, The ball as a whole weighs 11 pounds and should fall faster than a 10-pound iron ball. How can we explain that two opposite conclusions can be drawn from one fact? Galileo repeatedly conducted many experiments with this question, and the results proved that Aristotle's statement was indeed wrong. Two iron balls of different weights fall from a height at the same time and always hit the ground at the same time. The speed at which the iron ball falls has nothing to do with its weight. He wanted to conduct a public experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Word spread quickly.
On that day, many people came around the leaning tower to see who was the winner on this issue. Galileo appeared on top of the Leaning Tower. He holds a 10-pound iron ball in his right hand and a 1-pound iron ball in his left hand. The two iron balls were released at the same time and fell from the air. After a while, people around the Leaning Tower couldn't help shouting in surprise, because the two iron balls landed at the same time, just as Galileo said. Only then did everyone realize that not everything Aristotle said was right.
Marie Curie
Marie Curie (1867-1934) was a French-Polish scientist who studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two radioactive elements: radium and polonium. She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in her life. Bell Prize. As an outstanding scientist, Marie Curie had a social influence that ordinary scientists did not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her example has inspired many people.
Many people heard her story when they were children, but most of them got a simplified and incomplete impression. What the world knows about Madame Curie. He was largely influenced by his daughter's biography "Madame Curie" published in 1937. This book beautifies the life of Marie Curie and calmly handles the twists and turns she encountered in her life.
American biographer Susan Quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical information from Curie family members and friends. A new book was published last year: "Maria Curie: A Life", which paints a more detailed and in-depth picture of her hard, bitter and struggling life.
Marie Curie: A great scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice
In the history of world science, Marie Curie is an eternal name. This great female scientist has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry with her diligence and talent, and has therefore become the only person to win the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines. Famous scientist.
The Light of Radium
In 1896, the French physicist Becquerel published a work report detailing the uranium element he discovered through many experiments, uranium and Its compound has a special ability. It can automatically and continuously emit a ray invisible to the naked eye. This ray is different from ordinary light and can pass through black paper to make the photographic film sensitive. It is the same as Roentgen's discovery. X-rays are also different. They can be generated automatically from uranium and uranium salts without high vacuum gas discharge and high voltage. Uranium and its compounds continuously emit rays and radiate energy outwards. This made Madame Curie very interested. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Marie Curie was determined to uncover its secrets. In 1897, Marie Curie selected her own research topic - the study of radioactive substances. This research topic brought her into a new world of science. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science - the discovery of the radioactive element radium, and laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry, making great contributions to mankind.
In experimental research, Marie Curie designed a measuring instrument that can not only detect the presence of rays in a certain substance, but also measure the intensity of the rays. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is proportional to the amount of uranium in the material, and has nothing to do with the state of uranium existence and external conditions.
Madame Curie conducted a comprehensive examination of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can also automatically emit invisible rays. It shows that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not just a characteristic of uranium, but a unique characteristic of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and the elements with this property called radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "radiation." She also predicted based on the experimental results that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. Instrumental inspections fully confirmed her predictions. She eliminated those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of the elements. During the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a kind of pitchblende was much greater than expected. This indicated that the experimental mineral contained a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this This mineral has been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She decisively announced her discovery in her experimental report and worked hard to confirm it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband Pierre Curie also realized the importance of his wife's discovery and stopped his own research on crystals to study this new element with her. After several months of hard work, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore. Its radioactive intensity far exceeded that of uranium. This was polonium, which was later listed at No. 84 on the periodic table of elements.
A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately enjoy the joy of success. When they got a little bit of the new element's compound, they found that their original estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the amount of radium in the ore is less than one part per million. Just because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace amounts of radium salts exhibit hundreds of times more radioactivity than uranium.
The road to science is never smooth. The discovery of polonium and radium, and the properties of these new radioactive elements, shook up some of the fundamental theories and fundamental concepts that had been held for centuries. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are indivisible and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, it is impossible to explain the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium. Therefore, whether they are physicists or chemists, although they are all interested in Marie Curie's research work, they still have questions in their hearts. Chemists, in particular, are more rigorous.
In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and to further study the various properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and pure radium salts from asphalt ore.
All unknown worlds are mysterious. When research efforts to isolate new elements began, they did not know any of their chemical properties. The only clue to finding the new element is that it is highly radioactive. They created a new chemical analysis method based on this. But they had no money, no real laboratories, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. For the sake of work efficiency, they conducted research separately. Mr. Curie experimented to determine the properties of radium; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salts.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any secret of nature will be revealed by those who tenaciously attack it. At the end of 1902, Marie Curie refined one-tenth of a gram of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is an extremely difficult-to-obtain natural radioactive substance. It is in the form of shiny, white crystals like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral lines of any known element. Although radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by humans, it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, many new properties of radiation can be further identified. to enable further practical application of many elements. Medical research has found that radium rays have very different effects on various cells and tissues. Those cells that reproduce quickly are quickly destroyed by radium irradiation. This discovery made radium a powerful tool in the treatment of cancer. Cancerous tumors are composed of cells that reproduce abnormally rapidly, and laser rays can damage them far more than the surrounding healthy tissue. This new treatment method was quickly developed in countries around the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics and was of great significance in promoting the development of scientific theories and their practical applications.
3. A mind like gold
Due to the amazing discovery of the Curies, they and Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in December 1903. The couple's scientific achievements are world-famous, but they extremely despise fame and fortune, and are most tired of boring social activities. They devoted everything to the cause of science without seeking any personal gain. After successfully refining radium, some people advised them to apply for patent rights from the government and monopolize the manufacturing of radium to make a fortune. Marie Curie said: "That goes against the spirit of science. Scientists' research results should be published publicly and should not be subject to any restrictions if others want to develop them." "Besides, radium is good for patients, and we should not use it to make profits." The Curies also gave away a large number of their Nobel Prizes to others.
In 1906, Mr. Curie unfortunately passed away in a car accident. Mrs. Curie suffered tremendous pain. She was determined to redouble her efforts to fulfill their common scientific ambitions. The University of Paris decided to let Madame Curie take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Marie Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous University of Paris. When her couple isolated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. Between 1889 and 1904 alone, they published 32 academic reports, recording their exploration of radiological science. In 1910, Marie Curie completed another book, "Monograph on Radioactivity". She also collaborated with others to successfully prepare radium metal. In 1911, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A female scientist won the world's highest science award twice in two different scientific fields in less than 10 years. This is a unique thing in the history of world science!
In 1914, the Institute of Radium Science was established in Paris, and Marie Curie served as the institute's research director. She continued to teach at the university and was engaged in research on radioactive elements. She was generous in spreading scientific knowledge to everyone who wanted to learn. She has been studying and working for 50 years since she was 16 years old. But she still didn't change her strict lifestyle. She has had a high degree of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, she was willing to work as a servant in other people's homes in order to support her sister's education. While studying in Paris, in order to save lamp oil and heating expenses, she studied in the library every night and did not leave until the library closed.
The pitchblende required to extract pure radium was very expensive at the time. They saved bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons. After Mr. Curie passed away, Madame Curie bought thousands of tons. The radium, which was extracted with great pains and worth more than 1 million gold francs, was donated free of charge to laboratories researching and treating cancer.
In 1932, the 65-year-old Marie Curie returned to her motherland to attend the opening ceremony of the "Warsaw Radium Institute". Marie Curie has been away from her motherland since her youth and went to France to study. But she never forgot her homeland. When she was a child, her native Poland was invaded by Tsarist Russia, and she hated the invaders very much. When the couple isolated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the root word for polonium is the same as the name of Poland. She used this to express her deep memory for her motherland, which was enslaved by Tsarist Russia.
On July 14, 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science throughout her life, and fearlessly studied highly radioactive substances for a long time, until she finally dedicated her life to this science. During her life, she won 10 prestigious prizes including the Nobel Prize, 16 medals from high-level international academic institutions, and more than 100 titles awarded by governments and scientific research institutions around the world. But she was as modest and cautious as ever. The great scientist Einstein commented: "Among all the famous people I know, Marie Curie is the only one who is not overwhelmed by fame."
Albert Einstein (1879 3 April 14 - April 18, 1955), a world-famous German-American scientist, the founder and founder of modern physics.
Einstein
Einstein graduated from the Technical University of Zurich in 1900. He began teaching at the university in 1909. In 1914, he became the director of the Wilhelm Royal Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. Later, he immigrated to the United States due to the outbreak of World War II and became a U.S. citizen in 1940.
The late nineteenth century was a period of change in physics. Starting from experimental facts, Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics and made fundamental breakthroughs in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics, the theory of stellar atmospheres, was built on the basis of quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, solving the long-standing problem of stellar energy sources. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become one of the most basic theoretical tools to explain such phenomena. His general theory of relativity also solved a long-standing mystery in astronomy and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified. It also became the theoretical basis for many later astronomical concepts.
Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmological theory. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and boundless self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmological principles and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy
Chen Jingrun< /p>
From 1953 to 1954, he taught at Beijing No. 4 Middle School. Because of his unclear speech, he was refused to give lectures at the podium and could only correct homework. Later, he was "suspended and returned to his hometown to recuperate" and was transferred back to Xiamen University as a data clerk. At the same time, he studied number theory and also studied the close relationship between combinatorial mathematics and modern economic management, scientific experiments, cutting-edge technology, and human life.
In 1956, he was transferred to the Institute of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In 1980, he was elected as a member of the Department of Physics and Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (currently an academician)
His achievements in studying Goldbach’s conjecture and other number theory problems are still far ahead in the world and are regarded as Known as the first person to conjecture Goldbach.
World-class mathematics master and American scholar André Weil once praised him: "Every work of Chen Jingrun is like walking on the top of the Himalayas."
He has successively served as a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a member of the academic committee of the institute, and a professor at Guiyang University for Nationalities, Henan University, Qingdao University, Huazhong Institute of Technology, Fujian Normal University and other schools.
Member of the Mathematics Subject Group of the National Science and Technology Commission, editor-in-chief of "Mathematics Quarterly" and other positions.
He has published more than 70 research papers, and has works such as "Interesting Talk on Mathematics" and "Combinatorics".
This was once a miracle that shocked the world: a mathematician living in a 6-square-meter cabin borrowed a dim kerosene lamp, leaned on the bed board, and used a pen to consume several Using a sack of draft paper, he conquered the "1+2" ??in the world-famous mathematical problem "Goldbach's conjecture" and created the brilliance of being just one step away from picking up the crown jewel of number theory, "1+1".
The person who created this miracle is Chen Jingrun, a famous Chinese mathematician.
Chen Jingrun was born on May 22, 1933 in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province. He was a thin, introverted child since he was a child, but he fell in love with mathematics alone. Calculation of mathematical problems took up most of his time, and boring algebraic equations filled him with a sense of happiness. In 1953, Chen Jingrun graduated from the Department of Mathematics of Xiamen University. Because of his outstanding research on a series of problems in number theory, he received Hua Luogeng's attention and was transferred to the Institute of Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In the 1950s, Chen Jingrun made important improvements to the previous results of the Gaussian circle grid point problem, the sphere grid point problem, the Tali problem and the Waring problem. After the 1960s, he conducted extensive and in-depth research on sieving methods and related important issues.
"Goldbach's Conjecture", a world-class mathematical problem that has been unsolved for more than 200 years, has attracted the attention of thousands of mathematicians from all over the world, but the people who can really challenge this problem are... rare. When Chen Jingrun was in high school, he heard his teacher speak very philosophically: the queen of natural sciences is mathematics, the crown of mathematics is number theory, and the "Goldbach Conjecture" is the crown jewel. This crucial word of enlightenment became his lifelong and unswerving goal.
In order to prove the "Goldbach Conjecture" and win this world-famous mathematical pearl, Chen Jingrun trudged arduously in the field of mathematics with amazing perseverance. Hard work has yielded fruitful results. In 1973, Chen Jingrun finally found a concise way to prove the "Goldbach Conjecture". When his results were published, they immediately caused a sensation in the world. Among them, "1+2" ??is named "Chen's Theorem" and is also known as the "glorious pinnacle" of the sieve method. Hua Luogeng and other older generation mathematicians spoke highly of Chen Jingrun's paper. Mathematicians from all over the world have also published articles praising Chen Jingrun's research results as "the best result in the current world's research on the 'Goldbach Conjecture'."
Chen Jingrun's achievements in studying "Goldbach's conjecture" and other number theory problems are still far ahead in the world. A. Weil, a world-class mathematics master and American scholar, once praised him: "Every work of Chen Jingrun is like walking on the top of the Himalayas." In 1978 and 1982, Chen Jingrun was twice honored by international mathematicians. The highest level invitation for a 45-minute report at the conference.
In addition, Chen Jingrun also conducted in-depth research and discussion on the close relationship between combinatorial mathematics and modern economic management, cutting-edge technology and human beings. He has published more than 70 scientific papers in domestic and foreign newspapers and periodicals, and has works such as "Interesting Talk on Mathematics" and "Combinatorics". He has won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award, the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Award, the Hua Luogeng Mathematics Award, etc. reward.
Chen Jingrun enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad, but he is by no means complacent. He said: “On the road to science, I have only climbed a small hill. The real peak has not been climbed yet. We must continue to work hard."
On March 19, 1996, after suffering from Parkinson's syndrome for more than 10 years, due to the complications of sudden pneumonia, Chen Jingrun finally died of respiratory and circulatory failure. 63 years old.