1874, the manned plane developed by French naval officer Francois Croix was operated by a young sailor in Brest, and took off from the hillside as a run-up and made the earliest short-distance "jumping flight" (that is, it could not fly continuously from the ground due to insufficient lift, so it was not considered a successful flight). This kind of plane is driven by a steam engine and has only one wing. It is designed with a horizontal tail and a rudder.
1876, the model plane of Russian "father of aircraft" Alexander Fedorovici Mozhaiski carried his sword and performed a stable flight show in public. 188 1 year, Mozhaiski obtained the Russian patent for "airplane" design. 1in the summer of 882, the plane invented by Mozhaiski was piloted by Golubev. On the training ground outside Petersburg, it slid down the guide rail set on the slope and made another famous flight attempt. But it only jumped a few times and did not continue to fly off the ground freely. Therefore, apart from the former Soviet Union, it is not a successful manned power flight. With a wingspan of 12.2m and a total weight of 943kg, it has two British steam engines of 2 1. 1 kW.
1875, an Englishman Thomas Moi's tandem wing (front and rear wings) plane with a weight of 54.5 kg, driven by a steam engine, flew 0. 152 meters above the ground on a circular slide rail. This kind of plane is called "air steamboat". 1877, Roche put forward the famous theory of stability analysis of power system, which laid the earliest theoretical foundation for aircraft stability research.
Starting from 1886, Adail, a French telephone engineer, has successively developed four different bat-shaped aircraft, of which the first one, Avion-1, has a wingspan of 6 meters and is equipped with two steam engines of 14.7 kW. Unfortunately, it hit an obstacle in the test flight, causing engine damage. 1889, Avion -4 only jumped off the ground several times during the test flight. It was not until 1890 and 10 on June 9th that he piloted a steam-powered monoplane named "Ioli", which successfully took off on the flat ground in Lin Yuan, Villier, arman for the first time, and "leaped" a certain distance (50m) by relying on his own power level. Because it still does not belong to horizontal continuous flight, it missed the honor of inventing the first human plane. But Adail is still a famous pioneer in aviation history.
189 1 year, American aviation pioneer Professor Langley published an aerodynamic test in Washington. After continuously flying more than 80 airplane models, he finally flew the first tandem wing airplane driven by a 0.735 kW steam engine on May 6, 1996 at/kloc-0. Propeller diameter 1.2m, rotating speed 1200m, wingspan 4.3m .. After ejection, it can fly1600m. 1898, he got a subsidy of 50,000 dollars from the government, so he devoted himself to the development of manned aircraft. 189 1 year, Lilienthal, a pioneer of German aviation, published the article "The Flight of Birds-the Basis of Aviation" and officially began to study gliding flight. He usually flies for half a minute at a time and glides 200 ~ 300 meters. 1894, he jumped off the hillside with an improved glider and glided 350 meters away, which was a great success. 1August 9, 896, Lilienthal was injured in the test flight and died the next day. In six years, he insisted on gliding experiments for more than 2000 times, using gliders 18 successively, including monoplane 12. Lilienthal is an influential figure in the history of human early exploration of flight, and has accumulated valuable experience for future generations to invent airplanes.
1892, Russian aviation scholar zhukovsky published a paper on bird flight, analyzed the theoretical parabola of bird and plane flight, and predicted the possibility of somersault flight in the air.
1893, Philip, an Englishman, made a unique "louver" plane composed of 50 curved plates, which was called "Venetian Louvre". The aircraft has a wingspan of 5.7m, a chord length of only 0.038m, and a total weight of 1 50kg, 4. 1 kw engine1set. When sandbags are used instead of human body for flight test, the flying distance reaches 4.5 ~ 75 meters and the flying height is 0.3~ 1 meter, but it is still an immature "jumping flight". In order to choose airfoils for aircraft, Philip found nine airfoil schemes with convex top and concave bottom in the wind tunnel. He is an advocate of curved airfoil theory.
1893, Hargreaves, an Australian, established the 17 kite weather station for the US Meteorological Administration, and used the box kite he invented until 1933. This structure was later widely used in the wing design of biplane.
On July 3 1894 and 3 1, Ma Kexin, an American and inventor of machine guns, developed a four-seater large plane, which taxied "by lift limitation" (unmanned driving) on a 600-meter-long railway track, and the measured lift was 5,000 kg. The wingspan is 3 1.7m, the wing area is 5 1 1m 2, the length is 44m, and the total height is 10m. Two 132 kw steam engines are used, with a net weight of 2,268kg and a total weight of 3,629kg, and a multi-line layout is adopted. Because the test flight only takes off from the ground and overturns the guide rail, it has not reached the level of manned flight.
1896 in may, Langley, USA, successfully flew the fifth and sixth power models after five years of tests. Both models flew 20 meters high and flew three times, with a distance of more than 760 meters. 1 65438+1October 28th, in another test flight, the flight time was1min 45 seconds and the distance was1800m. This is the first time that an aircraft heavier than air (unmanned) uses its own power for sustained and stable flight.
From 65438 to 0896, Chanute, an American civil engineer and glider enthusiast, began to test his glider. In the second year, its maximum flight distance can reach 120 meters. The configuration of his glider is the most advanced among the early gliders. Chanute published The Development of Aircraft in 1894, which is the first aviation history book in history.
From 1896 to 1897, American Chanette designed and tested the glider himself, and the number of test flights reached 1000. 1898, his assistant He Lin installed a compressed air engine and changed it into a biplane, but it didn't fly successfully.
1897, Russian aviation pioneer tsiolkovsky built Russia's first wind tunnel. 1902, St. Petersburg University in Russia built the first official wind tunnel in Russia. 1897, American Patterson designed a hovercraft with side panels, which is considered as the father of modern side-wall hovercraft. 18971June14th, French aviation pioneer Adail made several "jumps from the ground" within 300 meters and made intermittent flights while taxiing at the racecourse outside Paris. Because his plane was never successfully developed, the military withdrew its funding for him.
190 1 year, the Wright brothers in the United States made a wind tunnel to realize the blowing experiment with the exhaust of a two-cylinder gas engine. The experimental section of the model has a cross section of 103 square centimeter and a length of 2.4 meters, which provides an effective aerodynamic experimental means for the Wright brothers to develop and invent aircraft later.
190 1 year, China's earliest article, Kao Ji, was compiled into Economic Works of Imperial Dynasty. This is the first article written by China people to study aviation and airplanes.
190 1 14 One morning in August, whitehead, a Brazilian living in the United States, made a successful test flight at Bridgeport Beach in the United States after years of hard work. It is said that the flying distance is 800 meters and the altitude is 16 meters. The aircraft is butterfly-shaped, with a wingspan of10.7m and a length of 4.9m. It has a two-seat closed fuselage and is powered by two acetylene generators of15.7kW. Although Vaiskopf was two years earlier than the Wright brothers' first flight, it was not recognized by the world because of lack of witness.
190 1 10/0 On October 7th, the first full-scale manned aircraft "Air Voyager" developed by American aviation pioneer Langley, powered by gasoline internal combustion engine, began its test flight, but by June 8th, 12, his plane had still not flown into the sky.
190265438+1October 17 According to whitehead, a Brazilian living in the United States, his "Type 22" plane taxied 20 meters in Long Beach Bay, USA, and landed on the sea after taking off 3000 meters. The last test flight actually flew 1 1200m and rose 135m. However, this record has not been confirmed or recognized internationally. It has become a controversial historical research topic for future generations.
1903, aviation science fiction began to appear in China, such as "Airship" by Quanming Society and "Journey to the Moon" by Lu Xun published by Quanming Society. The exploration of flying in the western world has attracted people's attention in China.
1903 On March 23rd, the Wright brothers in America applied to the government for an airplane design patent, which was based on their third glider. Soon, the first American aircraft factory they established was registered in Dayton, Ohio.
190365438+February 17 am 10: 35, wilbur wright, a German-American and bicycle manufacturer, and Orville Wright brothers made a flying plane on a hillside named "Cutting the Magic Mountain" in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, using the traction formed by the falling of heavy objects. Humans have planes since then. The first pilot at that time was Orville Wright. He flew 36.58 meters in 12 second. There were six witnesses at that time, and he took photos to testify. * * * flew four times that day, and the best flight results were: endurance of 59 seconds, flying distance of 260 meters, flying height of 3.8 meters and speed of 48 kilometers per hour. The plane adopts a double-wing duck pneumatic layout, and an 8820-watt internal combustion engine drives two air propellers through two bicycle chains. The pilot leaned over the lower wing to control the plane. The aircraft has a wingspan of 12.29 m and a weight of 274 kg. The Wright brothers and their trapeze plane went down in history. Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company. This is a great success in the history of aircraft development. Early airplanes used a single engine, which often stopped suddenly during flight. This is always a threat to flight safety.