1, distribution system
(1) Production determines distribution, and the form of ownership of the means of production determines distribution.
(2) In the primary stage of socialism, the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together will inevitably lead to the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting.
2. Distribution according to work
(1) Status quo: Distribution according to work is the basic principle of individual consumer goods distribution in socialist public ownership economy. Distribution according to work is dominant in all kinds of distribution modes.
(2) The basic contents and requirements of distribution according to work:
Its basic content and requirements are: in the public ownership economy, after all necessary deductions are made for the total social products, personal consumer goods are distributed according to the labor provided by workers for the society (including the quantity and quality of labor), and more work is more, and less work is less.
note:
The premise of distribution according to work is in the public ownership economy.
② Distribution according to work must be within the scope of public ownership, but distribution based on public ownership is not necessarily distribution according to work. Welfare distribution plays a role in ensuring the lives of workers in the public sector of the economy, and all kinds of income obtained from social security belong to non-distribution according to work.
(3) Necessity:
The implementation of distribution according to work is determined by the actual economic conditions in China.
① Public ownership of means of production is the premise of implementing distribution according to work;
② The development level of productive forces under the socialist system is the material basis for implementing distribution according to work;
The nature and characteristics of labor under the socialist system are the direct reasons for the implementation of distribution according to work.
Note: the nature of labor-labor is still a means for people to make a living;
The characteristics of labor-there are obvious differences in the labor ability of laborers in China.
(4) Significance:
(1) is conducive to fully mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of workers and promoting the development of social production.
(2) It embodies the social status of workers and the equality of labor and distribution.
Typical example
The following understanding of distribution according to work is correct.
Distribution according to work is the basic principle of individual consumer goods distribution in market economy.
B Distribution according to work is measured by "the amount of labor provided by laborers for society"
C distribution according to work can "completely avoid income distribution differences"
D. Distribution according to work embodies the social status of equal distribution of workers.
Answer and analysis
Analysis: a mistake, distribution according to work is suitable for public ownership economy but not for market economy. B error, the scale includes quantity and quality, not just quantity. Error, allowing income gap, but not too big. Answer: d
3. Various modes of distribution coexist in China.
(1) Distribution according to individual labor achievements of workers.
Meaning: Self-employed workers own the means of production and independently engage in production and business activities. After deducting costs and taxes, the fruits of their labor directly belong to the workers, thus constituting their personal income.
② Features: Being a laborer, an operator and an investor. They not only have to work and plan development, but also take business risks. The legitimate income of individual workers is protected by the state.
Note: The scope of distribution according to individual labor results is individual economy.
(2) Distribution according to production factors.
Meaning: the owner of production factors participates in income distribution by virtue of his ownership of production factors.
② Specific forms: mainly labor, capital, technology, management, etc.
(3) the significance of perfecting the distribution system of production factors according to their contributions;
1) Establishing the principle of distribution according to factors of production is a confirmation of the rationality and legitimacy of ownership of various factors of production under the condition of market economy, and reflects the state's respect for civil rights, labor, knowledge, talents and creation.
2) It is conducive to the competitive generation of all labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital, and to the full inflow of all sources of social wealth for the benefit of the people.
Note: Labor income is not necessarily income distributed according to work. Exodus: The income of individual laborers should be distributed according to the fruits of their labor. For example, in private enterprises and foreign enterprises, the wage income obtained by workers belongs to distribution according to labor factors.
Typical example
Example 1 Li is an engineer in a state-owned enterprise. Last year, the salary was 36,000 yuan, the bonus was 8,000 yuan, and the personal patent transfer income was 5,000 yuan. The wife runs a self-employed grocery store with an annual income of 15000 yuan; There is a house for rent at home, with an annual income of 6000. Last year, Li's income distribution according to work and income distribution according to production factors were
A.44,000 yuan 26,000 yuan B.36000 yuan19,000 yuan
C.49000 yuan 2 1000 yuan 44,000 yuan 1 1000 yuan.
Answer and analysis
Analysis: This question examines the understanding and application of the personal income distribution system. Li works as an engineer in a state-owned enterprise, and his salary and bonus belong to the distribution of income according to work, * * * 44,000 yuan; Individual patent transfer belongs to distribution according to technical factors in production factors, and house rental belongs to distribution according to land factors in production factors, *** 1 1000 yuan; As an individual boss, the wife's income belongs to the distribution according to the individual labor results; Therefore, item D is correct. Answer: d
Example 2 is "expanding domestic demand and ensuring growth". the State Council agreed to issue 200 billion yuan of local debt, which will be issued by the Ministry of Finance and included in the provincial budget management. Interest income of residents buying local government bonds belongs to ()
A. Debt income B. Dividend income C. Labor income D. Capital income
Answer and analysis
Analysis: buying bonds belongs to personal investment, so the income obtained belongs to the capital distribution of production factors, so the answer to this question is D. Debt income refers to the income obtained by credit means in the name of the government. It usually includes domestic debt income and foreign debt income. Domestic debt income refers to the income obtained by the state through borrowing or issuing various government bonds at home. This topic points to the personal income of residents, so A is excluded. Dividend income refers to the income obtained by buying stocks, excluding B. Labor income refers to the income obtained by paying labor. This topic is to gain income through capital expenditure, so C is excluded. Answer: d
The second point: income distribution and social equity.
1, social equity
(1) Meaning: The fairness of income distribution is mainly manifested in the relatively equal of income distribution, that is, the income gap between members of society should not be too large, and people's basic living needs should be guaranteed.
(2) Significance: Fair income distribution is the embodiment of socialist distribution principle, which helps to coordinate economic interests between people and realize economic development and social harmony.
(3) Measures:
Adhering to and perfecting the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting provides an important institutional guarantee for China to realize social equity and form a reasonable and orderly income distribution pattern.
It is an important measure to realize social equity to ensure that residents' income accounts for a reasonable proportion in the national income distribution and labor remuneration accounts for a reasonable proportion in the initial distribution. Specific performance: increase the income of low-income people, gradually raise the minimum wage standard, and establish a normal wage growth mechanism and payment guarantee mechanism for enterprise employees.
③ Paying more attention to fairness in redistribution is another important measure to realize social fairness. Specific performance: strengthen the government's regulation of income distribution, protect legitimate income, regulate excessive income and ban illegal income. By strengthening tax regulation, rectifying the distribution order, controlling the income gap within a certain range, preventing serious polarization and realizing fair distribution.
Typical example
Example 1 Paying more attention to fairness in redistribution is an important measure to achieve social equity. The following measures that reflect "redistribution pays more attention to fairness" are ()
A. raise the minimum wage standard for enterprise employees. B. adjust the bank deposit and loan interest rates.
C. Improve the minimum living standard for urban residents D. Establish a normal wage growth mechanism for enterprise employees.
Answer and analysis
Analysis: AD is beneficial to social equity, but it belongs to the category of primary distribution. The adjustment of deposit and loan interest rates is mainly to promote stable economic growth and stabilize prices, not to promote social equity, so B is not chosen. Answer: c
The following practices are conducive to narrowing the income gap and promoting social equity.
① Intensify poverty alleviation, development and relief.
② Personal income is taxed at a progressive rate.
③ Play the role of spontaneous regulation of the market.
④ Reduce the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution.
A.①② B.①③
C.②④ D.③④
Answer and analysis
Analysis: Social equity is to improve the income of low-and middle-income people and prevent the income gap from being too large. Progressive tax rate helps to narrow the income gap and promote fairness. ① ② It is conducive to the realization of social equity. A reasonable income distribution system is the embodiment of social equity, and reducing labor remuneration will lead to the lack of social equity. (4) If the practice is incorrect, don't choose. (3) Market regulation has its own defects. Simple market regulation will lead to the widening income gap and the lack of social equity. If necessary, the state needs to strengthen macro-control. A: A.
2. Improve efficiency and promote fairness.
(1) Meaning: Efficiency refers to the ratio of output to input in economic activities, indicating the degree of effective utilization of resources.
(2) Significance: the improvement of efficiency. It means saving resources and increasing social wealth.
(3) The relationship between efficiency and fairness: Under the condition of socialist market economy, the two are both opposite and unified. Efficiency and fairness are consistent. On the one hand, efficiency is the material premise of fairness. On the other hand, fairness is the guarantee to improve economic efficiency. Efficiency and fairness emphasize different aspects respectively, and there are contradictions between them.
For example, efficiency and fairness are contradictory: efficiency means making the cake bigger. Fairness means dividing the cake well. There is consistency between the two: making a big cake is the basis of dividing the cake. Therefore, efficiency is the material premise of fairness. Whether the division of "cake" is reasonable will affect people's enthusiasm for making "cake", so fairness is the guarantee to improve economic efficiency.
(4) Measures:
① To develop the socialist market economy, we should properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness in primary distribution and redistribution, so as to improve efficiency and promote fairness.
(2) To deal with the relationship between efficiency and fairness, we should not only oppose egalitarianism, but also prevent the income gap from being too large; It is necessary to implement the distribution policy and advocate dedication; While encouraging people to start businesses and get rich, they advocate giving back to society and helping the rich first.
Typical example
Adam Smith pointed out in "On Moral Sentiments": "If the fruits of a society's economic development cannot be truly distributed to the public, then it is morally unpopular and risky, because it is bound to threaten social stability." This argument shows that ()
① Economic development should give consideration to efficiency and fairness; ② Fairness is the guarantee to improve efficiency.
③ Realizing the average distribution of social members ④ Efficiency is the material premise of fairness.
A.①② B.①④ C.②④ D.②③
Answer and analysis
Analysis: Adam Smith emphasized the importance of paying attention to social equity in the process of personal income distribution. 3 wrong statement. 4 Not reflected. So the answer is a. Answer: a