The standard is foreign words, and English is the standard. Stand stands for Italy and ard stands for place. Together, it means cornerstone, pedestal, flag and flagpole.
The definition of standards in GB/T20000. 1-2002 "Guidelines for Standardization Part 1: Common Vocabulary of Standardization and Related Activities" is a normative document that is agreed upon and approved by recognized institutions, and used together and repeatedly.
From the above definition, we can understand several characteristics of the standard:
The basic attribute of 1. standard is unified laws and regulations and normative documents.
2. Standard objects are repetitive things and concepts.
3. Standards are products within a certain range.
4. The purpose of setting standards is to seek the "best order"
5. Standards are comprehensive achievements based on science, technology and practical experience.
6. Standards shall be determined by the parties concerned through consultation.
7. Standards shall be approved and issued by relevant institutions.
8. Standards should be "observed by all" and should serve as the criterion and basis for "observed by all".
So what is standardization?
What is "transformation"? According to the interpretation of Ci Hai, "transformation" means changing into a certain nature or state. Therefore, in layman's terms, standardization is to make standards bigger and wider, so that things (things) become the essence or state of standards, that is, to standardize all kinds of things (things) with standards and make them meet the requirements of standards.
Standardization is the activity of formulating standards, popularizing standards and standardizing objects with standards.
GB/T20000. 1-2002 Guidelines for Standardization Part 1: Standardization and related activities The definitions of common terms are as follows:
Standardization-the activity of formulating the same use and reuse terms for real or potential problems in order to obtain the best order within a certain range.
Standardization is an activity.
Standards are documents, objects or a set of methodologies, while standardization is processes, activities and things, and their basic attributes are different. But the two are interdependent. Standardization is the process of formulating and popularizing standards, and standards are the product and carrier of standardization. Without standards, there is no standardization, and without standardized standards, there is death.
2. Standardization is aimed at real or potential problems.
Practical problems are problems that have occurred at present, and comprehensive standardization method is adopted to formulate standards for these problems; The potential problem is that these problems may occur but have not happened at present, and advanced standardization methods are adopted to formulate standards for these problems.
3. The essence of standardization is a dynamic process of obtaining order and "optimal order".
The development of things always follows the process of continuous circulation, continuous development and spiral rise from simple to complex. Standards and standardization develop with the development of vitality. With the development of productive forces, people produce more and more kinds of products, and the scale is getting bigger and bigger. In order to maintain an orderly dynamic process, standardization is constantly changing with the development of things. Therefore, the standard is time-sensitive and has no final result. With the passage of time and the development of things, it will inevitably become invalid automatically. Standardization can't be done once and for all. It should keep pace with the times and the process of standardization should be constantly promoted.
Second, the role and significance of standardization in economic and social life
1, standardization is the need to adapt to socialized mass production, establish the best order and improve production efficiency.
Standardization has existed since ancient times. According to expert research, standardization in China has a history of at least 3000 years.
Confucianism advocates the culture of rites and music, emphasizes the order of all things in the world, and embodies the consciousness of norms. Mencius said that "Fiona Fang cannot be made without rules", which is a classic expression of ancient standardization and extends the concept of standardization to the field of social ethics. Historical Records recorded Dayu's "left is right" in water control, which reflected the consistency of standards and norms.
Unified measurement, Qin Shihuang, realized "cars on the same track, books on the same track, and laws on the same line", which is an example of governing the country by standardized means in history.
In the history of China, standardization has been widely used in the fields of production and technology. "Flower King Gongji" records the specifications and production techniques of various official handicrafts in the Warring States period, and is a set of standard texts in a broad sense. The Construction Law of Song Dynasty regulated the technical requirements of buildings in detail, which played an important role in ensuring the quality and safety of buildings.
However, large-scale systematic standardization in the world developed under the wave of western industrial revolution. The industrial revolution greatly liberated the productive forces and led to the situation of socialized mass production in Europe. Human production and social activities have experienced explosive expansion in depth and breadth. The production scale is huge, the product specifications, varieties and batches are numerous, the management is complex and heavy, and the continuous innovation of science and technology makes it extremely necessary to establish the best order through standardization.
2. Standardization is the basis for enterprises to strengthen management and improve product quality and overall quality of enterprises.
What is qualified product quality? According to the definition of ISO, qualified product quality means that the product meets the requirements of the standard, that is, meets the requirements of the standard. Because products are produced according to standards, the quality of enterprise products depends on the standard level first. To improve the product quality level of enterprises, we must first formulate standards. Raise the standard.
Standards cover all aspects of enterprise production and management. To strengthen enterprise management, every link is inseparable from standards. To manage the enterprise well, we must implement the standardized management system of the enterprise. Therefore, standardization is one of the most important basic work for enterprises. The level of standardization work determines the overall quality and core competitiveness of enterprises to a certain extent.
3. Standardization is a platform for transforming science and technology into productivity.
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Science and technology, especially invention and creation, should be transformed into products and real productive forces, and its main bridge and means is to use standards. Standards are the platform for transforming science and technology into productivity.
Under the condition of information economy, social production capacity is generally surplus, new inventions and creations emerge one after another, new knowledge and new technology change with each passing day, and knowledge is worthless because of its rapid spread. In this context, the most promising industry is the incubator economy. The so-called incubator economy is to incubate knowledge into technology and technology into industry. One of the important means of incubation is to formulate standards. Seized the commanding heights of the market by setting standards. The competition of standards is, in the final analysis, the competition of future products, future markets and even national economic interests.
Standards usually include patents. Standards are becoming the highest embodiment of pursuing patented technology and intellectual property rights. 198 1- 1995, the economic benefits brought by German standardization activities account for 1% of the gross national product, and the annual growth rate of German economy is about 3.3%, of which the contribution rate of technical standards is about 1/3. According to the investigation of relevant Japanese institutions, if a new domestic technical product standard can be transformed into an international standard, or the domestic technical conditions can be reflected in the international standard by proposing to modify the international standard, it will generally bring economic benefits of 30 billion yen. Therefore, there is a saying that "first-class enterprises sell standards, second-rate enterprises sell products, and third-rate enterprises sell services".
4. Standardization is the premise of realizing specialized production and economies of scale.
Under the circumstances of economic globalization and fierce market competition, the competitiveness of enterprises should be based on professional division of labor and economies of scale. To reach the scale of production and operation, a product often needs hundreds of supply chains to play a role. This requires convergence, coordination and unification of standards, making full use of standardization optimization and systematization, generalization and combination to reduce product types and parts types, expand mass production, popularize the application of new technologies, new processes and new materials, and improve the technical level.
5. Standardization is the only way for enterprises to reduce consumption and pollution and take the road of new industrialization.
At present, China's industrial economy has reached a considerable scale, but on the whole it is taking the road of high input, high consumption, high pollution and low output. In order to change this situation, the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to take a new road to industrialization. The so-called new industrialization road includes five requirements: first, high technology content; Second, the economic benefits are good; Third, low resource consumption; Fourth, less environmental pollution; Fifth, give play to the advantages of human resources. To achieve these goals, the main means is to formulate and implement standards. For example, it is necessary to formulate and implement raw materials and energy consumption standards, reasonably determine consumption quotas, promote enterprises to adopt new technologies and new processes, reduce waste and save resources. Another example is to better protect the environment by formulating and implementing pollution discharge standards and eliminating backward technologies and processes.
6. Standardization is an important measure to ensure production safety and maintain occupational health.
Carrying out the people-oriented policy and paying attention to the safety and occupational health of employees is a work that enterprises and the whole society pay more and more attention to.
7. Standardization is an important means to build technical barriers to trade and break them.
Under the background of globalization, all countries and regions in the world are actively building technical barriers to trade to protect their own economies and regional economies. According to relevant data, at present, about 48% of world trade is hindered by non-tariff barriers, while technical barriers to trade account for more than 25% of non-tariff barriers, and they are increasing year by year, and may even become the only tool for future trade protection. There are three means of technical barriers to trade, the first is technical regulations, the second is standards, and the third is conformity assessment procedures. Technical regulations refer to product features or related processes and production methods that are required to be enforced, including applicable management regulations and documents. Conformity assessment procedures, that is, procedures directly or indirectly used to determine whether the corresponding requirements of technical regulations or standards are met, mainly refer to inspection and quarantine system, certification, accreditation and registration. These are also related to standards, which should be used to evaluate, or the implementation of standards. So I think the core of technical barriers to trade is standards.
Third, the basic principles and methods of standardization
1, the basic principle of standardization
Principles of simplification, unification, coordination and optimization.
2. Standardized methods
There are mainly comprehensive standardization and advanced standardization.
Comprehensive standardization is the basic form of modern standardization. It requires a comprehensive, holistic and systematic standardization of different standardization objects. For example, product standardization requires a comprehensive and systematic solution to the problem of improving product quality. The whole process of product production includes design and development, raw material procurement, semi-finished product preparation, inspection, packaging, storage and transportation, sales and service. It should be put forward in a "one-stop" way, that is, standardization should be regarded as a systematic project.
Advanced standardization is an advanced method and special form of modern standardization, also known as avant-garde standardization. Is to set standards before standardized objects occur. Its method is to stipulate future requirements and indicators according to the development law and trend of scientific prediction and standardization objects. The biggest advantage of advanced standardization is that standards come first, which promotes and guides the development of standardized objects, constantly improves their production technical level and quality standards, and avoids waste caused by lagging standards.
Zhang Xiru from Standardized ABC
To sum up, my understanding is that standards can be a set of methodology, a series of tools and an institutional requirement. However, many technical methods and management requirements germinate from our minds. In order to influence more people to accept or implement them, we need to form a visual standard, then expand the requirements of the standard with standardization, and constantly implement the SDCA cycle to promote the development of the organization to high efficiency and scale. The 6δ management method once popularized in Jack Welch and the process management method popularized by many enterprises are all manifestations of standardization.