Nanjing is one of the four famous ancient capitals and historical and cultural cities in China. For thousands of years, the surging Yangtze River not only gave birth to the civilization of the Yangtze River, but also gave birth to the city of Nanjing in the south of the Yangtze River. Nanjing is surrounded by rivers, mountains and rivers, Zhongshan with dragons and tigers standing on it, beautiful mountains and rivers, and numerous historical sites. As early as the 1930s, the famous writer Zhu Ziqing wrote this comment in his article "Nanjing" after traveling to Nanjing: "Visiting Nanjing is like visiting an antique shop. There are traces of the erosion of the times everywhere. You can figure it out. , you can pay homage to it and daydream leisurely..."
Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the founding father, once commented on Nanjing: Nanjing is the ancient capital of China, before Beijing. Its location is in a beautiful area. Its land has high mountains, deep waters, and plains. It is difficult to find such a beautiful scene with these three kinds of heavenly works in one place in the world's big cities. Historically, Nanjing has both benefited and suffered from its unique geographical location and extraordinary Feng Shui environment. It has suffered from wars and disasters many times in the past, but it has also repeatedly regained prosperity from the rubble and smoke. And when the Central Plains was occupied by foreigners and the Han nation was about to suffer annihilation, the Han nation would usually choose Nanjing to recuperate, determined to make the Northern Expedition and restore China. The second Northern Expedition of the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China was successful; the three Northern Expeditions of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiao Liang, and Liu Song failed to succeed. When the Southern Song Dynasty was first established, all the ministers agreed to make Jiankang the capital to show the plan of restoring the Central Plains. Unfortunately, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty had no intention of the Northern Expedition and decided to go to Hangzhou. However, due to public opinion, he still decided to make Jinling the capital. Even though the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had Nanjing as its capital, it also used the expulsion of alien rule as one of its mobilization foundations and legitimacy. Therefore, Nanjing is regarded as the place of rejuvenation of the Han people and has a special status and value in Chinese history. Therefore, after comparing the four ancient capitals of Chang'an, Luoyang, Jinling, and Yanjing, Mr. Zhu He said, "Among these four capitals, the prosperity of literature, the handsomeness of the characters, the beauty of the mountains and rivers, the grandeur of the weather, and the close relationship with the nation's adversities **, the close relationship between each other, especially Jinling."
The King of Chu and Qin
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Nanjing was located at the "head of Wu and the tail of Chu", and was established by the State of Wu. The city is here.
In 472 BC, after Yue King Gou Jian destroyed Wu, he ordered Yue Prime Minister Fan Li to build "Yue City" on the bank of the Qinhuai River.
In 306 BC, King Wei of Chu built a city on Stone Mountain and built Jinling City.
In 210 BC, Qin Shi Huang changed Jinling to Moling.
In the early Han Dynasty, Moling was successively the fiefdom of Chu King Han Xin and Wu King Liu Bi. In 128 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named his son Liu Pan the Marquis of Moling.
The ancient capital of the Six Dynasties
In 211, Sun Quan moved from Jingkou to Moling and changed its name to Jianye. In 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself Emperor Wu and returned the capital to Jianye from Wuchang.
In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu and renamed Jianye. Later, it was renamed Jiankang to avoid the taboo of Jin Min Emperor Sima Ye. In 317, Sima Rui ascended the throne as Emperor Yuan of the Jin Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was formally established and its capital was Jiankang.
In 420, Liu Yu proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Jin Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was established, and the capital was Jiankang. In 479, Xiao Daocheng proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Song Dynasty, established Qi, and established Jiankang. In 502, Xiao Yan proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Qi, Liang established the country, and the capital was Jiankang. In 557, Chen Ba succeeded Liang and proclaimed himself emperor. Chen established the country and the capital was Jiankang.
The Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were collectively called the Six Dynasties, so Nanjing was called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. Today's Nanjing Library preserves the ruins of Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of one million. The economy is developed and the culture is prosperous, and the Zhengshuo of Chinese culture has been preserved in the south of the Yangtze River.
The feelings of Jinling
In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty named Stone City Jiangzhou, and it was changed to Danyang County during the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty.
After that, the rulers of the Sui and Tang dynasties moved the Yangzhou administrative seat from Jinling to Guangling, and once abolished the Nanjing state-level organizational system. In the early Tang Dynasty, the rebel forces of Du Fuwei and Fugong Er occupied Danyang County and submitted to the Tang court. The Tang Dynasty changed Danyang to naturalization. Du Fuwei Fu Gonger rebelled and established the Song Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the state of Jiangnan was established and Shengzhou was established.
In the Five Dynasties, Yang Wu founded the country and repaired Jinling, making it the western capital. In 937, Xu Zhigao (Li Min) replaced Wu, established the Southern Tang Dynasty, made Jinling its capital, and changed Jinling Prefecture to Jiangning Prefecture.
Accompanying the capital Jiankang
In 975, the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty and made Jiangning Prefecture the prefecture.
In 1018, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty elevated Zhao Zhen to the title of king, and soon made him the crown prince, and changed the title of the prefecture to Jiangning Prefecture.
In 1127, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty came to the throne and changed Jiangning Prefecture to Jiankang Prefecture as the eastern capital. Soon the Jin soldiers moved south, and Emperor Gaozong fled south, making Shaoxing his temporary capital. In 1138, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty fled to Hangzhou again, established a business, and changed Hangzhou to Lin'an Prefecture. Jiankang Prefecture and Shaoxing Prefecture are the accompanying capitals. In 1275, Yuan soldiers went south and took Jiankang Mansion as Jiankang. In 1329, Kang was renamed Jiqing.
The Enlightened City
In 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Jiqing and changed Jiqing Road to Yingtianfu. As a base, Zhu Yuanzhang called himself Wu Guogong. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian. "The mountains and rivers are about to reach the land of China, and the sun and moon reopen the Song Dynasty." Therefore, the country was named Ming, which was Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. Take Yingtianfu as Nanjing as the capital, and Kaifeng as Beijing as the remaining capital. In 1378, Beijing was dismissed and Nanjing was made the capital. In 1403, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty promoted Peiping to Beijing, thinking he would remain the capital. At the end of 1420, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved his capital to Beijing and made Nanjing his remaining capital. In 1644, King Fu Zhu Yousong ascended the throne in Nanjing.
The situation in the Kingdom of Heaven
In 1645, the Qing army conquered Nanjing. Change the name of Nanzhili to Jiangnan Province and Yingtian Prefecture to Jiangning Prefecture. In 1649, the Qing Dynasty established the governor of Liangjiang in Jiangning. In 1853, the Taiping Army captured Jiangning and renamed it Tianjing as its capital. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Palace was built in the area where the Presidential Palace is today. In 1864, Qing troops conquered Tianjing and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom fell.
The City of Fraternity
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen took office as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing, making Nanjing the capital of China.
In 1927, the Northern Expedition conquered Nanjing. Soon the Nanjing National Government was established.
On September 19, 1937, the commander of the Japanese Third Fleet Kiyoshi Hasegawa ordered the implementation of "indiscriminate level" bombing of Nanjing and others.
On December 13, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and carried out a bloody massacre of Nanjing for half a year. During the six weeks when the atrocities were most rampant, the Communist Party killed more than 300,000 of our compatriots and raped more than 20,000 women, which is known as the "Nanjing Massacre" in history.
The old capital was reborn
On April 23-24, 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing and established the Nanjing Municipal People's Government.
After 1949, Nanjing was first a municipality directly under the central government.
In 1952, Jiangsu Province was restored, and Nanjing was reduced to a provincial city and remains the capital of Jiangsu Province to this day. In 1990, Nanjing was designated as a city with separate national planning status. In 1994, the provincial capital city was abolished from separate planning status. The Central Institutional Establishment Committee of the State Council determined that the administrative level of Nanjing was sub-provincial.
Folk Culture
Since ancient times, “the wealth of the world comes from the southeast, and Jinling is its headquarters.” Nanjing was also the city of ten dynasties. It has a profound cultural connotation, revealing a bit of elegance, heroism, elegance, elegance and harmony. "At the same time, Nanjing, as the center of world literature, has a profound cultural heritage. It is said that "the bartenders and waiters also have the smoke and water of the Six Dynasties."
Spring Festival and New Year's Day
It used to be called New Year's Day, commonly known as the Chinese New Year. During the Chinese New Year, Nanjing people clean their courtyards, decorate with lanterns, wear new clothes and hats, put up Spring Festival couplets, and set off firecrackers.
Nanjing people paste Spring Festival couplets or door gods on their doors during the New Year, and some literati paste a picture of a chicken on their door, which means "the rooster and the sun grow together". Nowadays, people meet each other during the New Year, wish each other "good luck and good fortune", offer tea and cigarettes, and treat each other with fashionable pastries.
Lantern Festival Lantern Festival
The fifteenth day of the first lunar month is the first full-moon night of the year in the lunar calendar, which is called Yuan Night. Night and Xiao are synonymous, so it is called Lantern Festival. The food has also changed from eating bean porridge to eating Yuanxiao (glutinous rice balls). There is a custom in Nanjing of "lighting up the Lantern Festival and putting down the Lantern Festival". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanjing Lantern Festival had the custom of playing with dragon lanterns and hanging gauze lanterns.
Tomb-Sweeping Day Outing
Since ancient times, the Qingming Festival has been valued by the courts and people of all ages due to the custom of sweeping tombs and worshiping ancestors. At this time, spring is bright, and men and women take this opportunity to go to Niushou Mountain, Yuhuatai, and Meihua Mountain in the suburbs to "bring wine and travel in the mountains, which is called an outing." There is a proverb that says "the head of a spring cow".
Dragon Boat Festival Tour Qinhuai
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is called the Dragon Boat Festival, also known as Duanyang.
On this day, Nanjing people like to eat rice dumplings, mung bean cakes, "fried five poisons" (stir-fried with whitebait, dried shrimps, water chives, leeks, and black dried beans), amaranth and realgar beans, and drink realgar and calamus wine to avoid disasters. . Washing your eyes with water that has been exposed to the sun is called "breaking the fire eyes", and it is said that you can avoid eye diseases for a year. They also dipped calamus and mugwort leaves in water, sprinkled them on the ground, and inserted them into the lintel of the door to "ward off disasters." In the past 20 years, the Qinhuai River has been vigorously renovated, the water has been changed regularly, and painted boats have been added, creating a pleasant scenery. At night, thousands of lights on both sides of the Qinhuai River are colorful and colorful. When tourists are on a cruise ship, the ship passes by in the scenery and people walk in the painting, which gives them a unique taste.
Mid-Autumn Moon Touches Autumn
The Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th is also called the August Festival in Jiangnan. This night, there is a full moon in the sky and a full moon in the world. Even if you are away from home, you have to rush home to reunite. Nanjing people like to enjoy the moon with their families, which is called "Celebrating Reunion", sitting together and drinking together is called "Full Moon", and going out to the market is called "Walking on the Moon". In the early Ming Dynasty, there were the Moon Tower and the Wanyue Bridge, and in the Qing Dynasty there was the Chaoyue Tower under the Lion Rock. They were both places for tourists to admire the moon, and the Wanyue Bridge was the most popular. Wanyue Bridge is located in Qinhuai, Henan of Confucius Temple, where the old courtyard is located. After the Qing Dynasty, people still worshiped the moon. They displayed fresh fruits and moon cakes, burned incense sticks (the incense sticks were tied in a tower style with paper buckets on top, called incense sticks), told the story of "Chang'e Flying to the Moon", and then shared the food. moon cake. Mooncakes were sold in Guabu as "Laiyue", and during the Republic of China, "Jinling cakes" were the best.
Double Ninth Festival Climbing Meeting
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month in the lunar calendar is called the Double Ninth Festival because both the month and the day are Yang numbers. Historically, people in Jiankang (now Nanjing) went out to climb mountains on this day, forming a "climbing party." This custom originated from a weird and bizarre legend about avoiding evil, which is detailed in "Xu Qixie Ji" written by Wu Jun, a Liang native in the Southern Dynasties. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the custom of Double Ninth Festival in Jiankang was still flourishing. At that time, I lived in the south of the city and climbed the Yuhuatai, in the middle of the city I climbed the North Pole Pavilion, and in the north of the city I climbed Mufu Mountain, of which Mufu Mountain was the most famous.
Taste porridge during the Laba Festival
Nanjing has been the center of Buddhist culture in China since ancient times. Chinese believers out of piety merged it with the "Laba Day" to form the "Laba Festival", which is also held The grand ceremonial activities of the Laba Festival, which originated from Buddhist tradition, also flourished in Nanjing. As the name suggests, Laba is the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. The most famous one is Pilu Temple, located next to the Presidential Palace on the Yangtze River in Nanjing.
Welcoming the God of Wealth in the Little New Year
According to the traditional customs of Nanjing people, the fifth day of the first lunar month is a very important day. On this day, the garbage that has been left in the dustpan for many days can be everywhere outside the door. People are waiting for 12:00 in the morning (midnight). When midnight arrives, the sound of firecrackers can be heard everywhere. Sometimes the sound can even surpass the sound of New Year's Eve. On this day, according to the old custom in Nanjing, the Confucius Temple began to light up lights. Various lights, such as large and small lotus lanterns, pineapple lanterns, zodiac lanterns, etc., were all lit up.