An international economics view holds that a country's economic development will generally go through three stages: factor-driven, investment-driven and innovation-driven. Generally speaking, in the factor-driven stage, the main driving force of economic development comes from cheap labor, land, minerals and other resources. In the investment-driven stage, economic development is mainly driven by large-scale investment. However, with the increase of investment, the investment benefit is declining. The only way to solve this problem and achieve sustained economic growth is to push economic development to a higher level of innovation-driven stage. In some innovative countries, R&D investment accounts for more than 3% of GDP, the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress reaches more than 70%, and the external dependence of technology is less than 30%. The common feature of these countries is that they mainly rely on scientific and technological innovation to promote economic growth and form a strong competitive advantage.
The experience of economic development in various countries in the world gives us an important enlightenment that at different stages of development, the driving forces supporting economic growth are different, the ways of factor allocation are different, and the characteristics of specific development are not the same. When developing to a new level, the original advantages will gradually weaken and the development path will be obviously restricted. It is necessary to adjust the structure, enhance the ability of independent innovation, and promote development and transformation. Only in this way can we form new competitive advantages and move towards higher development goals.
Since the reform and opening up, Jiangsu's economic development has undergone two important transformations, and it is currently in a critical period of a new round of transformation and upgrading. The first transformation took place in the1980s, marked by the development of township enterprises, from agricultural economy to industrial economy. This stage is mainly factor-driven, relying on low-cost labor and land resources to accelerate economic development. The second transformation, since the 1990s, has vigorously developed export-oriented economy and private economy, and accelerated industrialization, urbanization and economic internationalization. This stage is an investment-driven stage, which mainly relies on expanding investment and increasing exports to stimulate economic growth. The new round of economic transformation is the third transformation since the reform and opening up. The core is to realize the transformation of economic development from resource-dependent, investment-driven and export-driven to innovation-driven, enhance the ability of independent innovation and international competitiveness, and promote sustainable economic development.
The new round of transformation is more difficult than the previous two. Jiangsu's economic aggregate has reached a relatively large scale. It used to be easy for a boat to turn around, but now it's big, so it won't be so easy. The contradictions and difficulties faced by further development are more prominent: first, the constraints of resources and environment have increased. Among all provinces and regions in China, Jiangsu has the highest population density, the least per capita resources and the greatest environmental pressure per unit area. With the rapid economic growth, the constraints of energy resources are constantly strengthened, and the environmental pressure is increasing. The traditional development model of exchanging high input, high consumption and high emission for high growth is unsustainable. Second, the economic structural contradictions are prominent and the industrial level is low. Most manufacturing industries are at the low end of the industrial chain. Enterprises have few independent intellectual property rights, few independent brands and weak core competitiveness. Third, the challenges brought about by changes in the international environment are even more severe. Jiangsu is a big foreign trade province, and its foreign trade exports account for 16.5% of the whole country, and its dependence on foreign trade reaches about 70%. The slightest trouble in the international market will directly affect the production and operation of enterprises and the normal operation of the economy. Since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the competition in both the high-tech product market and the labor-intensive product market has become increasingly fierce, and it is obviously restricted to rely on the substantial increase of exports to stimulate economic growth. In addition, according to the analysis of relevant departments, Jiangsu's technology dependence on foreign countries is about 60%, and many key equipment and technologies are mainly imported. The high dependence on foreign technology has affected the improvement of economic competitiveness.
Looking at the international experience and the situation in Jiangsu Province, it is urgent to speed up the economic transformation and upgrading. The fundamental way is to put innovation at the core of the overall economic and social development and make innovation the main driving force for development. In 2006, the provincial party committee and the provincial government held a provincial science and technology innovation conference, put forward the goal of building an innovative province, and issued three important documents: first, the decision to build an innovative province, second, the outline of science and technology development planning, and third, the policy opinions to promote science and technology innovation and entrepreneurship. These documents not only put forward the objectives and tasks, but also have clear work arrangements and policy measures, which have played a powerful role in guiding and promoting. The provincial industrial conference held in 2007 further proposed that innovation drives economic transformation and upgrading. Since 2008, despite the severe impact of the international financial crisis and the increasing downward pressure on the economy, the whole province has unswervingly adhered to innovative development, taken a series of effective measures to accelerate the development of innovative economy, vigorously promoted economic transformation and upgrading, and unswervingly followed the road of innovative development and scientific development. Since the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, Jiangsu has made the fastest progress in science and technology, and the quality, stability and coordination of economic development have been significantly improved. It has not only maintained a good momentum of sustained and rapid growth, but also accumulated a strong stamina for future development.
Strengthen the main position of enterprise's technological innovation
Enterprises are the main body of economic activities, and their technological innovation ability is the concentrated embodiment of regional technological innovation ability. Strong enterprises, strong cities and strong provinces. Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Jiangsu has made great efforts to promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation from three aspects.
The first is to promote enterprises to become the main body of R&D investment.
The provincial party committee and government have issued a series of policies and measures to mobilize enterprises to increase their enthusiasm for investing in R&D. These policies mainly include: increasing financial investment in science and technology, implementing tax reduction and exemption policies, giving discount support to scientific and technological achievements transformation projects, encouraging financial institutions to strengthen credit support for technological innovation of enterprises, and developing venture capital. In the past ten years, especially since the 11th Five-Year Plan, the government and enterprises have increased their investment in science and technology. In 20 12, the province's financial expenditure on science and technology and enterprise R&D investment reached 25.724 billion yuan and 108026 billion yuan respectively, 7.2 times and 5. 1 times that of 2005 respectively. Enterprise R&D investment accounts for more than 80% of the total social R&D investment.
Insisting on increasing R&D investment and actively promoting independent innovation are the main experiences of innovative enterprises. For example, Kunshan Good Boy Group, a school-run factory that was on the verge of bankruptcy, has become the world's largest stroller manufacturer after 20 years of development. Their annual R&D investment accounts for 3%-4% of sales revenue. Now it has a research and development team of 300 people, and has accumulated more than 5,000 patents, with an average of two new products coming out every day. Leading and participating in the formulation of more than 80% national standards and more than 30 international standards for the stroller industry. With independent intellectual property rights and independent brands, it has maintained a strong growth momentum since the international financial crisis in the face of more intense market competition. In the past five years, the average annual growth rate has been 12.9%. In 20 12, it occupied over 70% of the domestic market, over 50% of the American market and over 24% of the European market. About 400 million families in the world use "good boy" products.
Second, promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation activities.
In the past, R&D institutions were mainly concentrated in universities and research institutes, and the number of R&D institutions in enterprises was small, the scale was small and the innovation ability was weak. In 2005, we did a survey, and only 25% of large and medium-sized enterprises in the province had R&D institutions. The provincial party committee and government take measures to implement innovation policies that are beneficial to enterprises, guide innovative talents to flow to enterprises and scientific research institutions to enter enterprises, promote the gathering of innovative resources to enterprises, and support enterprises to establish R&D institutions. Since the 11th Five-Year Plan, there have been 3,082 R&D institutions in large and medium-sized enterprises, with a completion rate of 75%. At the same time, universities, research institutes and enterprises have established 222 R&D institutions and introduced 465,438+00 foreign R&D institutions. A number of large enterprises with active scientific and technological innovation have emerged in the province.
Third, promote enterprises to become the main body of innovative applications.
Enterprise is a comprehensive link of transforming scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. A scientific and technological achievement has successfully "broken cocoon" in the process of pupation and butterfly formation, and the product is "popular" in the market, including not only the early invention and design, but also the trial production, mass production, marketing and other processes, which need the help of capital, market cultivation and intellectual property protection. These links need to be promoted by enterprises. If enterprises can't become the main body of innovative applications, even the best technological achievements can only be shelved.
In order to promote enterprises to become the application subjects of technological innovation achievements, Jiangsu has strengthened its work from three aspects: First, scientific research projects highlight the needs of enterprises. Encourage scientific researchers in colleges and universities to go deep into the front line of enterprises to engage in technological innovation. The second is to increase support for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The funds for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are inclined to enterprises, attracting scientific and technological achievements from inside and outside the province to settle in Jiangsu for transformation, and forming the first-Mover advantage in the application of scientific and technological achievements. Third, focus on supporting projects with independent intellectual property rights, high growth and great market potential, and strive to support a project, break through a key technology and cultivate an innovative enterprise. More and more enterprises have formed new growth points by introducing and transforming scientific and technological achievements.
Vigorously promote the close integration of Industry-University-Research.
Industry-University-Research combination is an important mechanism for efficient allocation of scientific and technological innovation resources, an important way of collaborative innovation, and a breakthrough to promote the integration of science and technology and economy. Jiangsu is rich in scientific and educational talents, which is the province with the largest number of universities and college students in China and one of the areas with the most concentrated scientific research institutions. But for a long time, because the problem of "two skins" in scientific research and production has not been effectively solved, many scientific and technological achievements have been "kept in an inner room, and no one knows her". The main reasons are "three shortages": lack of effective cooperation mechanism, lack of sufficient financial support and lack of innovative service platform. To promote the integration of Industry-University-Research, the key is to solve the problem of "three shortages", break all kinds of tangible and intangible barriers, and promote the integration of science and technology and industry. Generally speaking, it is necessary to adopt the model of "scientist+entrepreneur+financier = big winner". Along this line of thought, Jiangsu explored the road of close integration of Industry-University-Research from three aspects.
First, establish a multi-level and multi-form strategic alliance for technological innovation.
Actively promoting open innovation, allocating scientific and technological resources inside and outside the province, and building a strategic alliance of long-term cooperation, complementary advantages, benefit sharing and collaborative innovation have formed three main forms of cooperation in practice.
First of all, governments at all levels should establish strategic alliances for technological innovation with scientific research institutions and universities. Jiangsu has signed comprehensive cooperation agreements with China Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Engineering, Peking University, Tsinghua University and other universities, and established close cooperative relations, which has made Jiangsu's scientific and technological innovation stand at a higher starting point. There are 8 cooperative projects between Jiangsu and Chinese Academy of Sciences 12 18, and more than 6,000 scientific researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences 100 are active in the front line of innovation and entrepreneurship in Jiangsu. China Academy of Engineering helps Jiangsu to carry out scientific demonstration of several major projects, and encourages and supports academicians to participate in key scientific research projects in Jiangsu. There are more than 700 cooperative projects between Tsinghua University and Jiangsu, and more than 0/00 cooperative projects between Peking University and Jiangsu. City and county governments also actively establish various forms of cooperative relations with universities and research institutes. For example, Suzhou has signed comprehensive cooperation agreements with more than 50 universities inside and outside the province. Wuxi has established a "7+ 1" cooperation framework with China Academy of Sciences and seven key universities inside and outside the province, and carried out a series of cooperation projects in the fields of microelectronics, software, electrical engineering and biomedicine. Some of them have been included in the national 863 and 973 major science and technology projects. Nanjing cooperates with Southeast University to build a "wireless valley" and build a communication and network technology innovation base and industrial highland. More than 65,438+0,500 researchers have settled in. Lianyungang cooperates with Chinese Academy of Sciences to build energy and power research center. These cooperation have achieved fruitful results.
Second, development zones, universities and scientific research units will jointly build innovation bases. Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, all kinds of development zones have entered the second stage of entrepreneurship, and the provincial party committee and government have proposed that development zones should become not only industrial highlands, but also innovative highlands and talent highlands. According to this requirement, the Development Zone has strengthened cooperation with universities and research institutes, and created a large number of Industry-University-Research consortia. There are more than 20,000 innovation carriers in the province, ranking first in the country. For example, Suzhou Industrial Park and Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly established nanotechnology R&D and industrial base, which gathered 5,500 professionals and 160 nano enterprises, forming three dominant industries: micro-nano manufacturing, nano energy saving and environmental protection, and nano biomedicine. Wuxi Industrial Design Park, originally a traditional industrial community, has transformed from processing and manufacturing to design and creation. More than 250 industrial design institutions were introduced, and more than 3,000 design and research personnel were gathered, and more than 0/000 patents were granted. Kunshan Development Zone cooperated with Tsinghua University to build Kunshan Branch of Tsinghua Science Park and Kunshan Industrial Research Institute, which not only produced scientific research results, but also promoted industrial development. The organic light-emitting diode technology developed by Tsinghua University was piloted in Kunshan, and the production line was successfully put into production. The project won the first prize of national technological invention 20 1 1. Changzhou Science and Education City Park adheres to the concept of "science and education linkage, Industry-University-Research combination and win-win situation between schools and enterprises", implements the "golden phoenix Plan", establishes and establishes more than 0/00 R&D institutions, and introduces and incubates more than 500 high-tech enterprises. Taizhou National Pharmaceutical High-tech Zone has introduced more than 50 well-known universities and pharmaceutical R&D institutions at home and abroad, becoming an important base for medical scientific research and achievement transformation.
Third, enterprises are "seamlessly connected" with universities and scientific research units. Enterprises directly participate in market competition, are most sensitive to market demand and application of new technologies, and are in the key link of cooperation in Industry-University-Research. To promote Industry-University-Research's cooperation, we must adhere to the market orientation, take enterprises as the main body, effectively integrate various resources, and form a joint force of collaborative innovation. Jiangsu has issued a number of policies to support various enterprises to establish cooperative relations with universities and research institutes, so as to realize the seamless connection between scientific research and production. By the end of 20 12, Jiangsu enterprises had established stable cooperative relations with 970 universities and research institutes inside and outside the province, established 326 enterprise academician workstations and more than 500 postdoctoral workstations, formed more than 7,000 various "technical alliances" and more than 60 strategic alliances for industrial technological innovation, and implemented more than 6,543,800 cooperation projects in Industry-University-Research every year.
Second, break through the bottleneck of scientific and technological achievements transformation.
Every link of scientific research achievements, from laboratory to product to market, is inseparable from capital investment. Lack of funds is one of the important reasons for the "obstruction" of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. In order to solve the bottleneck of financial constraints in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the provincial party Committee and the provincial government have taken three measures: First, the government allocated funds to set up special funds for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. In 2004, it allocated 300 million yuan, and then it increased year by year. In 2008, it increased to 654.38 billion yuan per year. In order to make good use of this fund, a special project review committee was set up, composed of experts in the fields of science and technology, finance and industry. All projects with independent intellectual property rights, high technology content, good industrialization prospects and meeting the development needs of Jiangsu, whether from inside and outside the province, state-owned enterprises or private enterprises, will be supported. These special funds have become a "catalyst" for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, playing a role of "four to two thousand pounds" and driving the whole society to invest 654.38+008.8 billion yuan in science and technology. From 2004 to 20 12, * * * supported 839 projects, and these projects * * * obtained 5407 patents, including 1702 invention patents, which broke through a number of major key technologies in the fields of internet of things, new energy, VLSI, nanotechnology, new materials, biomedicine, etc. The second is to promote financial credit to support the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The province set up a special fund for risk compensation for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and guided banks to support the development of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises in the form of credit guarantee. At present, 39 counties (cities, districts) in the province have implemented the method of risk compensation funds for scientific and technological transformation. Third, actively develop venture capital funds. There are more than 450 venture capital institutions in the province, with the scale of management funds of120 billion yuan, which is the region with the largest number of venture capital institutions and management funds in China. Suzhou Hu Sha Equity Investment Center managed nearly 40 billion yuan, invested in more than 300 high-tech enterprises, and 16 enterprises successfully went public.
Third, encourage scientific and technological personnel to innovate and start businesses.
Reform the personnel management system of universities and research institutes, and encourage scientific and technological personnel to go out of research institutes and universities to innovate and start businesses. Allow college students to drop out of school and start businesses. Encouraged by the policy, a large number of scientific and technological enterprises came into being. Nanrui Group is an enterprise founded by scientific and technical personnel of Nanjing Institute of Automation, with more than 1.8 million employees, including more than 9,300 professional technicians and more than 3,400 employees with doctoral and master's degrees. Since its establishment, the company has won 62 national scientific and technological awards, including 5 first prizes for national scientific and technological progress, 3 second prizes for national technological inventions and 577 patents. The safety and stability control and relay protection technology of large power grid are at the international leading level. In 20 12, the sales revenue reached more than 27 billion yuan, and it has become one of the top five manufacturers of relay protection equipment in the world.
Developing emerging industries and independent innovation go hand in hand.
The practice of world economic development shows that every industrial revolution is closely related to the revolutionary breakthrough of science and technology. At present, the new scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution are gestating and rising, especially in the energy revolution, the progress of biotechnology, the development of new materials and the breakthrough of information technology, which will inevitably lead to a number of emerging industries with high-speed and long-term growth, and will also have a huge and far-reaching impact on traditional industries.
In the last round of industrial revolution represented by information technology, Jiangsu mainly relied on international industrial transfer to achieve rapid development, but as a whole, it was still at the middle and low end of the industrial chain, with less independent intellectual property rights and core technologies and insufficient competitiveness. In the new round of industrial revolution, we are at the same starting line with developed countries and face rare opportunities. As long as we seize the favorable opportunity, it is possible to win the initiative and achieve leap-forward development.
Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", Jiangsu has chosen six emerging industries with a certain foundation, concentrated its efforts and made key breakthroughs, which not only built the first-Mover advantage of industries, but also seized the commanding heights of science and technology.
New energy industry, around photovoltaic, wind power, smart grid and other related industries, break through the core technologies in key areas and build new energy R&D, manufacturing and application bases. The photovoltaic industry focuses on improving conversion efficiency, reducing production costs and manufacturing core equipment. The province's independent intellectual property rights exceed 100, making it the province with the largest number of photovoltaic invention patents in China. The wind power industry focuses on breaking through the manufacturing technology of high-power units and building an industrial chain from key supporting parts to megawatt-level complete machines. Key components account for 50% of the domestic market, and the whole machine capacity accounts for 30% of the national market. The 6 MW wind turbine independently developed and manufactured is the largest wind turbine in China at present, which indicates that the wind power equipment manufacturing industry has entered the advanced ranks in the world. In the field of smart grid, key technologies such as online analysis and early warning of power grid security and stability, power grid dispatching automation, substation integrated automation and relay protection have been successfully broken through, and the control and relay protection technology of high-voltage power transmission and transformation projects are at the world leading level.
The new materials industry has 7 national key laboratories, 7 national enterprise technology centers, 8 national and provincial research institutes and 20 national industrial bases, and nearly 1,000 new invention patents are authorized every year. In the past five years, the average annual growth rate of new materials industry in the province has reached 59.2%. In the fields of nano-materials, carbon fibers, silicon materials, precision alloys and optical fibers, a number of important technological innovations have been made and certain industrial advantages have been formed. The research and application of nanotechnology is generally at the national advanced level, with more than 500 patents/kloc-0, and some technological innovations have reached the international advanced level. In the field of carbon fiber, we have overcome two major difficulties in production equipment and carbonization process, realized the localization of high-performance carbon composite fiber, and broke the monopoly and blockade of developed countries. In the field of silicon materials, the focus is on improving purity, improving conversion rate, reducing energy consumption and conquering core technologies. At present, important breakthroughs have been made in energy conservation, environmental protection and low-cost manufacturing. Many achievements have also been made in the research and development of key semiconductor materials, new building energy-saving materials and electromagnetic shielding materials.