Deng Yongxu: Analysis on the Innovation Characteristics of Industrial Enterprises in China
The report describes and analyzes the basic characteristics of innovation activities of industrial enterprises in China from ten aspects: the overall scale and distribution of innovation activities, the way to realize innovation activities, the way to organize innovation activities, the sources of innovation activities information, the sources of innovation activities funds, the main achievements of innovation activities, the ownership of independent intellectual property rights, the innovation policy environment of enterprises, and entrepreneurs' understanding of the importance of innovation.
The innovation [1] mentioned in this report only includes product innovation [2] and process innovation [3] carried out by industrial enterprises.
1. Nearly 30% of industrial enterprises have carried out innovative activities.
The survey results show that from 2004 to 2006, there were 86,000 industrial enterprises above designated size, accounting for 28.8% of all industrial enterprises above designated size. Among them, 83.5% large enterprises carry out innovation activities, 55.9% medium-sized enterprises and 25.2% small enterprises carry out innovation activities. The proportion of enterprises carrying out innovation activities decreases with the increase of enterprise scale, which shows that the innovation activities of industrial enterprises are closely related to their economic strength. It should be noted that although the proportion of small enterprises above designated size carrying out innovation activities is low, there are 68,000 enterprises carrying out innovation activities, accounting for 78.2% of all enterprises carrying out innovation activities, which is an important new force for Chinese enterprises to carry out innovation activities.
By industry, the industries in which enterprises carry out intensive innovation activities are mainly distributed in high-tech or medium-high-tech industries such as pharmaceutical manufacturing (63.8%), instrumentation, culture and office machinery manufacturing (60.9%), special equipment manufacturing (46.6%), communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing (46.5%). The proportion of enterprises engaged in innovative activities in traditional manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries is low, for example, textile industry is 24.2%, mining industry is 12.2%, and electricity, gas and water production and supply industries are 15.7%.
By region, the proportion of enterprises carrying out innovation activities in eastern, central and western regions is 28%, 365, 438+0.6% and 9.6% respectively. Although the eastern region is lower than the central region, the number of enterprises carrying out innovation activities in the eastern region has reached 6 1000, accounting for 70.4% of the enterprises carrying out innovation activities in the country.
Second, the proportion of enterprises that achieve innovation goals is high.
During 2004-2006, 8 1.4% of industrial enterprises above designated size carried out innovation activities, and achieved product innovation targets such as new product marketing; 84.5% of enterprises have achieved technological innovation goals such as improving production efficiency or product quality; At the same time, 69% of enterprises have realized product innovation and process innovation.
The main goal of industrial enterprise innovation is to realize product innovation, but for those industrial enterprises whose product form, performance and function are not easy to change, the main goal is process innovation. For example, enterprises that have achieved technological innovation in mining and the production and supply of electricity, gas and water account for 94% of enterprises that have carried out innovative activities in this industry. Product innovation in many industries is achieved by matching with process innovation. For example, 83.2% of enterprises in the special equipment manufacturing industry are engaged in product innovation and process innovation, 75.2% are engaged in general equipment manufacturing, 73.5% are engaged in communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing, 73.4% are engaged in chemical raw materials and products manufacturing, 73.0% are engaged in electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, and 73.0% are engaged in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Third, innovation activities are mostly completed by enterprises themselves or enterprise groups.
The survey results show that the resources within the enterprise itself or enterprise group are the main technical support for enterprises to carry out innovation activities, but it is not very common for enterprises to use external resources to complete innovation activities. From 2004 to 2006, among the industrial enterprises above designated size that realized product innovation and process innovation, the product innovation projects and process innovation projects independently completed by enterprises accounted for 76.3% and 69.9% of similar innovation projects respectively; Product innovation projects with foreign cooperation account for 17.2% of similar projects (including 7.4% with other enterprises, 4.8% with scientific research institutions and 3.7% with universities), and process innovation projects with foreign cooperation account for 13.9% of similar projects (including 9.3% with other enterprises and with scientific research institutions and universities). Product innovation projects and process innovation projects entrusted by other units account for 6.5% and 16.2% of similar projects respectively.
The proportion of product innovation and process innovation projects completed by manufacturing enterprises in cooperation with other units (or entrusted by other units) is 28.7% and 23.5% respectively, which is not high, indicating that the innovation activities of manufacturing enterprises mainly rely on their own strength. The proportion of product innovation and process innovation projects in mining industry, electricity, gas, water production and supply industry cooperated with other units (or entrusted by other units) reached 62.2% and 69.3% respectively, indicating that the innovation activities of non-manufacturing industrial enterprises mainly depended on cooperation or entrustment.
Fourth, the demand of customers and consumers is an important source of innovation information.
The survey results show that 58.6% of industrial enterprises above designated size believe that the demand information from customers and consumers is the most important information that affects the development of innovation activities. It is considered that internal information of enterprises, information of other enterprises in the industry, information of trade fairs and exhibitions, and information of suppliers of equipment, raw materials and intermediate products have an important influence on enterprise innovation activities, accounting for 33. 1%, 29.8%, 26% and 2 1.6% respectively, which shows that enterprises not only make use of information of their own R&D and intelligence departments, but also are closely involved in the innovation process. About 10% of the enterprises think that the information inside the enterprise group, technology market or consulting institutions, trade associations, universities or research institutions, scientific and technological literature, internet media and information obtained from government departments have an important influence on innovation, which shows that the information from the above sources has a low degree of influence on most enterprises' innovation activities and its role is limited.
Five, innovation costs are mainly used to buy machinery and equipment and software.
Capital is the most important resource for enterprises to carry out innovative activities. Considering the difficulty of data collection in this survey, the innovation cost only includes R&D within the enterprise. D) Expenditure on activities, expenditure on R&D activities entrusted by other units, expenditure on purchasing machinery, equipment and software and related technologies.
The survey results show that in 2006, the innovation expenditure of enterprises above designated size reached 582,654.38+billion yuan, an increase of 23.654.38+0% over the previous year, of which the expenditure on purchasing machinery and software was 325.06 billion yuan, accounting for 55.8% of the innovation expenditure. Internal R&D expenditure188.83 billion yuan, accounting for 32.4%; The expenditure on purchasing related technologies was 47 billion yuan, accounting for 8.1%; Expenditure on R&D activities entrusted by other units is 210.2 billion yuan, accounting for 3.6%. More than half of the innovation funds of China enterprises are used to buy machinery, equipment and software, while more than 60% of the innovation funds of European Union countries are used for independent research and development, which shows that the innovation of industrial enterprises in China is mainly realized by introducing external technology at this stage, and has not yet entered the development stage of independent innovation as a whole.
Six, enterprise funds are the main source of innovation funds.
The source of innovation funds can reflect the policy environment of government supporting enterprise innovation from one side. The survey results show that among all the funds for innovation activities of industrial enterprises above designated size, enterprise funds account for 82.8%, loans from financial institutions account for 9.3%, government funds account for 3.4%, and foreign capital and other funds account for 0.8% and 3.7% respectively. It can be seen that the innovation funds are mainly raised by enterprises independently, and the external funds of enterprises are less, and the support of government funds for enterprise innovation activities is relatively low (government funds account for 3.7% of the sources of innovation funds for small enterprises, 3.4% for medium-sized enterprises and 3.2% for large enterprises).
Seven, innovation activities have achieved certain results.
Constantly introducing new products is the fundamental way for enterprises to consolidate and expand market share. Therefore, the sales and export of new products are important indicators to reflect the effectiveness of innovation activities. The survey results show that in 2006, China's industrial enterprises above designated size realized the sales income of new products of 39,6061billion yuan, accounting for12.7% of the main business income of that year; The export value of new products was 868.68 billion yuan, accounting for 1 1.9% of the total export value of manufactured goods in that year.
In terms of enterprise scale, large, medium and small enterprises realized new product sales revenue of 210.024 billion yuan,10.445 billion yuan and 8 199. 1 billion yuan, accounting for 18.6% and/kloc respectively.
By industry, transportation equipment manufacturing, communication equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing and electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing achieved new product sales revenue of1817.3 million yuan, accounting for 46% of the new product sales revenue of industrial enterprises above designated size; Among them, the export value of new products of communication equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing reached 303 billion yuan, accounting for 35% of the export value of new products of industrial enterprises above designated size, indicating that the innovation activities of enterprises affiliated to high-tech and medium-high-tech industries in China have achieved obvious results.
According to the type of registration, among the large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, domestic-funded enterprises realized new product sales revenue of 184 125 billion yuan, accounting for 58.6%, but the proportion of new product exports of domestic-funded enterprises in new product sales revenue was only171%; However, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises realized new product sales revenue of 65.438+0.29945 billion yuan, while new product exports accounted for 30% of new product sales revenue, reflecting that the impact of domestic enterprises' innovation activities on exports is still lower than that of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen and foreign-invested enterprises.
Eight, intellectual property protection is gradually valued by enterprises.
From 2004 to 2006, among all industrial enterprises above designated size, 24.4% registered trademarks, 8.8% applied for patents, 8.3% formed national or industrial technical standards, 2.6% applied for copyright of works, and 20.7% internally protected technical secrets. By the end of 2006, 34.8% of industrial enterprises above designated size had their own brands. The proportion of enterprises with independent intellectual property rights has changed from small to large: the proportion of small enterprises that have applied for patents and own their own brands is 6.8% and 32.4% respectively, the proportion of medium-sized enterprises is 22.6% and 53. 1% respectively, and the proportion of large enterprises is 52.7% and 68.7% respectively.
The independent intellectual property rights of national industries in China need to be observed from the perspective of domestic enterprises. According to the results of this survey, among the large and medium-sized domestic industrial enterprises registered in China, 43.8% have registered trademarks, 27.5% have applied for patents, 20.9% have formed national or industrial technical standards, 7.2% have applied for copyright of works, and 46% have internally protected their technical secrets. Compared with large and medium-sized Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded and foreign-funded industrial enterprises, the proportion of domestic enterprises with registered trademarks is 13.4 and 13.8 percentage points higher than that of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded and foreign-funded enterprises respectively, and the proportion of enterprises applying for patents is 6.7 and 6.9 percentage points higher than that of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded and foreign-funded enterprises respectively, which shows that the awareness of intellectual property rights of national industrial enterprises in China has been significantly improved.
Nine, the government's policy of supporting innovation has been affirmed and concerned by enterprises.
This survey * * * lists 12 policies of relevant state departments to support enterprise innovation, and entrepreneurs judge the influence degree of the above policies to promote innovation. The survey results show that among all industrial enterprises with innovative activities, the policies of encouraging enterprises to cultivate and attract talents, including technology development expenses into costs, industrial policies and increasing technology development expenses to deduct income tax account for 59.7%, 58.6%, 565,438+0.3% and 50.6% respectively. It is considered that policies such as intellectual property protection, increasing financial support, income tax relief for high-tech enterprises in development zones, preferential policies for foreign trade and economic cooperation, and accelerated depreciation of enterprise pilot equipment account for 49%, 47.8%, 44.8%, 465, 438+0.9% and 40.5% respectively. It is considered that the policies of "technology transfer and development are exempt from business tax", "enterprises undertake scientific and technological projects of government departments" and "government procurement policy" have remarkable effects, accounting for 38.5%, 35.2% and 29. 1% respectively. It can be seen that entrepreneurs have a high degree of recognition of policies that generally benefit, and they are also highly concerned about policies that have insufficient support but great influence. Their recognition of policies applicable to a specific scope or new policies is low, because enterprises do not benefit much or do not know enough about policies.
Ten, most enterprises think that innovation has played an important role in the survival and development of enterprises.
Entrepreneurs are decision makers who master and use resources to engage in production and business activities. Entrepreneurs' understanding of the importance of innovation is the key to determine whether the innovation activities of enterprises can be carried out smoothly. The survey results show that among all industrial enterprises above designated size, 57.5% entrepreneurs think that innovation plays an important role in the survival and development of enterprises, 40.5% entrepreneurs think that innovation has played a certain role, and only 2% entrepreneurs think that innovation has no effect on the survival and development of enterprises (these entrepreneurs are mainly distributed in some small enterprises belonging to traditional manufacturing industries).
Among the enterprises that have realized product innovation, 54. 1% entrepreneurs think that innovation has played an important role in increasing product variety and function, 56.6% entrepreneurs think that innovation has played an important role in improving product performance and quality, and 58.9% entrepreneurs think that innovation has played an important role in opening up new markets or expanding market share. Among the enterprises that have achieved technological innovation, 56.3% of entrepreneurs think that innovation has played an important role in improving production efficiency, and that innovation has improved the flexibility of production, reduced labor costs, saved raw materials, reduced energy consumption, reduced environmental pollution, and improved production safety conditions, accounting for 38.3%, 37.9%, 35.4%, 36. 1%, respectively.
The survey results also show that 83.3% of industrial enterprises above designated size in China will adopt appropriate technical strategies for development in the next few years. This shows that the vast majority of entrepreneurs interviewed have a clear understanding of the significance of carrying out innovation activities, and relying on innovation to promote enterprise development has become an urgent desire of entrepreneurs.
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