Deep-processed glass products can control light, adjust temperature, prevent noise and improve the decorative nature of architectural art. Glass is no longer just a lighting material, but also a structural material and decorative material of modern buildings. With the development of science, people have developed all kinds of new glasses.
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Inspiration from glass chips
Cover the transparent glass with a piece of paper printed with words and images, and then use short-wave ultraviolet, X-ray and γ-ray to carry out high-energy electromagnetic radiation, so that the glass can automatically "remember" these words and images like a computer. When irradiated by a long-wave light source such as sunlight, the glass preserved in a dark background can still reproduce words and images. This magical glass was successfully developed by the scientific research team led by Academician Su Qiang and Dr. Li Chengyu from Changchun Huaying Institute of China Academy of Sciences. It is made of a new red long afterglow luminescent material on glass through a special process. Moreover, the research team also discovered its memory function for the first time in the world. The so-called long afterglow luminescence refers to storing energy under the irradiation of sunlight, fluorescent lamps or other high-energy electromagnetic radiation during the day and releasing the stored energy to emit light at night. The well-known "noctilucent powder" is a kind of long afterglow material, but it can only emit yellow-green light. Generally, the luminous time is only one or two hours, and the brightness is low. In the past, in order to maintain its luminous intensity, radioactive elements were added, but this would do harm to people's health and the environment. How to find a more scientific long-lasting luminescent material has always been concerned by people.
New enlightenment
From 65438 to 0996, Soviet research groups began to study new long-lasting luminescent materials. Long afterglow materials that can emit green light, blue light, purple light and red light have been successfully developed, with longer luminous time, stronger luminous brightness and light resistance, and can be seen by naked eyes for more than dozens of hours in the dark; They also made different light-emitting modules, such as glass and ceramics. In the darkroom of Su Qiang's laboratory, the reporter saw various forms of glass-ceramic luminous modules made of these long-lasting luminescent materials, such as powder, pyramid, block and so on. , emitting all kinds of dazzling brilliance. Among them, long afterglow red glass is transparent and emits red light, which can change from red to opaque green or yellow after crystallization, and has a long afterglow time, so it can write, store and read characters and images. According to Su Qiang, the main raw materials of these long-lasting luminescent materials are extracted from rare earths, and China's rare earth reserves account for 80% of the world. The research and development of long afterglow luminescent materials can not only promote the comprehensive development and utilization of rare earth resources, but also make them widely used in industrial and civil fields because they can emit light without electricity. After the "light storage" technology is further matured, the application prospect of this kind of glass in high-tech field is limitless. The contents of an encyclopedia may be "written" on a thumb-sized glass chip, and dynamic three-dimensional images can be preserved completely for a long time. Then, people call it "memory glass"
I) tempered glass
Tempering principle
Tempered glass is also called [U-shaped glass]/It forms a compressive stress layer on the glass surface by physical or chemical methods. The glass itself has high compressive strength and will not cause damage. When the glass is subjected to external force, this pressure layer can offset part of the tensile stress, thus preventing the glass from breaking. Although the inside of tempered glass is in a state of great tensile stress, there are no defects in the glass, which will not cause damage, so as to improve the strength of glass. [3] Tempered glass is a secondary product of flat glass, and the processing of tempered glass can be divided into physical tempering and chemical tempering. Physical tempered glass is also called quenched tempered glass. When the ordinary flat glass is heated to the softening temperature (600℃) of the glass in the heating furnace, the internal stress is eliminated by its own deformation, and then the glass is moved out of the heating furnace, and then high-pressure cold air is blown to both sides of the glass with multi-head nozzles, so that it can be quickly and uniformly cooled to room temperature, and tempered glass can be made. This kind of glass is in a stress state of internal tension and external pressure. Once damaged locally, the stress will be released and the glass will be broken into countless small pieces. These small pieces have no sharp edges and corners, so they are not easy to hurt people. Chemical tempered glass is to improve the strength of glass by changing the chemical composition of the glass surface, and is generally tempered by ion exchange method. In this method, silicate glass containing alkali metal ions is immersed in molten lithium (Li+) salt, so that Na+ or K+ ions on the glass surface are exchanged with Li+ ions, and a Li+ ion exchange layer is formed on the surface. Because the expansion coefficient of Li+ is smaller than that of Na+ and K+ ions, the outer layer shrinks less while the inner layer shrinks more during cooling. When the glass is cooled to normal temperature, it will also be stretched in the inner layer. Tempered glass has high strength, and its compressive strength can reach more than 125MPa, which is 4 ~ 5 times larger than that of ordinary glass. The impact strength is also high. When measured by steel ball method, 0.8kg steel ball falls from the height of 1.2m, and the glass can be kept intact. Toughened glass is much more elastic than ordinary glass. A piece of tempered glass with 1 200 mm× 350 mm× 6 mm can have a bending deflection of 100mm after being stressed. When the external force is removed, it can still be restored to its original state, while the bending deformation of ordinary glass can only be a few millimeters. Thermal stability is good, and it is not easy to crack when it is quenched and heated, which is another feature of tempered glass. This is because the compressive stress of tempered glass can offset part of the tensile stress caused by rapid cooling and rapid heating. Tempered glass is resistant to thermal shock, the maximum safe working temperature is 288℃, and it can withstand the temperature difference change of 204℃. Tempered glass is widely used in construction engineering, transportation and other fields because of its good mechanical properties and thermal stability. Flat tempered glass is often used as doors and windows, partitions, curtain walls, windows and furniture of buildings, while curved glass is often used in cars, trains and airplanes. It should be noted that tempered glass cannot be cut and polished, and the corners cannot be bumped and squeezed. Need to choose according to the ready-made size specifications or put forward specific design drawings for processing and customization. The glass used in large-area glass curtain wall should be controlled when tempered, and semi-tempered glass should be selected, that is, its stress should not be too large to avoid self-explosion due to vibration caused by wind load. According to the different original glass plates used, it can be made into ordinary tempered glass, endothermic tempered glass, colorful tempered glass, tempered hollow glass and so on.
(2), steel wire mesh anti-theft glass
Barbed wire glass product display
Late at night, from a Bo (bó) museum displaying precious calligraphy and painting, an alarm suddenly came. The police came immediately and caught a suspect (xián) who tried to cut the glass theft (qiè) exhibit. You may not believe it, but the broken glass didn't call the police! This is a special kind of glass with a very fine metal mesh inside. The barbed wire is connected to the power supply and the automatic alarm. The suspect cut the glass and hit the barbed wire, and the alarm sounded. This kind of glass is called "wire mesh anti-theft glass" and can be used in museums, banks, jewelry stores and buildings where important drawings and documents are stored. Laminated glass is also called shatterproof glass or steel wire glass. It is produced by calendering method, that is, in the molten state of glass, the preheated steel wire or steel wire mesh is pressed into the middle of glass and annealed and cut. The surface of wire-lined glass can be embossed or polished, and the color can be made colorless, transparent or colored. Laminated glass is characterized by good safety and fire resistance. Due to the skeleton function of steel wire mesh, not only the strength of glass is improved, but also the fragments will not fly away when damaged by impact or sudden temperature change, thus avoiding the damage of fragments to people. In case of fire, when the flame is prolonged and the laminated glass is cracked by heat, the glass can still be fixed and isolated from the flame due to the role of wire mesh, so it is also called fire-proof glass. According to the national industry standard JC433-9 1, the thickness of glass lining is divided into 6, 7 and 10mm, and the specifications are generally not less than 600mm×400mm and not more than 2000 mm× 1200 mm ... At present, laminated glass produced in China is divided into laminated embossed glass and laminated polished glass. Laminated glass can be used in doors and windows, skylights, lighting roofs, balconies and other building parts.
(3) laminated glass
Laminated glass
Laminated glass is a flat or curved composite glass product made of PVB resin film between two or more original glass sheets by heating and pressure bonding. The original sheet used for laminated glass can be ordinary flat glass, float glass, tempered glass, colored glass, [U hot glass]/[U reflective glass]/. There are 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers of laminated glass, with a maximum of 9 layers. For two layers of laminated glass, the original thickness is (mm): 2+3, 3+3, 3+5, etc. [4] The laminated glass has good transparency, and its impact resistance is several times higher than that of ordinary flat glass. It can be composed of multiple layers of ordinary glass or tempered glass [U-shaped elastic glass]. [/Because of the adhesion of PVB film, even if the glass is broken, the fragments will not fly out and hurt people. By using different original glasses, laminated glass can also have durability, heat resistance and moisture resistance. With high safety, laminated glass is generally used as doors and windows, skylights, windows and partitions of shops, banks and jewelry in high-rise buildings.
(4) Titanium glass
Titanate glass is also called armored foil glass that never breaks. It is a new type of glass, which closely combines titanium-gold foil film on any glass substrate. Titanate glass has the functions of high compression resistance, high heat resistance and ultraviolet protection. Different base glasses and different titanium foils can be combined into titanium glasses with different colors, properties and specifications. The common colors of titanium glass are: colorless and transparent, dark brown, dark brown reflection, copper reflection and so on.
Edit this section of energy glass.
Traditional glass is mainly used for architectural lighting. With the increase of the size of building doors and windows, people's requirements for the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows are also improved accordingly. Energy-saving decorative glass is a kind of glass that can meet this requirement and integrate energy-saving and decorative functions. Energy-saving decorative glass usually has a pleasant appearance color, but also has the special ability to absorb, transmit and reflect light and heat. The use of glass curtain wall of building external wall windows can play a significant energy-saving effect and has been widely used in various advanced buildings. Energy-saving decorative glass commonly used in buildings includes heat-absorbing glass, heat-reflecting glass and insulating glass.
(1) heat-absorbing glass
Principle of endothermic glass
Heat absorbing glass is a kind of flat glass, which can absorb a lot of infrared radiation energy and maintain a high visible light transmittance. There are two methods to produce heat-absorbing glass: one is to add a certain amount of colorant with heat-absorbing performance to the raw materials of ordinary soda-lime silicate glass; The other is to spray one or more metal or metal oxide films on the surface of flat glass. The heat-absorbing glasses are gray, brown, blue, green, bronze, bronze, pink and golden yellow. At present, China mainly produces the first three colors of heat-absorbing glass. There are four kinds of thickness: 2, 3, 5 and 6mm. The heat-absorbing glass can also be further processed into polished, toughened, laminated or insulating glass. If you install this kind of glass at home, you won't be afraid of the heat. Compared with ordinary flat glass, endothermic glass has the following characteristics: [5] 1. Absorb solar radiation heat. For example, the total heat transfer rate of 6mm thick transparent float glass in sunlight is 84%, while the total heat transfer rate of heat absorbing glass under the same conditions is 60%. Different colors and thicknesses of heat-absorbing glass have different degrees of absorption of solar radiation heat. 4. Absorb the visible light of the sun, weaken the intensity of sunlight, and play the role of anti-glare. 3. It has certain transparency and can absorb certain ultraviolet rays. 4. Cold air can be blocked in winter and hot air can be blocked in summer, making indoor cities warm in winter and cool in summer. Because of these characteristics, heat-absorbing glass has been widely used in doors and windows, exterior walls of buildings and windshields of cars and ships, and has the functions of heat insulation, glare prevention, lighting and decoration.
Development of glass industry
The upgrading of residents' consumption structure, encouraging enterprises to innovate independently, building new countryside and urbanization will ensure the long-term demand for glass products in the domestic market unchanged. With the development of construction, automobile, decoration, furniture, information technology and other industries and the improvement of people's requirements for living space and environment, functional processed products such as safety glass and energy-saving insulating glass have been widely used. The supply and demand pattern and consumption structure of flat glass are changing. The development of glass industry is related to many industries of the national economy, and it plays a positive role in promoting the development of the whole national economy. Therefore, the 11th Five-Year Plan also puts forward specific requirements for the development of the glass industry. Various laws and regulations have also been promulgated to regulate the healthy development of the glass industry. Under the new situation, the glass industry must change the growth mode, effectively adjust the industrial structure and promote the healthy development of the industry according to the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development.